As you have observed, the enzymes amylase and taq polymerase function best at different temperatures. all enzymes have an optimum temperature at which they function best. in environments where the temperature is above or below the optimum value, enzymes will not function efficiently.
Thermus aquaticus, a kind of creature that thrives in hot springs and other scalding settings, has the enzyme taq polymerase. The term "thermophilic bacteria" refers to this organism's exceptional thermostability.
Taq polymerase can withstand high temperatures, so why?While maintaining its enzymatic activity, it can resist the high temperatures employed in PCR. In a thermophilic bacteria called Thermus aquaticus, taq polymerase may be found naturally. Living conditions for the bacteria include hot springs and hydrothermal vents. It has a high thermostability as a result.
A reaction typically accelerates with an increase in temperature and decelerates with a decrease in temperature. A denatured enzyme, on the other hand, is one that has lost its form and is no longer active due to extremely high temperatures. Optimal pH ranges for each enzyme exist.
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One of the following organs is located on the Inferior surface of the liver in the right hypochondriac regions of the nine region plan:
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Left lobe of the liver
Right Lung
due to herd immunity, unvaccinated individuals are protected from disease by the collective immunity of the immunized members of a population.
It is true to say that due to herd immunity, unvaccinated individuals are protected from disease by the collective immunity of the immunized members of a population.
Herd immunity (likewise called group impact, local area resistance, populace invulnerability, or mass invulnerability) is a type of roundabout insurance that actually applies just to infectious illnesses. It happens when an adequate level of a populace has become insusceptible to a disease, whether through the past contaminations or vaccination, consequently decreasing the probability of contamination for people who need immunity.
When the crowd resistance has been reached, illness continuously vanishes from a populace and may also bring about destruction or extremely durable decrease of contaminations to nothing whenever accomplished worldwide. Group invulnerability made by means of immunization has added to the decrease of numerous infections.
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(Complete question) is:
due to herd immunity, unvaccinated individuals are protected from disease by the collective immunity of the immunized members of a population. Select true or false.
DRAW IT : The graph here shows the pH difference across the inner mitochondrial membrane over time in an active respiring cell. At the time indicated by the vertical arrow, a metabolic poison is added that specifically and completely inhibits all function of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Draw what you would expect to see for the rest of the graphed line, and explain graph.
When an ATP synthase is inhibited by a metabolic poison, the H+ concentration in the mitochondrial membrane rises, lowering the pH. As a result, the graphed line decreases gradually, indicating that pH decreases over time.
H+ would be pumped across the membrane into the intermembranous space, increasing the pH difference between the matrix and the intermembranous space. Because H+ cannot flow back through ATP synthase because the enzyme is constricted by the poison, the difference across the membrane will continue to increase rather than remain constant. Eventually, the concentration of H+ in the intermembranous space would become so high that no more H+ could be pumped against the gradient.
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the spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum of the to the first or second lumbar vertebra, where it terminates in the ______
The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra where it terminates in the fibrous extension called the filum terminale.
The spinal cord of a human being originates from the brainstem from which it passes through the cavity in the skull, also known as the foramen magnum and continues through the conus medullaris, which is near the second lumbar vertebra, and finally ends a fibrous extension. This fibrous extension is known as filum terminale. The parts of the brain stem consist of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, which is responsible for major body functions like body balance, sleep, heart rhythms, breathing, etc. Therefore, any physical damage to this part of the spinal cord can cause heartbeat fluctuations, heavy breathing, or loss of balance.
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g proteins are a family of receptor proteins that are involved in transmitting signals from outside a cell to inside a cell. when a signaling molecule binds to a g protein, the g protein is activated. the g protein then activates an enzyme that produces a second messenger called camp. which of the following describes a critical role of camp during the transduction stage o
A signal-amplifying enzyme is activated as a result of cAMP by acting on many substrate molecules.
What purpose does cAMP serve?
The effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot cross the plasma membrane, are transferred into cells through cAMP, a second messenger, which is employed for intracellular signal transduction. Additionally, it plays a role in the activation of protein kinases.
When specific kinds of external events are sensed at the cell surface, internal signals like cAMP are produced. The levels of cAMP, which mediate a variety of biological activities including but not limited to metabolism, immunological response, and many other biological processes, can indicate the state of function in a disease or healthy condition.
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The structure in the ear that is most directly responsible for the ability to discriminate different pitches of sound is the
A) oval window.
B) round window.
C) basilar membrane.
D) tectorial membrane.
E) tympanic membrane.
C) basilar membrane. A basilar membrane, which varies in stiffness or resonance along its length, is used by the cochlea to analyze sound frequencies and determine pitch.
Which area of the inner ear can distinguish between different sound frequencies?Hair cells, so named after the clusters of hair-like strands that protrude from their summits, are the sensory cells that pick up on these sounds.A basilar membrane, which would be rolled up like a carpet & tucked inside the cochlea, an inner ear structure resembling a snail shell, is covered in hair cells and has a flat surface.
The basilar membrane's function is what?A distal end is the inner ear's primary mechanical component.Over its length, it has graded weight and stiffness characteristics, as well as its vibration pattern separate incoming sound into component frequencies, which trigger various cochlear areas.
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if two populations of the same species have different mating seasons, one in fall and the other in spring, this may lead to a speciation event due to
if two populations of the same species have different mating seasons, one in fall and the other in spring, this may lead to a speciation event due to allopatric speciation.
Allopatric speciation, also known as geographic speciation, vicariant speciation, is a type of evolutionary change that occurs when biological populations become geographically isolated from one another to the point where gene flow is prevented or hampered.
Allopatric speciation takes place when a species divides into two distinct groups that are geographically separated from one another. A physical barrier, such as a mountain range or a waterway, prevents them from breeding with one another.
Allopatric speciation, also known as geographic speciation, arises when biological populations of a single species become secluded due to geographical changes like mountain formation or social changes like emigration.
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Could the biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors behind psychological disorders all be correct, or is there only one factor that dominates
In psychological disorders, the biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all correct.
What are psychological disorders?Psychological disorders are disorders that affect the thought process of an individual.
Psychological disorders are all a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
The biological factors that are involved include the structure of the body organs especially the brain and other related organs and tissues. For example, when lesions occur in the brain, it could lead to psychological disorders.
Psychological factors are those factors that are not physical factors but affect the mind and emotions.
Sociocultural factors are the environmental factors that affect an individual.
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T/ F
The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.
The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place. Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli. Efferent nerve fibers may be described as motor nerve fibers.
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the ability to wiggle your ears is an autosomal recessive trait that does not appear to benefit or harm the people who possess the trait. What is the genotypic ratio
The ability to wiggle the ears is an autosomal recessive trait that does not appear to benefit or harm the people who possess the trait, and the genotype is ee. E is taken for the ear.
What is the recessive trait?A recessive trait is expressed when two recessive alleles are present together, and in the case of an autosomal recessive trait, there are equal chances of inheritance and character expression in both males and females. In a recessive trait for the wiggle ear, the "E" is taken to represent, so the genotype is "ee," and this trait does not harm the person who inherits it.
Hence, this autosomal recessive trait is expressed as ee.
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Things like your eye color and height are not under your control. This is because they are determined by your genes.
So, eye color is a good example of an inherited
A
height
Bestate
C carbohydrate
D
trait
A trait that is inherited is the color of the eyes. Both height and eye color are qualities that are influenced by multiple genes.
Which gene affects eye color?ASIP, IRF4, SLC24A4, SLC24A5, SLC45A2, TPCN2, TYR, and TYRP1 are among the genes with known effects on eye color. There is probably a continuum of eye hues in different persons due to the interactions between these genes, OCA2, and HERC2.
Exactly one gene determines eye color?Brown eyes are more prevalent than blue eyes, and eye color has historically been thought of as a single gene feature. At least eight genes have been found to affect the ultimate color of eyes, according to current research. Melanin levels in the specialized iris cells are regulated by genes.
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Briefly discuss the THREE points of view concerning the anthropologist's role in the practical affairs of other cultures.
Which one do you support and why?
Answer:
There are three main points of view concerning the role of anthropologists in the practical affairs of other cultures:
The "detached observer" perspective argues that anthropologists should remain neutral and objective in their studies of other cultures, and should not get involved in the practical affairs of those cultures. This view emphasizes the importance of maintaining a professional distance and avoiding potential conflicts of interest.
The "applied anthropologist" perspective argues that anthropologists should use their knowledge and expertise to help solve problems and address challenges faced by other cultures. This view emphasizes the potential value of anthropologists as consultants and advisors to government agencies, NGOs, and other organizations working in the field.
The "activist anthropologist" perspective argues that anthropologists have a moral obligation to take a stand and actively support the rights and interests of the communities they study. This view emphasizes the importance of anthropologists using their research to advocate for social justice and challenge oppressive power structures.
I personally support the "applied anthropologist" perspective. I believe that anthropologists have a unique and valuable perspective to offer on the practical affairs of other cultures, and that their expertise can be used to help address important issues and challenges faced by those communities. At the same time, I believe that it is important for anthropologists to maintain professional standards and avoid conflicts of interest, in order to ensure the integrity of their research and the trust of the communities they study.
part a which of these dna molecules is the shortest? a gel with the negative electrode at the top and the positive electrode at the bottom. the loading well is located at the top. dna fragments are labeled a, b, c, d, and e. fragment a is located at the top near the loading well. fragment b is located just below fragment a. fragment c is about halfway down the gel, and fragment d is just below it. fragment e is furthest down the gel, closest to the positive electrode. which of these dna molecules is the shortest? a gel with the negative electrode at the top and the positive electrode at the bottom. the loading well is located at the top. dna fragments are labeled a, b, c, d, and e. fragment a is located at the top near the loading well. fragment b is located just below fragment a. fragment c is about halfway down the gel, and fragment d is just below it. fragment e is furthest down the gel, closest to the positive electrode. a b c d e
The shortest DNA molecule is Fragment A. This is because it is located at the top near the loading well.
Fragment B is just below Fragment A, and Fragment C is about halfway down the gel. Fragment D is just below Fragment C, and Fragment E is the furthest down the gel, closest to the positive electrode.
The way gels work is that DNA molecules are loaded into the well at the top of the gel and then an electrical current is applied. The smaller molecules move faster and end up further down the gel. As Fragment A is the closest to the loading well, it is the smallest molecule, and hence the shortest. Therefore, Fragment A is the shortest DNA molecule.
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The processes illustrated in the models depicted above all result in which of the following?
A) Transcription
B) An increase in genetic variation
C) horizontal gene transfer
D) an increase in the chromosome number
The process illustrated in the figure shows an increase in genetic variation.
The true choice is B
Genetic variation is a variation that occurs in the genome of an organism either in nucleotide bases, genes, or chromosomes. Genetic variation at the basic level is shown by differences in the base sequences of the nucleotides (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) that make up DNA in cells.
Genetic variation can be caused by several events, namely crossing over, conjugation, mutation, and fertilization. Genetic variation can be one of the factors that influence evolution.
Genetic variation is very influential in evolution because the greater the genetic variation in a population, the greater the chance for that population to adapt to environmental changes and disease.
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In this lab, you will study mice with two traits.
Fur Color
Black is dominant (B). White is recessive (b).
Eye Color
Black is dominant (E). Red is recessive (e).
Intro
Genotype: BBee
Phenotype:
DONE
fur and
eyes
Answer:
the genotype of the mice in this lab is BBee, which results in a phenotype of black fur and black eyes.................
Explanation:
Based on the information provided, the genotype of the mice in this lab is BBee, which means that they have the alleles B and E for fur color and eye color, respectively. The phenotype of the mice, which refers to their observable physical characteristics, is black fur and black eyes.
The B and E alleles are dominant, which means that they will mask the expression of the recessive alleles (b and e). Therefore, even if the mice have one copy of the recessive alleles, their fur will be black and their eyes will be black, because the dominant alleles are expressed.
To summarize, the genotype of the mice in this lab is BBee, which results in a phenotype of black fur and black eyes.
Answer:
Genotype: BBee
Phenotype: black fur and red eyes
Explanation:
BB refers to dominant black fur and ee regers to recessive red eyes.
Which of these would NOT contribute to a global increase in temperature?
A. Deforestation
B. Burning fossil fuels.
C. Increasing the industrial release of carbon dioxide.
D. Planting trees.
E. Increasing the amount of animal life on earth.
Option which does not contribute to a global increase in temperature is D. Planting trees. So, correct option is D.
Safeguarding existing plants and establishing new ones are definitely beneficial activities. In any case, researchers say we should not put a lot of confidence in trees to save us. Specifically, last year one examination bunch guaranteed we can establish a trillion additional trees and eliminate a fourth of the carbon dioxide right now in the air. These figures have been generally condemned as overhyped and inconsistent. Trees will assist us with easing back environmental change, however they won't switch it all alone.
The basic issue is that our general public is delivering ozone harming substances, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), that are warming the World's environment to levels we have never experienced. Thus the extraordinary ice sheets are dissolving, adding to rising oceans, and outrageous climate occasions like storms and dry seasons are turning out to be more serious.
Hence, correct option is D.
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a type of bacteria doubles every (t) hours, and we will begin a culture with 10 bacteria. give the function that expresses the amount of bacteria b there will be after t hours
A type of bacteria doubles every (n) hours, and we will begin a culture with 10 bacteria. The amount of bacteria there will be after n hours will be: Y = 10* e²ᵇ
We must simulate the behavior of a function for use in practical applications. In mathematical modeling, we pick a well-known general function with characteristics that imply that it will model the actual phenomenon we want to study. When growth is brisk, we can pick the exponential growth function:
Y= A₀* eᵇⁿ
Y = 10* e²ᵇ
where, A₀ denotes the value at time zero that is initial number of bacteria, (e) denotes the Euler constant, and b is a positive constant that establishes the growth rate (%). Applications involving doubling time, or the time it takes for a number to double (n) , can be solved using the exponential growth function. Wildlife populations, investments, biological samples, and natural resources are examples of phenomena that can grow based on a doubling time.
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63. How may a species be defined (1( Geneticist 2) An Evolutionist. (ii) An ecologist. by.
A biological species is a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring
Which of the following is a test forensic scientists might use for chemical analysis?
Size of insect
O Color pattern on insect
Range map of insect
DNA extracted from crop
This kind of chemical analysis can be carried out using spectroscopy of atomic absorption and plasma-atom inductively coupled emission spectroscopy.
In the simplest words, what is spectroscopy?Spectroscopy is the study about how light and also other types of electromagnetic radiation are taken and emitted by materials. In a manner similar to how a prism divides light it into rainbow of colors, it entails splitting light (or more accurately, electromagnetic phenomena) into its individual wavelengths (a spectrum).
What is the spectroscopic principle?The fundamental idea behind all absorption spectroscopy is to expose a sample to an electromagnetic field and then see how it reacts. Typically, the response is measured in relation to the radiation wavelength.
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Answer: CROP (DNA extracted from crop)
Explanation: "... when insects eat a specific food source, such as flesh, plant matter, or blood, they store this in their crop. By grinding the larva or adult insect up into a slurry, forensic scientists can analyze the composition of the food in the crop for chemicals and even DNA."
the structure on this list which facilitates the rare occurrence of the exchange of genetic information between two bacterial cells is:
The structure on this list which facilitates the rare occurrence of the exchange of genetic information between two bacterial cells is Bacterial conjugation.
What is bacterial conjugation?
Conjugation is the process by which one bacteria directly transmits genetic material to another. During conjugation, one bacteria functions as the donor and the other as the recipient of the genetic material. The donor bacteria has a DNA sequence known as the F-factor, or fertility factor.
The F-factor enables the donor to create a thin, tube-like structure known as a pilus, which the donor utilizes to communicate with the recipient. When the pilus brings the two bacteria close, the donor bacterium transmits genetic material to the receiving bacterium. The genetic material is often in the form of a plasmid, or a tiny, circular bit of DNA. The genetic material exchanged during conjugation frequently gives the receiving bacteria with genetic information.
Therefore, it is bacterial conjugation through which DNA is transferred among prokaryotes.
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What is the speed of a wave if it has a wavelength of 12 m and a frequency of 3 hertz?
Answer:
The speed of a wave is 36 m/s
Explanation:
Given;Wavelength (λ) = 12 mFrequency (f) = 3 Hz or s⁻¹To Find;Speed (v)So,
v = λ × f
v = 12 × 3
v = 36 m/s
Thus, The speed of a wave is 36 m/s
Smooth ER makes ___________ and performs other ________________. It also ______________ poisons. It does not have __________ so it does not make _____________.
The generation of lipids and steroids is one of the many cellular processes carried out by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
What does the fluid ER produce? The generation of lipids and steroids is one of the many cellular processes carried out by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.Additionally, it is essential to the detoxification of toxins, drugs, and alcohol.Blood detoxification is largely accomplished by liver cells.The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum's functions.The creation of lipids like cholesterol and phospholipids, which make up all of the membranes of the organism, depends on the smooth ER.Additionally, it plays a crucial role in the production and secretion of steroid hormones from lipid precursors like cholesterol.Animal liver cells also have a large number of smooth ER units.The organelle has a unique role in these cells.Enzymes are used in this instance by smooth ER to aid the liver's detoxification process.These enzymes disintegrate harmful substances, notably alcohol's ethanol.To learn more about endoplasmic reticulum refer
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is marfan syndrome caused by a substitution, insertion, or deletion mutationin the fbn1 gene
Marfan syndrome has been linked to deletions or errors in the fibrillin-1 (FBN1) gene (pathogenic variations).
What is Marfan syndrome?One defective copy of the Marfan gene inherited from one parent is all that is required to have Marfan syndrome, which is inherited as an autosomal dominant characteristic.
The remaining mutations in the FBN1 gene lead to an aberrant fibrillin-1 protein that is dysfunctional.
Therefore, the fibrillin-1 protein undergoes most of the mutations that result in Marfan syndrome by a single amino acid change.
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Help help help please help help me 50 points for right answer
Identify the components of protein synthesis in this image. (One of these will not be used .)
In protein synthesis, 1. Ribosomes, 2. tRNA, 3. Amino acids and 4. mRNA.
What do you mean by protein synthesis?Protein synthesis is the creation of proteins by cells that uses DNA, RNA, and various enzymes. It generally includes transcription, translation, and post-translational events, such as protein folding, modifications, and proteolysis.
Moreover, protein synthesis represents the major route of disposal of amino acids. Amino acids are activated by binding to specific molecules of transfer RNA and assembled by ribosomes into a sequence.
Protein synthesis is a vital process because we need our bodies to be able to build the proteins that we need to perform important functions.
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What was one weakness of Darwin's theory?
a. It lacked an explanation for adaptations.
b. It lacked an explanation for competition.
c. It lacked an explanation for how evolution occurs.
d. It lacked an explanation for the genetic inheritance of traits.
One weakness of Darwin's theory was that it lacked an explanation for how evolution occurs and is therefore denoted as option C.
What is Evolution?This is referred to as the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations and makes organisms better suited for their ever changing envrironment.
Darwin's theory of evolution on the other hand describes how organisms evolve over generations through the inheritance of physical or behavioral traits but lacked an explanation for how it occurs and it was termed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
It had an explanation about adaptations, competition and genetic inheritance of traits which is the treason why option C was chosen as the correct choice.
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Artificial selection (chosen by person) and natural selection (best changed in the environment) differ in one major way- the forces that select which organisms are able to survive and reproduce. How are these processes different?
a. In natural selection, the organisms best adapted to survive in the environment are more likely to reproduce and pass on their traits, while in artificial selection, humans choose which organisms survive and reproduce.
b. In natural selection, humans choose which organisms survive and reproduce, while in artificial selection, the organisms best adapted to survive in the environment are more likely to reproduce and pass on their traits.
c. In natural selection, both the humans and the environment choose which organisms survive and reproduce, while in artificial selection technology chooses which organisms survive and reproduce.
d. In natural selection, technology chooses which organisms survive and reproduce, while in artificial selection, humans and the environment choose which organisms survive and reproduce.
I think it is A, but I believe two heads are better than one. So, check my answer pelase
The way that the processes of artificial and natural selection are different are: a. In natural selection, the organisms best adapted to survive in the environment are more likely to reproduce and pass on their traits, while in artificial selection, humans choose which organisms survive and reproduce. Option A
What is meant by artificial selection?Individual organisms with certain phenotypic characteristic values are chosen for breeding through a method called artificial selection. If the chosen characteristic exhibits additive genetic variation, it will respond to selection and change over time.
Because humans (rather than nature) choose which creatures get to reproduce, this process is referred to as artificial selection. The image below demonstrates how farmers have artificially selected for certain traits to develop several crops from wild mustard.
Artificial selection is directed by human preferences and differs from natural selection in that it is not random.
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The adrenal medullae are modified autonomic ganglia that secrete hormones that trigger effects similar to those of the ___________.
The adrenal medullae are modified autonomic ganglia that secrete hormones that trigger effects similar to the sympathetic division of the ANS.
The interior of your adrenal gland is called the medulla. hormones that control your autonomic nervous system are released. This system regulates automatic processes like heart rate that you ordinarily wouldn't think about. The hormones that start the flight or fight response are under the control of the adrenal medulla. Both epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which have comparable roles, are the primary hormones released by the adrenal medulla.
The sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system sympathetic division extends glandular into the adrenal medulla. The medulla releases adrenaline and norepinephrine hormones into the blood stream when the sympathetic division is activated in response to stress or a threat.
Hence, both adrenal medulla and sympathetic division work in similar manner.
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Dstinguish between passive and active transport. identify the following as either passive or active transport mechanisms and describe the process of each with examples: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, the sodium-potassium pump, and vesicle mediated transport (exocytosis and endocytosis).
In active transport, molecules are pumped through the cell membrane in opposition to a concentration gradient (energy). Without the use of ATP, molecules are transported via concentration gradients by moving within and across the cell membrane in passive transport (energy).
What distinguishes active transport from passive forms of movement like osmosis and diffusion?There are two main strategies for moving molecules across a membrane, and the difference is based on whether or not cell energy is utilised. Diffusion is an example of a passive mechanism that doesn't require any energy, whereas active transport does.
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In order for something to be considered a 16. Living things are based on a u living thing, it must display. of the eight Characteristics of life
Answer:living?
Explanation: