2. What is the evidence that 4- legged animals came from fish?

answer :

b. the sahara desert has attracted

migrants to the area to herd cattle.

The desert landscape of the Sahara influenced historical migration patterns in Africa as c. The Sahara Desert has served as a barrier to travel and migration.

The Sahara Desert can be found in the north along the Tropic of Cancer, while the Namib Desert can be found in the south along the Tropic of Capricorn. The Sahara, which covers a significant portion of northern Africa, serves as a formidable barrier that separates the Muslim, Arab North of the continent from the traditional African cultural groups in the South. In a separate chapter, the cultures and political histories of North Africa and Southwest Asia are discussed together.

The landmass known as Pangaea, the last supercontinent, marks the beginning of Africa's physical geography 300 million years ago. Pangaea broke up around 175 million years ago, drifting and colliding to form the continents we know today. The center of this supercontinent was Africa.

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The phrase "Polypeptide (protein) composed up of amino acids" is what identifies the DNA segment with the letter "X" in it.

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The five ways to minimize microbial contamination are sanitation, sterilization, washing food before consumption, drinking plenty of water and ensure sufficient sunlight/ ventilation.

Microbial contamination refers to microbial infestation or inclusion into human body. It can be intentional or unintentional. The major microbes are fungi, yeast, virus or protozoans. They cause diseases which may be fatal for human health. It is important to protect oneself from such infection and some ways can be by ensuring hygiene and cleanliness around our houses and inside the houses too. There should not be any water logging. Vaccination also helps us to fight against several disease causing organisms by introduction of antibodies inside the human body. Drinking water helps to remove dead, weakened organism to be flushed out by urination. Sunlight helps to weaken the organisms by partially deactivating them due to high temperature.

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One or more long chains of amino acid residues make up the massive biomolecules and macromolecules known as proteins.

A polypeptide is an ordered collection of residues of amino acids. A protein has at least one lengthy polypeptide in it. Less than 20–30 residue polypeptides are frequently referred to as peptides instead of proteins and are known as short polypeptides. Peptide bonds as well as connections between nearby amino acid residues hold the individual amino acid residues together. The genetic code's encoding of a gene's sequence determines the arrangement of amino acid residues in a protein. However, in some organisms, the genetic code can also include selenocysteine and—in some archaea—pyrrolysine.

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The balloon is raised by hot air rising inside of it. A gas's pressure is directly correlated with its temperature. Consequently, the pressure rises.

The area occupied by gaseous particles under normal temperature and pressure circumstances is referred to as the volume of gas. It is identified as a "V." The letter "L" stands for "liters," the SI unit of volume. At normal temperature, a mole of gas has a volume of 24 m3, or 24 000 cm3. The molar volume is the amount of space that one mole of any gas takes up at STP (22.4 L). Take note that the second value of the variable is created by multiplying the first value by fractions of the other two variables. EXAMPLE: At STP, a gas sample takes up 125 mL of space.

For instance, the formula for calculating the volume of 40 moles of a gas at a temperature of 250 K and a pressure of 1013 hPa is: V = nRT/p = 40 * 8.31446261815324 * 250 / 101300 = 0.82 m3.

A contained gas's pressure will rise when its volume is reduced, and fall when its volume is increased. In actuality, the pressure reduces by the same factor as the volume increases, and vice versa.

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Answer: Bundles

Explanation:

The smooth muscle cells are small. These cells are spindle in shape and they do not exhibit striations. They appear in the form of bundles of thin and thick filaments.

The smooth muscles are involuntary muscles. The cells of these muscles have nucleus that is located in the center. These muscles contract automatically and slowly.

On the basis of the above description, the description of the smooth muscles can be related to the bundles.

Happy Holidays!!

Answer: d

Explanation: so u dont gotta read everything else the other person put

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis involves FSH and LH release.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis (also known as the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian/testicular axis) refers to a hypothalamus, pituitary gland, as well as gonadal glands as a single entity. Because these glands frequently work together, physiologists and endocrinologists prefer to refer to them as a single system.

The HPG axis is important in the development as well as regulation of many body systems, including the immune and reproductive systems. Changes in this axis result in changes inside the hormones produced from each gland, which have a variety of local and systemic impacts on the body. In animals, the axis regulates development, reproduction, and ageing. GnRH-expressing neurons secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus.

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Its offspring will inherit the error in the replication if the error does not prevent reproduction.

What are Gamete cells?

Gamete cells are reproductive cells that combine with another gamete cell during sexual reproduction. They contain half the genetic material of the organism, and when two gametes join together during fertilization, they form a zygote that contains the full genetic material of the organism. In humans, gamete cells are the sperm cells produced by males and the egg cells produced by females.

What is Reproduction?

Reproduction is the biological process by which the organisms create descendants. It is a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction. The known methods of reproduction are broadly grouped into two main types: sexual and asexual reproduction.

Hence, Option D is correct.

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Homeostasis is the ability to maintain internal stability in an organism in response to the environmental changes. The internal temperature of the human body is the best example of homeostasis.

Homeostasis, also known as homoeostasis in the UK, is the stable internal, external, and chemical conditions that are maintained by biological systems.

This is the state of the organism when everything is operating at its best and numerous factors, including fluid balance and body temperature, are maintained within predetermined ranges (homeostatic range).

Despite changes in the environment, nutrition, or level of exercise, other factors such as the pH of extracellular fluid, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions, as well as the blood sugar level, must be controlled.

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Of the electron transfer complexes associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane, Complex II is not involved in generation of a proton gradient.

Electron Transport Chain:

This is a set of proteins that are embedded within the inner mitochondrial membrane. This set of proteins are very important for energy production in the cell, it uses high energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 to produce a hydrogen ion gradient, which is later used for ATP production in the cell.

Complex II does NOT contribute directly to the proton gradient in mitochondria.

Rather, this protein's function is to oxidize FADH2. and pass these electrons to coenzyme Q. The other complexes all use electron energy to pump hydrogen ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space. Complex II is also called Succinate-Q-reductase.

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The auditory projection pathway from start to finish by placing these structures in order, starting with the nerve leaving the inner ear the correct option is 5. Primary auditory cortex.

The vestibulocochlear nerve carries information from the receptors in the inner ear's organ of Corte (cochlear hair cells) to the brain. For conscious perception, this route ultimately connects to the primary auditory cortex. Additionally, there is concurrent unconscious processing of auditory information.

The first order neurons' cell bodies are housed in the spiral ganglion. These neurons go through the osseous spiral lamina and get input from hair cells in the Organ of Corte .The cochlear nerve is primarily made up of their core axons.

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.

According to Chargaff's rule, if the percentage of A in the DNA of a species is 23%, the the amount of guanine will be 27%.

Chargaff's rule says that the in the DNA of any species the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine. And also there exists a stoichiometric ratio in the purine and pyrimidine bases: A+G=T+C.

DNA stand for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. It is the genetic material found in majority of the organisms. There are various forms of DNA like A-type, B-type and Z-type. B-type DNA is the most common form which is a double-stranded helical molecule.

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Cookies from the constants brand kids will do better if they are given cookies before to the test.

The kids will do better if they are given cookies before to the test. Cookies from the constants brand, DV kids with cookies, and IV cookies control.

Hypothesis for an experiment students do better on tests with independent and dependent variables and constants in groups.

Therefore, Group: Children not given cookies kids in an experimental group eating cookies.

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We inherit half of our genes (alleles) from ma, & the other half from pa, so we end up with two alleles for every trait in our phenotype. An excellent example of multiple allele inheritance is human blood type. Blood type exists as four possible phenotypes: A, B, AB, & O.

An allele is one of two or more versions of DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at a given genomic location. An individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent, for any given genomic location where such variation exists. If the two alleles are the same, the individual is homozygous for that allele.

In genetics, the phenotype is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism. The term covers the organism's morphology or physical form and structure, its developmental processes, its biochemical and physiological properties, its behavior, and the products of behavior.

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Imipenem = most effective has the least resistance (11%) and the second to least change in resistance from 1994 to 2000

Ampicillin = least effective would probably not be effective because it has the highest resistance and some change in resistance from 1994 to 2000

In the middle of the 1970s, Merck researchers Burton Christensen, William Leanza, and Kenneth Wildonger discovered the intravenous -lactam antibiotic imipenem (also known as Primaxin). [1] Carbapenems play a crucial part in the treatment of illnesses that are difficult to treat with other antibiotics because they are extremely resistant to the -lactamase enzymes produced by numerous multiple drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.

Imipenem was first patented in 1975 and given medical approval in 1985.

It was identified during a protracted, error-filled search for a more stable form of the naturally occurring substance thienamycin, which is created by the bacteria Streptomyces cattleya. Despite having antibacterial efficacy, thienamycin is unstable in aqueous solution, making it difficult to deliver to patients. [5] Gram-positive and Gram-negative, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are all susceptible to imipenem's broad spectrum of activity.

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The sodium-potassium pump maintains the resting membrane potential by moving sodium ions out and potassium ions into the cell membrane.

By exchanging three intracellular potassium ions for two extracellular sodium ions, the sodium-potassium pump contributes to the maintenance of the resting membrane potential.

The sodium-potassium pump constantly progresses three sodium ions are transported out of the cell for every two potassium ions it shifts in. As a result, it retains the huge potassium ion gradient across the membrane, which serves as the foundation for resting membrane potential.

Sodium and potassium ions are moved by the sodium-potassium pump system against huge concentration gradients. It flushes three sodium ions are transported and into the extracellular fluid while moving two potassium ions into the cell where potassium levels are elevated.

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Chromosomes are made up of DNA, which contain the instructions for making proteins.

What do you mean by chromosomes?

Chromosomes are structures within the nucleus of cells that contain DNA. They are composed of protein and one molecule of DNA, and they contain the genetic information that determines an organism's inherited characteristics and traits.

Genes are made up of segments of DNA, and they provide the instructions for making proteins. Proteins are the molecules that do most of the work in the cells. They are made from the instructions found in DNA, which are stored in the chromosomes.

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Epithelial tissue forms the membrane that cover organs.

The epithelium, which is the main tissue in glands, is a type of body tissue that covers all of the internal and external surfaces of your body, lines body cavities, and lines hollow organs.

The human body contains a wide variety of epithelial tissues.They cover every surface of the body, line body cavities and hollow organs, and make up the majority of the tissue in glands. They provide a variety of functions, including defence, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.

The form of the cells in simple epithelial tissues serves as a broad classification. Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and pseudostratified are the four main classes of simple epithelium.

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Every cell in the single cell layer of a simple epithelium is in direct contact with the basement membrane beneath it.

They will include:

Simple squamous epithelium has a single layer of flat cells that is in contact with the basal lamina. They can be found, among other locations, in the lining of the heart, blood arteries, lymph vessels, and pulmonary air sacs. They consist of a single layer of nucleated flat cells.

Cuboidal epithelium lines tiny channels and tubules. It is connected to both secretion and absorption. They are composed of cells that are cube-shaped and have circular nuclei in the middle or somewhat to the bottom.

Adipocytes make up the connective tissue in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue's main purposes are to store fat and provide insulation. It is located close to internal organs and beneath the skin. The cytoplasm and nucleus are pushed outside by lipid droplets.

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The statement that best describes an advantage of constructing habitat corridors is that Corridors connect habitats separated by fragmentation and connect wildlife populations. That is option A.

Habitat corridors is defined as those wildlIfe corridors that allows for a connection between populations or habitats that are isolated with the aim of promotion of genetic diversity.

The importance of habitat corridors include the following:

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The principal difference between tropical and temperate rainforests is the amount of precipitation they receive. The statement is false.

Rainforests are classified into two types: tropical and temperate. Tropical rainforests are situated closer to the equator, when temperatures are higher. Temperate rainforests can be found near colder coastal locations north or south of the equator.

The tropical rainforest is a hot, damp ecosystem with year-round rain. It is famous for its lush plant canopies that form three distinct levels. The highest layer, or canopy, comprises gigantic trees that may reach heights of 75 meters (approximately 250 feet).

A vast variety of plants from this level are commonly used as houseplants. These plants adapt quickly to residential surroundings due to the limited quantity of sunshine and rainfall they receive. Wet leaves and leaf litter cover the rainforest's lowest layer or floor.

Due to a lack of sunshine, there are few vegetation on the forest floor. However, the hot, wet environment and all of the dead plant debris offer ideal circumstances for bacteria and other microbes to thrive.

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Laying eggs, Eutherian, placental, placental mammal, mammalian- any warm-blooded animal with skin that is somewhat or mostly covered in hair.

All mammals, with the exception of marsupials and the rare subclass of monotremes, give birth to live young that are fed milk. Any warm-blooded vertebrate with skin that is more or less covered with hair is referred to as eutherian, placental, placental mammal, or mammalian. All mammals, with the exception of the rare subclass of monotremes, give birth to live young that are fed milk. Except for monotremes and marsupials, all mammals fall under the category Eutheria.

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Synergistic dominance is the process by which a stabilizing, neutralizing, or synergistic muscle replaces the role of an inhibited prime mover, leading to overuse syndrome in the stabilizing, neutralizing, or stabilizing muscle.

An antagonist is a muscle that works in the opposite direction from the prime mover. Two crucial functions of antagonists in muscle function are: They keep their posture, such as holding their arm out or standing straight.

The fan-shaped serratus anterior muscle is located on the lateral thoracic wall. Deep behind the scapula and pectoral muscles, its primary portion is located. It is simple.

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The carbon cycle is continued by respiration, excretion, and decomposition, which release the carbon back into the atmosphere or soil.

Respiration:-  Respiration is referred to as a metabolic process in which carbon dioxide is released from the oxidation of complex organic substances and oxygen is taken in by the living cells of an organism to produce energy (in the form of ATP).

Excreting:- Excreting metabolic waste and other harmful substances from the body is a process called excretion.

Decomposition:- The first step in the recycling of nutrients used by an organism (plant or animal) to build its body is decomposition. It is the process by which the dead tissues disintegrate and change into more basic organic forms. Many of the species at the base of ecosystems rely on these as a food source.

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If I were a marine biologist who wanted to study organisms that are capable of chemosynthesis, I would collect organisms for my research from a variety of deep ocean environments. These environments include hydrothermal vents, methane seeps, cold seeps, and whale falls.

Hydrothermal vents are located near tectonic boundaries in the deep ocean, and are characterized by high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, a compound that serves as a source of energy for many organisms. These vents are home to a variety of chemosynthetic bacteria, including species of bacteria that can directly use hydrogen sulfide for chemosynthesis. I would collect organisms from hydrothermal vents by using submersible vehicles that can reach the depths at which these vents are found.

Methane seeps are another environment where chemosynthetic organisms are found. Methane is released from seeps, and this methane serves as a source of energy for chemosynthetic bacteria. I would collect organisms from methane seeps using submersible vehicles equipped with sampling devices, such as coring devices or sediment traps.

Cold seeps are another environment where chemosynthetic organisms are found. These seeps are characterized by the presence of methane, which is produced by bacteria. I would collect organisms from cold seeps using submersible vehicles equipped with sampling devices, such as coring devices or sediment traps.

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Sensory neurons' cell bodies, which transmit information from the outside world to the spinal cord, are found in the dorsal root ganglion.

These neurons are pseudo unipolar and have an axon-like process that divides into two branches, one of which extends toward the spinal cord's grey matter while the other branch travels toward the periphery.

Through the spinal nerve, where they run alongside motor fibers, fibers that are headed towards the periphery leave the ganglion. The dorsal root serves as a conduit for spinal cord-bound fibers. To govern the contraction of a muscle, a motor neuron innervates one or more fibers.

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Answer: Because bacterial cells have a simpler structure than eukaryotic cells, binary fission is less complex than mitosis.

Explanation: Cell division is the mechanism by which DNA is passed from one generation of cells to the next and ultimately, from parent organisms to their offspring. Although eukaryotes and prokaryotes both engage in cell division, they do so in different ways. In particular, eukaryotic cells divide using the processes of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is common to all eukaryotes; during this process, a parent cell splits into two genetically identical daughter cells, each of which contains the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Prokaryotes, which include bacteria, divide their cells using a process known as binary fission, which is not used by eukaryotes. This process shares several characteristics with mitosis, including the need for chromosome replication, segregation of the copied DNA, and cytoplasmic division of the parent cell.

Binary fission is a faster method of cell division than mitosis because it excludes sister chromatids and spindle creation from its process. The four distinct cellular phases that are present in mitosis (from G1 to the final mitotic phase) are not present in binary fission.

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Mitosis is a longer and more complicated process of cell division than binary fission because B. Mitosis has checkpoints that must be met to continue the cycle.

Due to the absence of spindle formation and sister chromatids in binary fission, the mitosis process takes longer than that of binary fission. Asexual reproduction occurs in organisms through mitosis and binary fission. Eukaryotic organisms undergo mitosis, whereas prokaryotic organisms undergo binary fission. Both processes replicate DNA in each of the produced daughter cells, resulting in two identical cells. Eukaryotes, or organisms with a cell nucleus, undergo mitosis; consequently, mitosis requires a nucleus.

As a result, we can say that Mitosis takes longer and is more complicated than binary fission To continue the cycle, mitosis has checkpoints that must be met.

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(complete question)

Why is mitosis a longer and more complicated process of cell division then binary fission?

A.mitosis occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require nucleus

B.mitosis has checkpoints that must be met to continue the cycle

C.binary fission produces two identical daughter cells

D.binary fission does not replicate DNA​