Chemical formulas show the number and type of atoms in the _____ representation of a substance.
Chemical formulas show the number and type of atoms in the smallest representation of a substance.
In the field of chemistry, a chemical formula can be described as a representation of the different kinds of chemical elements that are present in a chemical reaction. The chemical formula also shows the number of atoms for each of the atoms that will be present in a chemical reaction or a chemical compound.
As chemical formulas only represent the types and no.of atoms, they are known to be the smallest representation that helps us to know what is present in a substance and what is the number of atom ratio of one element compared to another in that substance.
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How do you calculate the actual yield if the percent yield isn’t given, but only the theoretical yield is given?
The actual yield cannot be calculated if the only theoretical yield is given.
Percent yield can be computed by dividing actual yield by theoretical yield. So in order to compute the unknown value 2 known values are to be given.
So, to find the actual yield, the values of percent yield and theoretical yield is to be known. If these two values are known then, the actual yield could be computed by-product of theoretical yield and percent yield.
This could be mathematically given as,
Percent yield = Actual yield/Theoretical yield
Actual yield = Percent yield x Theoretical yield
Therefore, without the percent yield value, the value of the actual yield cannot be computed if the only theoretical yield is given.
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A 2 L of hydrogen gas is filled in a rubber ball at 10 °C. Calculate the final volume of the gas, if the temperature increases to 80 °C.
The final volume of the hydrogen gas that is filled in a rubber ball at 10 °C is 2.495L.
How to calculate volume?The volume of a gas can be calculated using the following Charles's law equation;
V₁/T₁ = V₂T₂
Where;
V₁ = initial volumeT₁ = initial temperatureV₂ = final volumeT₂ = final temperatureAccording to this question, 2L of hydrogen gas is filled in a rubber ball at 10 °C. The final volume of the gas, if the temperature increases to 80 °C is as follows:
2/283 = V/353
V = 2.495L
Therefore, 2.495L is the final volume of the hydrogen gas.
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If you have 2 moles of iron chloride (fecl3) and dissolve it in water to a final volume of 1l of water, what is the molarity and osmolarity of the solution?.
What is molarity?
Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
M = n / V
where
n = no of moles ( 2 mol)
M = Molarity ?
V = volume of solution ( 1 itre)
M = n / V
= 2 mol / 1 litre
= 2 mol/L
What is Osmolarity?
It is a process of measurement of solute concentration. It is number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per litre (L) of solution (osmol/L or Osm/L).It is usually written as Osm/L. This resultant number is of higher importance as it allows measurement of the osmotic pressure of a solution and determination of how the solvent will diffuse across a semi-permeable membrane separating two solutions of different osmotic concentration.Osmolarity = Molarity × number of particles of dissociation (n)
For ex: Sodium chloride(NaCl) in water dissociates into two particles (Na+ and Cl–) and Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) in water dissociates into 3 particles (Mg++ and 2 Cl–)according to question, FeCl₃ = 1 Fe + 3Cl , where n = 4
Osmolarity = molarity × n
= 2 ×4
= 8 osmol / L
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At STP, 5.6 liters of CH4 contains the same number of molecules as
1.4 L of oxygen
2.8 L of ammonia
5.6 L of hydrogen
11.2 L of neon
5.6 L of [tex]CH_{4}[/tex] contains the same number of molecules 5.6 L of [tex]H_{2}[/tex].
Define mole.
The mole is always the SI unit used to measure a substance's quantity.
Define molecules.
The smallest particle of a substance. It contains 2 or more atoms.
5.6 L of [tex]CH_{4}[/tex]:
No of moles=Given volume/molar volume
= [tex]5.6/22.4[/tex]
= [tex]0.25[/tex]
No of molecules=No of moles*Avagadro's number
= [tex]0.25*6.023*10^{23}[/tex]
= [tex]1.51*10^{23}[/tex]
5.6 L of [tex]H_{2}[/tex]:
No of moles=Given volume/molar volume
= [tex]5.6/22.4[/tex]
= [tex]0.25[/tex]
No of molecules = No of moles * Avagadro's number
= [tex]0.25*6.023*10^{23}[/tex]
= [tex]1.51*10^{23}[/tex]
Therefore, the answer is 5.6 L of [tex]H_{2}[/tex].
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3. Hydrogen fuel cells are used on the space shuttle. These cells run on hydrogen ions,
hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.
a) Write two most likely half reactions, and net reaction that will take place in the hydrogen
fuel cell.
b) Calculate the electric potential difference for this reaction. (show all work)
Fuel cell automobiles use hydrogen gas to electricity an electric powered motor. Unlike traditional automobiles which run on gas or diesel, gas cell motors and vehicles integrate hydrogen and oxygen to supply electricity, which runs a motor.
The gas cell electricity plants generate warmth and water as by-merchandise of electrical electricity generation. The extra warmth is directed to gas cell warmth exchangers, in which the extra warmth is rejected to Freon coolant loops. The water is directed to the potable water garage subsystem.
Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) Rocket Fuel.
The Saturn rockets used it for his or her secondary degree engines. Later the NASA area commute could use it to electricity its 3 most important rocket engines. Liquid hydrogen gas has many benefits, consisting of its low molecular weight and excessive power output whilst burned collectively with liquid oxygen.
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How many protons for the si silicon atom
Answer:
Silicon has 14 protons in its atoms.
can an exothermic process be non-spontaneous? group of answer choices no, because entropy increases in the surroundings no, because exothermic processes are always spontaneous it depends on the temperature yes, if entropy of the system decreases sufficiently
The exothermic process be non-spontaneous.
What is exothermic process?
Exothermic reactions are those in which energy is released chemically as heat or light. The chemical equation for these reactions, which are the opposite of endothermic reactions, is as follows: Products plus energy equals reactants.
What is entropy?
Entropy can be defined in terms of the statistical probabilities of a system or in terms of the other thermodynamic quantities and is simply a measure of how much the energy of atoms and molecules spreads out during a process.
Therefore, the G = H-TS equation illustrates how a high temperature and a negative entropy can cause an exothermic reaction to be non-spontaneous.
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Ionic compounds that use neon
An ionic compound that uses neon is that neon does not easily form ionic compound because neon belongs to noble gases and they are extremely stable and their reactivity is practically nil.
Neon is belongs to group 18 which is noble gases. noble gases have 8 valence electron in the outer most shell and that follow the octet rule. noble gases are extremely stable in the periodic table. so, they are very less reactive or we can say that non reactive gases.
Thus, An ionic compound that uses neon is that neon does not easily form ionic compound because neon belongs to noble gases and they are extremely stable and their reactivity is practically nil.
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solid aluminum and oxygengas react to form solid aluminum oxide. suppose you have 7.0 mol of al and 11.0 mol of o2 in a reactor. calculate the largest amount of that could be produced. round your answer to the nearest .
The largest amount of Al₂O₃ produced from the reaction is 3.5 moles
What are limiting reactants?
A reactant that is completely consumed at the end of a chemical reaction is known as the limiting reagent. This reagent regulates the amount of product produced because the reaction cannot proceed without it.
Finding the limiting reactant,
4Al + 3O₂ —> 2Al₂O₃
From the balanced equation above,
4 moles of Al reacted with 3 moles of O₂.
Therefore,
7 moles of Al will react with = (7 × 3)/4 = 5.25 moles of O₂
From above, only 5.25 moles of O₂ out of 11 moles given, is needed to completely react with 7 moles of Al.
Therefore, Al is the limiting reactant and O₂ is the excess reactant.
Now, the largest amount of Al₂O₃ produced from the reaction. This can be obtained by using the limiting reactant as shown below
From the balanced equation above,
4 moles of Al reacted to produce 2 moles of Al₂O₃.
Therefore,
7 moles of Al will react to produce = (7 × 2)/4 = 3.5 moles of Al₂O₃.
Thus, the largest amount of Al₂O₃ produced from the reaction is 3.5 moles
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1) Aluminum is...
a) An element composed of atoms.
b) An element of diatomic molecules.
c) An ionic compound.
d)A covalent compound (composed of molecules made
from more than one type of atom)
Answer:
a) An element composed of atoms.
Explanation:
Ionic compounds are compounds composed of ions, charged particles that form when an atom. (or group of atoms) gains or loses electrons,There may or may not be more than one of each element. A diatomic compound (or diatomic molecule) contains two atoms, which may or may not be the same.
PLEASE GIVE BRAINLIEST THANK YOU!!!
Answer:
There may or may not be more than one of each element. A diatomic compound (or diatomic molecule) contains two atoms, which may or may not be the same.Ionic compounds are compounds composed of ions, charged particles that form when an atom. (or group of atoms) gains or loses electrons.
Explanation:
d)A covalent compound (composed of molecules made
from more than one type of atom)
polypeptides are continuously being formed and degraded. one of these processes is shown. the figure presents the molecular structures of polypeptides. a molecule at the top of the figure has a backbone with six repeats of the following atoms: n, c, c. one r group, of the range r 1 through r 6, is bonded with the first c of each the n, c, c repeats. an arrow that is joined by another arrow labeled h 2 o points to two shorter molecules, each with only three repeats of the atoms: n, c, c. one of the shorter molecules has r groups r 1, r 2, and r 3. the other molecule has r groups r 4, r 5, and r 6. figure 1. polypeptide reaction which statement is the most accurate description of the reaction shown in figure 1?
It represents a polypeptide chain that is broken down through a hydrolysis reaction.
The backbone of DNA contains deoxyribose while the backbone of RNA contains ribose. A covalent bond is formed between the carbon and nitrogen atoms to form H2OH2O. The hydrophilic phosphate groups of phospholipid molecules are attracted to the aqueous internal and external environment.
The shape and charge of the substrate match the active site of the enzyme. Because the substitution reduced the mass of the enzyme, the mutant enzyme bound the substrate more weakly than the normal enzyme. There is no visible effect on the structure of the CFTR protein. It leads to the synthesis of proteins that aid in cell replication. DNA is usually double-stranded, with both strands oriented parallel, whereas RNA is usually single-stranded.
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Disclaimer:- Your question is incomplete,please see below for the complete question.
polypeptides are continuously being formed and degraded. one of these processes is shown. the figure presents the molecular structures of polypeptides. a molecule at the top of the figure has a backbone with six repeats of the following atoms: n, c, c. one r group, of the range r 1 through r 6, is bonded with the first c of each the n, c, c repeats. an arrow that is joined by another arrow labeled h 2 o points to two shorter molecules, each with only three repeats of the atoms: n, c, c. one of the shorter molecules has r groups r 1, r 2, and r 3. the other molecule has r groups r 4, r 5, and r 6. figure 1. polypeptide reaction which statement is the most accurate description of the reaction shown in figure.
an element e has the electron configuration [kr] 5s24d105p3. the formula for the hydride of e is most likely
The formula oh Hydride of of antimony is H3Sb.
Hydrides is the hydrogen anion with the the formula H-.It is the binary compound of the hydrogen with other elements .In this Hydrogen is covalently bonded. this is bonded to a less electronegative element. This only exists in extrema condition. This consist of two electrons and a proton. Electronic configuration of hydride is 1S2.
[Kr]5s24d105p3 is antimony.
The formula of hydride in antimony is SbH3.This is a colorless gas and it is highly toxic. This is the main covalent hydride of antimony. This is also known as antimony hydride or hydrogen antimonite. This is the binary compound of Hydrogen with antimony.
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How many total ions would be present in the formula for indium fluoride?
The total ions which would be present in indium fluoride is +2
How indium fluoride has a total ions of +2It follows that indium is an element which has an ion of +3 while fluorine has +1 ion. So therefore, adding these two ions together in the formula of this compund indium fluoride is given below:
+3 + (-1)
= +3 - 1
= +2
That being said, this indium fluoride has a number of properties. Some of it few properties are as follows:
It is a solid substance It is an inorganic compoundIt is whitish in appearanceIts chemical formula is written as InF3.In conclusion, it can be deduced from the explanation above that indium fluoride is a compound.
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What is the oxidation state argon
Answer: Possible oxidation states are 0.
A 345. g sample of an unknown substance was heated from 45.0°C to 167.7°C. In the process, the substance absorbed 18.942 kJ of energy. What is the specific heat of the substance? Give your answer in both standard and scientific notation.
Was this an endothermic or exothermic process?
The specific heat capacity of the subtance of mass 345 g is 447.47 J/kgK. And the process is exothermic.
What is specific heat capacity?The specific heat capacity is defined as the quantity of heat (J) absorbed per unit mass (kg) of the material when its temperature increases 1 K (or 1 °C), and its units are J/(kg K) or J/(kg °C).
To calculate the specific heat capacity of the susbtance, we use the formula below.
Formula:
c = Q/(mΔt)......... Equation 1Where:
c = Specific heat capacity of the substancem = Mass of the substanceΔt = Change in temperature.Q = Quantity of heatFrom the question,
Given:
m = 345 g = 0.345 kgΔt = (167.7-45) = 122.7 °CQ = 18.942 kJ = 18942 JSubstitute these values into equation 1
c = 18942/(122.7×0.345)c = 447.47 J/kgK.Since the process absorb heat, it is endothermic.
Hence, the specific heat capacity of the subtance is 447.47 J/kgK. And the process is endothermic.
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A process that is approaching equilibrium will have a ______ δsuniv value.
A process that approaching equilibrium will have a constant universal value.
Equilibrium constant value is the ration of the concentration of the product over reactant. we can use the value of K to predict whether the reactant and product of the reaction are at equilibrium or not. When a reaction approach equilibrium both the forward and reverse reaction are occuing. At equilibrium, the foreward and reverse reaction are at the same rate. That means when the has reached a point where the concentration of the reactant and product remains unchanged with time. It is because both the reaction have same rate. The value of the equilibrium is the ratio of the concentration of the product over the reactant.
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if 100. ml of 0.100 m na2so4 is added to 200. ml of 0.150 m nabr, what is the concentration of na ions in the final solution? assume that the volumes are additive.
The concentration of sodium ion in the final solution containing 100 ml of 0.100 m Na₂SO₄ and 200 ml of 0.150 m NaBr is 0.167 M.
The concentration of Na₂SO₄ is given as 0.100 M. So it is clear that 0.100 mol of Na₂SO₄ is present in 1 L of solution.
One mole of Na₂SO₄ contains 2 moles of Na⁺ ions and one mole of SO₄²⁻ ion.
Therefore, the concentration of Na⁺ ion can be calculated as follows:
Concentration of Na⁺ ions (M₁) = 2×0.100 M
= 0.2 M
Volume of Na₂SO₄ (V₁) = 100 mL
Similarly, 0.150 M NaBr is taken, which implies that 0.150 moles of NaBr are present in 1 L of solution.
One mole of NaBr contains 1 mole of Na⁺ ions and one mole of Cl⁻ ion.
Therefore, the concentration of Na⁺ ion (M₂) = 0.150 M
Volume of NaCl (V₂) = 200 mL
It is known that, M₁V₁ + M₂V₂ = MV
Where V is the total volume of solution, that is 100 mL+200 mL = 300 mL and M is the concentration of Na⁺ ion in the final solution. Equating values of M₁, V₁, M₂, and V₂ in the above equation is as follows:
0.2 M×100 mL +0.150 M×200 mL = M×300 mL
⇒M=0.2 M × 100 mL + 0.150 M × 200 mL/ 300 mL
⇒M= 0.1666 M
⇒M=0.167 M
Hence, the concentration of Na⁺ ion in the final solution is 0.167 M.
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A rock rests on the ground. A force pulls the rock toward the earth, and another force pulls the rock toward the moon.
Why does the rock stay on the ground?
Answer:
Gravity
Explanation:
it is what hold people on the earth
Which of the samples shown contains a mixture?
Answer:
D.
Explanation:
The molecules shown are different, they are also not combined which means a mixture is shown.
Mixture is defined as when two or more than two components are mixed together. The samples shown contains a mixture is option D.
What is mixture ?A substance made up of two or more separate chemical compounds that are not chemically linked is referred to as a mixture. When two or more substances are physically combined, their identities are maintained, and the mixture takes the shape of solutions, suspensions, or colloids.
A substance made up of two or more separate chemical compounds that are not chemically linked is referred to as a mixture. When two or more substances are physically combined, their identities are maintained, and the mixture takes the shape of solutions, suspensions, or colloids.
When two or more distinct substances physically join, a mixture is produced that can be dispersed back into its constituent parts.
Thus, option D is correct.
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What is the boiling point of a solution that contains 1.00 kg of water and each of the following quantities of solute? (a) 3.98 moles of glucose (a molecular °C compound) (b) 3.04 moles of lactose (a molecular °C compound) (C) 2.77 moles of NaCl (an ionic °C compound) (d) 4.20 moles of Na3PO4 (an ionic °C compound)
102.037 °c is the boiling point of a solution that contains 1.00 kg of water .
Solution ∆Tb = 1 × given problem is based on colligative property elevation in boiling point
∆Tb = ikbm
I is vanthoff factor
kB is boiling constant for solvent = 0.512 °c kg /mol
m is molality = number of moles of solute ÷ mass of solvent (kg)
Tb is elevation in boiling point
For water boiling point is 100 °c
So the new temperature will be ( 100 °c + Tb )
A) ∆Tb = 1 × 0.512 × ( 3.98 ÷1) = 2.037°c
Temperature of of compound is 102.037 °c
B)∆Tb = 1 × 0.512 × ( 3.04 ÷1) = 1.55°c
Temperature of compound is 101.55 °c
C) ∆Tb = 2 × 0.512 × ( 2.77÷1) = 2.8 °c
Temperature of compound is 102.8 °c
D) ∆Tb = 4 × 0.512 × ( 4.20 ÷1) = 8.6°c
Temperature of compound is 108.6 °c
osmotic pressure = molarity × gas constant × temperature × vanthoff factor
For KCl & NaBr vanthoff factor is 2 .
At same temperature ,
Osmotic pressure of KCl / osmotic pressure of NaBr = molarity of KCl / molarity of NaBr = 0.25M /0.2 M = 1.25
Ratio to be find out is 1.25 .
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calculate the ph of a solution prepared by mixing 0.0750 mol of chloroacetic acid plus 0.0180 mol of sodium chloroacetate in 1.00 l of water.
When 0.0750 mol of chloroacetic acid and 0.0180 mol of sodium paients are combined with 1.00 l of water, the resulting solution has a pH of 2.373.
Chloroacetic is why?Stronger than acetic acid CH3-COOH is chloroacetic acid Cl-CH2-COOH. Cl is a group that removes electrons. By dispersing negatively charged by an inductive effect and stabilising the acetate anion, it makes acetic acid more acidic.
Chloroacetic acid is more, why?In chloroacetic acid, the Cl- ion has a -I effect that lowers the electron of the carboxylic group's O-H bond, whereas in acetic acid, the CH3 group has a +I impact that raises the O-H bond's electron density. Consequently, acetic acid is less acidic than chloroacetic acid.
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What mass of water is needed to prepare a 1.20 molal solution using 0.60 mol propyleneglycol?
To produce a 1.20 molarity solution with 0.60 mol propylene glycol, 0.5 kg volume of water is needed.
What exactly is polypropylene glycol and how does it work?A synthetic liquid material that absorbs water is called propylene glycol. Additionally, polyester compounds and the foundation for deicing solutions are made with propylene glycol. When a leak could result in contact with food, the chemicals, food, and pharmaceutics utilize propylene glycol as an antifreeze.
Must you stay away from propylene glycol?The majority of processed foods include propylene glycol in some amount. Despite its low toxicity, eating a lot of foods that contain it can have negative effects on your health. Avoiding goods that contain the chemical is the greatest defense. Instead
Briefing:M: 1.20
moles: 0.60
Kg:?
(m)(kg)/(m)= 0.60/1.20= 0.5Kg
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If metals and non-metals make bonds and non-metals and non-metals make bonds, can metals and metals do the same? How?
Yes, metals and metals make bonds with one another forming a new substance.
Can metal and metal bond with one another?Metallic bonds occur between metal atoms whereas ionic bonds combine metals with non-metals. The metallic bonding joins metal atoms with each other. A sheet of aluminum foil and a copper wire are fused with the help of metallic bonding.
Metallic bonding is mostly non-polar because in alloys there is less difference among the electronegativities of the atoms that contribute to the bonding interaction of the two metals. Thus, metallic bonding is an extremely delocalized form of covalent bonding. Metals can make a bond with each other on macroscopic level as well as on a molecular level. The pieces of metal are held together with the help of metallic bonding.
So we can conclude that metals and metals do the same as metals and non-metals.
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Is there an element that is G?
Answer:
Gadolinium 64
Gallium 31
Germanium 32
Explanation:
There is no such element as G in the periodic table.
What is an element?
A chemical element is a type of atom with a particular number of protons in the nucleus, such as the specific compound made up entirely of that species. Chemical elements, unlike chemical compounds, cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical reaction. The number of protons in the nucleus is an element's defining attribute, and it is symbolised by the symbol Z - all atoms with the same atomic number are atoms of the same element. Atoms are rearranged into new compounds linked together by chemical bonds when various elements undergo chemical reactions.
There is no such element as G in the periodic table.
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write the complete electron configuration for the common monatomic ion formed by the element rubidium , rb . this ion is a(n) with a charge of fill in the blank 3 .
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 electron configuration for the common monatomic ion formed by the element rubidium , Rb.
The shape and energy of an atomic species' electrons may be understood by looking at its electron configuration, which is the accepted nomenclature for describing an atom's electronic structure, whether it be neutral or ionic. We allow each electron to occupy an orbital under the orbital approximation, which can be solved by a single wavefunction. By doing this, we are able to produce the identical three quantum numbers (n, l, and ml) that were produced when Schrodinger's equation for Bohr's hydrogen atom was solved.
The Aufbau Principle, Hund's Rule, and Pauli-Exclusion Principle are three broad guidelines for determining the electron configuration of an atomic species.
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How many electrons can be held in the energy level n = 4?
How many electrons in an atom can share the quantum numbers n = 4 and l = 3?
14 electrons in an atom can share the quantum numbers n = 4 and l = 3
32 electrons can be held in the energy level n = 4
An electron is negatively charged subatomic particles that can be either bound to an atom or free means not bound and fourteen electron can be represented by the value n = 4 and I = 3 and quantum number n = 4 is the fourth energy level and which can be thought of as the distance from the nucleus and if I = 3 the electron are in f subshell and the number of orbital with a quantum number I is 2I + 1 so there are 2×3+1 = 7 f orbital so each orbital can hold two electron and so the f subshell can hold 14 electron
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What would a student need to know in order to figure out a formula for compound containing a group 16 nonmetal?.
"Will group 16 elements gain electrons to bond with group 2 in an XY format in periodic table would a student need to know in order to figure out a formula for compound containing a group 16 nonmetal.
From one side of the periodic table to the other, properties of elements within a period vary in a predictable manner. A horizontal row represents a period in the periodic table. The number of electron shells is the same for every atom in a row. Moving through a period causes elements to acquire electrons and protons and become less metallic. -Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells.
As the atomic number rises, comparable features reoccur on a regular basis, which is reflected in this arrangement. From one side of the periodic table to the other, properties of elements within a blank shift in a predictable manner. those with comparable qualities are displayed in a column.
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the average atomic mass of an elementselect one:a.may not equal the mass of any of its isotopes.b.is the mass of the most abundant isotope.c.cannot be calculated.d.always adds up to 100.
The average atomic mass of an element may not equal the mass of any of its isotopes.
Hence, option A is correct.
What is the meaning of atomic mass or weight?
Atomic Mass can be defined as the average mass of atoms of an element, which can be calculated using the relative abundance of isotopes in a naturally-occurring element. It indicates the size of an atom. Mass of molecules can be determined by adding the average atomic mass of each atom in the molecule.
Example of Atomic mass is
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A piece of iron (specific heat, 0.444 J/g•°C) is added to 109.92 grams of water (specific heat, 4.184 J/g•°C) in a calorimeter. The water was initially at a temperature of 26.3°C and the iron was initially at 125°C. If the final temperature of the system is 34.9°C, what is the mass of the iron
The mass of the piece of iron is 98.87grams.
How to calculate mass in a calorimetry procedure?Calorimetry is the science of measuring the heat absorbed or evolved during the course of a chemical reaction or change of state.
The calorimetry equation to evaluate the energy required or released is as follows:
Q = mc∆T
Where;
Q = amount of energy in Joulesm = mass (g)c = specific heat capacity∆T = change in temperatureHowever, since two materials are involved, the following applies;
mc∆T (water) = - {mc∆T} (metal)
109.92 × 4.184 × (34.9 - 26.3) = - {m × 0.444 × (34.9 - 125)}
3,955.18541 = 40.0044m
m = 98.87grams.
Therefore, 98.87 grams is the mass of the iron metal.
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