The biologist could use a process that separates by mass to divide a mixture of oligonucleotides and polynucleotides.
Short single strands of synthetic DNA or RNA called oligonucleotides, or oligos, are the basis for many molecular biology and synthetic biology applications. An oligo might be the starting point for anything from genetic testing to forensic analysis and next-generation sequencing. Through a number of techniques, including as RNA interference (RNAi), target degradation by RNase H-mediated cleavage, splicing modification, non-coding RNA inhibition, gene activation, and programmed gene editing, oligonucleotides can be used to modify the expression of certain genes. A polynucleotide is made up of several nucleotide monomers joined together by covalent bonds. A single polynucleotide molecule is made up of at least 14 nucleotide monomers arranged in a chain. Polynucleotides include ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
DNA is a polynucleotide chain with two strands.
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What causes different illnesses and even premature death?
Smoking cigarettes and being exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke are leading causes of premature death.
death that occurs earlier than the typical death age for a population. The average death age is around 75 years old. The biggest causes of early death in the US are smoking cigarettes and being around people who smoke. They can make people more vulnerable to developing cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung disease, and a host of other illnesses. Injuries are another reason for early mortality.
Ischemic heart disease, which accounts for 16% of all fatalities worldwide, is the world's leading cause of mortality. This disease has shown the highest increase in deaths since 2000, with an increase of more than 2 million deaths to 8.9 million deaths in 2019. The second and third most common killers, stroke and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respectively account for 11% and 6% of all fatalities.
Lower respiratory infections remained to be the most fatal communicable disease worldwide, ranking as the fourth most common cause of death. However, there have been fewer fatalities; in 2019, it claimed 2.6 million lives, 460 000 fewer than it did in 2000.
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Where most ATP is created in mitochondria?
Most ATP is produced in the mitochondrial matrix, which is the fluid-filled space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
The process of ATP production in the mitochondria is called cellular respiration. It starts with the breakdown of glucose and other molecules in the cytoplasm by the process of glycolysis, which generates a small amount of ATP. The majority of the ATP is generated in the Mitochondria during the process of oxidative phosphorylation, where the electrons from the breakdown of glucose are passed through a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which generates a proton gradient that drives the production of ATP via ATP synthase.
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PLEASEEEEEEE HELP GUYS THIS MY FIRST BTOLOGY CLASS!! 2
The equation of line when a line passes through a point (-2, 7) and have slope 5, is y = 5x + 17> The blank words are slope, point, b in order.
What is a slope?In mathematics, a line's slope, also known as its gradient, is a numerical representation of the line's steepness and direction
Given:
Slope m = 5
And point (-2, 7)
Slope-intercept form: y = mx + b
If a line passes through a point (x₁ ,y₁) and have slope m
then the equation of line is
y - y₁ = m (x - x₁)
Substituting the values,
y - 7 = 5(x + 2)
Simplifying,
y = 5x + 17
Therefore, the equation is y = 5x + 17.
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How might a mutation affect the active site of an enzyme?
A mutation that occurs in a region of the DNA that codes for an amino acid sequence found in the active site of an enzyme can change the folded morphology of the active site and its affinity for its substrate.
Large regions of DNA can replicate when there is a mutation, usually as a result of genetic recombination. Animal genomes duplicate tens to hundreds of genes per million years, creating a significant genetic resource for the generation of new genes. The bulk of genes can be classified into bigger gene families that share an ancestor using sequence homology. The procedures that most typically result in novel genes are the duplication and mutation of an ancestral gene or the recombination of segments from several genes to create new combinations with novel functions. When connected, protein domains work as modules, each with a distinct purpose, to create genes that code for new proteins with unusual features.
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Production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) gas which is proposed to be banned in India, is used in which of the following domestic products?
A. Television
B. Refrigerator
C. Tube light
D. Cooking gas
Production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) gas which is proposed to be banned in India, is used in refrigerators.
The correct option is B
What are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)?Chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons are formed as volatile derivatives of methane, ethane, and propane. They are fully or partially halogenated hydrocarbons that contain carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine. Freon, a brand name owned by DuPont, is another frequent name for them.
They were used formerly as refrigerants in refrigerators. However, it was discovered that the ozone layer in Earth's atmosphere, which shields the planet from the sun's harmful UV rays, might be destroyed by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs were widely utilized as refrigerant gases and as propellants in aerosol sprays when the scientists published their findings in 1974.
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Use this sentence: A fault cuts across several layers of rock. Which conclusion can be made?
A. The fault is younger than the layers of rock based on the law of inclusion.
B. The fault is younger than the layers of rock based on the law of crosscutting. C. The fault is older than the layers of rock based on the law of inclusion.
D. The fault is older than the layers of rock based on the law of crosscutting.
Answer:
I think its B
Explanation:
I DK if I'm right bc I'm stuck on the same question
just get one wrong and if you get everything else right, it won't matter at all.
Protons and neutrons each have a mass of (blank) amu
(Middle school science)
The nucleus accounts for almost the entire mass of the atom of any element, which means that a single proton or neutron has an approximate mass of 1 AMU.
What is AMU?
An atomic mass unit is defined as accurately 1/12 the mass of carbon-12 atom. carbon-12 atom has six neutrons and six protons in its nucleus. It is represented as a.m.u or u (unified). It is unit of mass used to express atomic masses. 1 a.m.u is average of the proton rest mass and neutron rest mass.
Protons and neutrons both weigh about one atomic mass unit (amu). Isotopes of same element will have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Protons carry single positive charge that have mass of one approximately one atomic mass unit. The atomic number is equal to number of protons found in an atom.
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Substance X was isolated in a urine sample, but it is too big to pass through the glomerular filtration membrane. How is this possible
It was secreted later in the distal tubule. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) should not be seen in urine since they cannot pass past the filtration barrier.
Their existence implies the presence of illness or infection. Leukocytes are immunological cells that should not be seen in urine.
The filtration membrane allows water and tiny solutes to flow through while blocking blood cells and big proteins. These substances persist in the bloodstream. The filtrate (the fluid that has gone through the membrane) flows farther into the nephron from the glomerular capsule.
Urine dipsticks use chemical analysis to give qualitative examination of several analytes in urine. Dipstick detects the presence of protein, glucose, blood, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrite, and leukocyte esterase using dry chemical procedures.
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Please help with this!
The chemical (ethyl mercaptan) added to the otherwise odourless LPG cooking gas for imparting a detectable smell to the gas is a compound of
A. bromine
B. fluorine
C. chlorine
D. sulphur
The chemical (ethyl mercaptan) added to the otherwise odourless LPG cooking gas for imparting a detectable smell to the gas is a compound of sulfur. The correct option is D.
What is LPG?Propane, propylene, butylene, isobutane, and n-butane are only a few of the volatile hydrocarbon gases found in liquefied petroleum gas, which is a fuel gas.
LPG is a fuel gas used in cars, cooking appliances, and heating appliances. LPG exists inside the cylinder as both a liquid and a vapour (gas).
In order to give the normally odourless LPG cooking gas a noticeable smell, a chemical called ethyl mercaptan is added that is a compound of sulfur.
Thus, the correct option is D.
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Many lethal genetic disorders such as CF, Huntington’s, sickle cell anemia, Tay Sach’s, etc., persist in the human genome.
How have these genes survived so many millennia of evolution (why didn’t they die out)?
These genes survived so many millennia of evolution because most of the genetic disorders are caused due to mutation in genome.
What is Mutation?This is referred to as an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA by different factors.
The factors which cause mutation in individuals are exposure to mutagens or a viral infection which may be due to the high increase in the technology available in the environment in which they live and operate
These genes such as those which cause disorders such as Huntington’s, sickle cell anemia, Tay Sach’s, etc survived so many millennia of evolution because there is still the cause being present in our everyday world which is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the correct choice.
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What are the hereditary diseases?
Sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, and hemophilia are some of the hereditary diseases that occur because of changes in the genetic make of an organism.
Hereditary diseases usually referred to as inherited diseases or genetic disorders, are a group of genetic diseases that are brought on by changes in a person's genetic makeup (DNA). These changes are caused by mutation. This occurs when the normal bases in the DNA is replaced with the faulty base or mismatched base.
Then, these illnesses are passed down from one generation to the next, or in other words, they are inherited from one set of parents to another. For example, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, and hemophilia are some examples of hereditary diseases.
Because sickle hemoglobin requires two copies of the gene to be present, sickle cell anemia is referred to as a recessive condition. They must get one from each parent, which code for abnormal hemoglobin.
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What gene determines fur color?
A co-dominant red gene (O/o) found on the X chromosome determines whether there is a red variation in cat's coat color. This gene encodes pheomelanin. The dominant O allele encodes an orange tone, while the recessive O allele encodes non-orange pigmentation (black or brown).
A cat with a dominant color (black, red, calico, etc.) needs a parent to indicate the dominant color. Her two parents with recessive colors (cream, blue, etc.) cannot produce offspring with dominant colors (black, red, etc.).
Cats inherit half of their genetic makeup from their mothers and half from their fathers. There are 19 chromosomes each, 38 total, the X and Y chromosomes determine sex.
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how do you know that these kittens come from the same litter?
These kittens come from the same litter because kittens from same litter can look different.
facts about Kittens -
Due to the possibility that kittens from the same litter may have different fathers, certain litters may contain half-brothers and half-sisters. This can occur when female cats have many matings with different males over a short period of time, resulting in multiple pregnancies and one litter.
Brothers are likely to have similar colors because male kittens always inherit their mom's fur color. The coats of female kittens, especially those with different dads, can differ from those of their sisters because they inherit a combination of their mother's and father's coloring.
Kittens will pick up a lot from their siblings throughout the first few months of life. You might notice kittens engaging in competitive play as they practice hunting and other activities with their littermates. Although it can occasionally appear a touch violent, as long as they are each pursuing and pouncing on the other in turn, it is a fantastic way for them to develop new abilities.
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how the expansion of housing developments in southern California might limit coyote population in the area
Answer:
Explanation:
There are several ways in which the expansion of housing developments in southern California might limit coyote population in the area:
Habitat loss: As housing developments are built, natural habitats are often destroyed, which can limit the available space for coyotes and other wildlife.
Human-wildlife conflict: As housing developments bring more people into close proximity with coyotes, there is an increased likelihood of conflict between humans and coyotes. This can lead to coyotes being killed or removed from the area.
Fragmentation of habitat: The expansion of housing developments can also lead to the fragmentation of coyote habitat, making it more difficult for coyotes to move and interact with other members of their species.
Changes in prey availability: Housing developments can also alter the availability of prey for coyotes, which can impact their population size.
Overall, the expansion of housing developments in southern California can have a negative impact on coyote populations by limiting their habitat, increasing the likelihood of conflict with humans, and disrupting their natural behaviors and ecological relationships.
What are the four reasons why Mendel choose garden pea for his experiment?
Mendel chose garden pea for his experiment because they have shorter life span, are bise-xual, self pollinating and have visible physical characteristics.
Mendel conducted a lot of experiments during his study in genetics. He considered garden pea ideal for his experiments for a number of reasons. The first reason being that garden pea has a short life span and because of this they are able to grow very quickly and are easy to maintain. The second reason is that they have visible physical characteristics which makes them easy to observe and study.
The other two reasons being that garden peas have bise-xual flowers and because of this, these garden peas are self-pollinating. They do not need another plant for pollination and can also easily cross pollinate.
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Why is a decrease in genetic diversity bad?
A decrease in genetic diversity bad because it increases the risk of extinction of a population through inbreeding depression.
This is a result of despair brought on by inbreeding paired with a lack of ability to adjust to change. New alleles can be introduced in these situations to save the population. For a population to adapt to changing circumstances, genetic diversity is essential.
Genetic drift is a result of sampling error because individuals are randomly chosen when a population is sampled. A random selection is one in which each member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen.
The variety of various inherited features within a species is referred to as genetic diversity. There would be many people with a wide range of diverse traits in a species with significant genetic diversity. For a population to adapt to changing surroundings, genetic variety is essential.
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Tekton is a Greek word that means "carpenter" or "builder." With regard to Earth, what do you think plate tectonics is all about?
Tekton is a Greek word which means carpenter or builder. With regard to Earth, plate tectonics are what builds the Earth's formation, mountains, hills, and trenches.
What is Plate tectonics?Plate tectonics is generally accepted scientific theory which considers that the Earth's lithosphere comprises of a number of large tectonic plates which have been slowly moving since a long time about 3.4 billion years ago.
Tekton is a Greek word that means carpenter or builder. With regard to Earth and the word Tekton to Earth, the tectonic plates are what actually builds the Earth's forms, mountains, hills, and trenches, etc.
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1. Naomi has blue eyes (bb), freckles (Ff), dimples (Dd), and curly hair (SS). Naomi is heterozygous for.
eye color and hair texture
freckles and dimples
eye color and dimples
freckles and hair texture
What is the visceral mass that every mollusk has?
A. centralized region of the body in which all the organs are located
B. highly muscular region specialized for locomotion
C. hard exoskeleton made of protein and calcium carbonate
D. heavy fold of tissue that encloses the mollusk's body
The visceral mass that every mollusk has is a centralized region of the body in which all the organs are located which is therefore denoted as option A.
What is a Mollusk?This is referred to as a tiny soft-bodied invertebrate of the phylum Mollusca, which is usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate as it acts as the shell.
It also contains a holds the bulk of the digestive, reproductive, excretory, and respiratory systems. and some parts comprises of the mantle, or pallial, cavity.
Examples of these types of organisms are snails, slugs etc and is therefore the reason why the visceral mass which contains different types of organs needed for its daily activities was chosen as the correct choice.
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What was the end result of Mendel's experiment?
Mendel's research led to the discovery of the inheritance laws that are now referred to as Mendel's laws of inheritance. In order to conduct his tests, he true-bred pea plants for particular traits like seed color and seed shape.
Then he crossed these plants, watching the traits of the progeny. Mendel's investigations led him to the conclusion that discrete "factors" (now known as genes) transferred from parent to child are what determine inheritance. For each attribute, each parent passes down one gene (allele) to their kids.
When the alleles of a trait are different, one allele will be dominant and the other will be recessive. The dominant allele will be expressed in the phenotype, while the recessive allele will not be.
The probability of an offspring inheriting a specific allele from a parent is 50%. Mendel's laws of inheritance laid the foundation for the field of genetics and provided a framework for understanding how traits are passed down from one generation to the next.
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In 3-5 sentences explain what mitosis does in fetal development. Include how the same DNA is in every cell, and how the fetus grows in size.
Mitosis is the process of cell division that occurs during fetal development, allowing the same DNA to be replicated in every cell.
Mitosis is a cell division process responsible for the growth and development of the fetus, as well as the formation of all the different types of cells that make up the body. During mitosis, the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell are replicated and then separated into two identical sets, each of which goes into a separate daughter cell. This ensures that each new cell created during fetal development has the same genetic information or DNA as the original cell. As the number of cells increases, the fetus grows in size.
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How do the respiratory and circulatory systems work together essay?
To supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide, the circulatory and respiratory system works together.
The respiratory system is what aids in breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide. The circulatory system is the system that assists in supplying tissues with oxygen from the lungs and in removing carbon dioxide from the tissues by way of the lungs. In this way, both of these processes assist in the supply of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide as waste.
The blood that carries waste (CO₂) from the tissue via the heart will first carry the oxygen inhaled to the lungs, where it will be exchanged with the blood. The oxygen will then be sent to the heart, where it will be used to pump oxygen-rich blood to the tissues. Additionally, blood that has lost oxygen will transport waste from the tissue.
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What assumption do we make about an isolated bacterial colony that formed on an agar plate?
When an isolated bacterial colony is discovered on an agar plate, there are a few assumptions that are typically made.
Firstly, it is assumed that the bacteria are a single species, which means that all of the bacteria in the colony are genetically related. This allows scientists to identify the bacteria by its unique characteristics, such as its color and size. Secondly, it is assumed that the bacteria are capable of reproducing, since it is only possible for the colony to form if the bacteria are able to divide and multiply. Lastly, it is assumed that the bacteria are not contaminated with any other microorganisms, since the bacteria need to be isolated in order to form a colony.
These assumptions allow scientists to accurately identify the bacteria and gain a better understanding of its characteristics. This knowledge can then be used to further research and study the bacteria, as well as develop treatments or vaccines if necessary. Therefore, these assumptions are essential in understanding the biology of the bacteria and its potential implications on human health.
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Recreate the sequence that occurs in the carbon cycle beginning with carbon dioxide gas.
Our atmosphere also contains it as carbon dioxide, or CO2. Calcium, magnesium, potassium, or sodium ions are released as the acid dissolves the rocks, a process known as chemical weathering.
What carbon cycle beginning with carbon dioxide gas?As carbon dioxide, or CO2, it is also present in our atmosphere. Rain starts the transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to the rocks, or lithosphere. Rain is a result of the weak acid, carbonic acid, which is created when atmospheric carbon and water interact.
Therefore, When animals perish, volcanoes erupt, fires burn, fossil fuels are consumed, among other processes, carbon is released back into the atmosphere.
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if an st elevation myocardial infarction converts to a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction in the course of thrombolytic therapy, how is it coded
STEMI that converts to a NSTEMI in the course of thrombolytic therapy is coded as an NSTEMI using the I21.x code. If thrombolytic therapy was administered, this should be documented separately using an appropriate code.
If an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) converts to a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) during thrombolytic therapy, it is coded as an NSTEMI. The code used to identify myocardial infarction is I21.x, and the fourth and fifth digits indicate the type of myocardial infarction. For STEMI, the fourth and fifth digits are 0, indicating a STEMI. For NSTEMI, the fourth and fifth digits are 1, indicating a NSTEMI.
The conversion of a STEMI to a NSTEMI can occur when thrombolytic therapy is successful in opening a blocked artery. When this occurs, the patient’s condition improves and the ST elevation disappears from the electrocardiogram (ECG), indicating that the myocardial infarction is now a NSTEMI.
When coding for a NSTEMI, it is important to note that the NSTEMI code does not indicate the presence of thrombolytic therapy. The code is simply used to indicate that the patient has experienced an NSTEMI. If the patient received thrombolytic therapy, this should be documented separately using an appropriate code, such as ICD-10-CM code Z94.30 (thrombolytic therapy).
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Why are plants unable to grow at the bottom of lakes the water is colder at the bottom sunlight does not reach the bottom?
Because the water is so deep. There are no rooted plants to be found at the bottom of lakes because sunlight cannot penetrate that far.
Lakes obtain their water supply from three different sources: precipitation; rivers and streams; and underground water.
The size of lakes can range from very small to very large. They can be quite deep, or they can be only moderately so. Ponds are frequently used as a synonym for lakes that have depths of less than six or seven feet and support plant life on the bottom.
The changing of the seasons can bring about significant fluctuations in temperature for the lakes that are found in certain temperate regions.
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Use the information in the articles and in the introduction text to explain how gene therapy increase the probability of changing the inheritance of desired traits in people
According to the information in the articles and in the introduction text, gene therapy increases the probability of changing the inheritance of desired traits in people by improving the likelihood of a desired trait appearing in the offspring.
What is gene therapy?Gene therapy is a branch of medicine that focuses on altering a cell's genetic makeup to have a therapeutic impact or to treat a disease by replacing or repairing damaged genetic material.
Gene therapy improves the likelihood of desirable traits and attempts to treat illness or strengthen your body's resistance to illness by replacing a damaged gene or adding a new gene.
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What was the main aim of Mendel's experiment?
The main aim of Mendel's experiment was to understand the principles of inheritance of genetic traits in pea plants.
He performed a series of controlled crossbreeding experiments, where he carefully selected and crossbred pea plants that exhibited specific traits, such as seed color (yellow or green) and seed shape (round or wrinkled). He then recorded the characteristics of the resulting offspring and compared them to the characteristics of the parent plants. Through these experiments, Mendel discovered that certain traits were inherited in a predictable pattern, and that these patterns could be explained by the presence of genes that controlled the inheritance of each trait. He also discovered that these factors could be dominant or recessive, and that the combination of these factors determined the phenotype (observable characteristics) of the organism. These discoveries formed the basis of Mendel's laws of inheritance, which are considered to be the foundation of the field of genetics.
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Patrick and Patty's son Patterson, who is heterozygous for pink body color (Pp) like his parents, gets married and has kids with Petunia, who is homozygous recessive for yellow skin. What is the likelihood that their kid will have yellow skin like it's mother?
a. 25% chance of yellow skin
b. 50% chance of yellow skin
c. 75% chance of yellow skin
d. it is not possible for their offspring to have yellow skin because Patterson has the dominant trait
Answer:
b. 50% chance of yellow skin
Explanation:
The likelihood that their kid will have yellow skin depends on the genetic makeup of both Patterson and Petunia. Patterson has the genotype Pp, which means he has one dominant allele for pink body color and one recessive allele for yellow body color. Petunia, on the other hand, has the genotype pp, which means she is homozygous recessive for yellow body color.
When they have children, each parent will contribute one of their alleles to their offspring. The offspring will have a 50% chance of inheriting the recessive allele for yellow body color from Patterson and a 50% chance of inheriting the recessive allele for yellow body color from Petunia. Therefore, the likelihood that their kid will have yellow skin is 50%.