When the sodium cation concentration was increased by a factor of 10. a s2- ion-selective electrode measured a decrease of 29.58 mv when the sulfide concentration increased by a factor of 10 because of option I and IV.
Some reactive electrodes consist of zinc, copper, lead, and silver. An inert electrode is a form of electrode which does not participate in a chemical reaction. some normally used inert electrodes include platinum, gold, graphite(carbon), and rhodium.
Electrodes are critical additives of electrochemical cells. They shipping produced electrons from one 1/2-cellular to any other, which produce an electrical charge. This fee is based off a widespread electrode gadget (SHE) with a reference ability of zero volts and serves as a medium for any cellular potential calculation.
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Disclaimer:- your question is incomplete, please see below for the comlete question.
A Na ion-selective electrode increased in voltage by 59.16 mV when the sodium ion activity increased by a factor of 10. An S2 ion-selective electrode measured a decrease of 29.58 mV when the sulfide activity increased by a factor of 10. Why?
I. For cations, the measured potential increases by a factor of n x 59.16 mV for every 10-fold change in the activity of the cation, where n is the charge on the cation.
II. For anions, the measured potential decreases by a factor of n x 59.16 mV for every 10-fold change in the activity of the anion, where n is the charge on the anion.
III. For cations, the measured potential increases by a factor of 59.16 mV/n for every 10-fold
change in the activity of the cation, where n is the charge on the cation.
IV. For anions, the measured potential decreases by a factor of 59.16 mV/n for every 10-fold change in the activity of the anion, where n is the charge on the anion.
Select one:
a. I and IV
Ob. III and IV
c. II and III
d. I and II
e. None of the statements explains the behavior.
An instructor needs to make 400 mL of a silver nitrate solution that has a concentration of 0.01 M. How many milliliters of the 0.5 M solution should be used?
ok
l. will give you two apple you have two equals to four 2+2=4
true or false; water is not commonly used on combustible metals as it may react violently, especially with magnesium and sodium, causing explosions.
Answer: false
Explanation: Sodium reacts vigorously with cold water forming sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen (H2). The reaction of sodium metal with water is highly heat producing due to which the hydrogen gas formed during the reaction catches fire and burns causing little explosions.
Magnesium metal does not react explosively with water…. Unlike the LOWER Group 2 metals, i.e. calcium, strontium, etc., the reaction of magnesium with water is rather sluggish… formation of magnesium oxide passivates (as it is called) the surface of the metal and prevents rapid oxidation…
what is the maximum mass of magneium metal should be used in its reaction with hcl so that the total pressure does not exceed 1.5 atm
The maximum mass of magnesium used in its reaction with HCl is 0.08gm so the total pressure does not exceed 1.5 atm.
We will use ideal gas laws to solve this
For the final pressure, P = 1.5 atm
Change in pressure = 1.5-1
= 0.5 atm
Volume = 0.161L
T= 298K
What are ideal gas laws?The equation of state for a synthetic perfect gas is known as the ideal gas law, sometimes known as the generic gas equation. Although it has significant drawbacks, it is a decent approximation of the behavior of many gases under various conditions.
Only an ideal gas or a real gas that behaves enough like an ideal gas can be approximated by the equation of state presented here (PV = nRT). The equation of state can be expressed in a wide variety of ways.
Calculation:Let the moles of H, produced then
Using ideal gas law
P×V= n×R×T
0.5 × 0.161 = n × 0.0821 × 298
n=0.00329
Mg+ 2HCl⇒ Mg.Cl2 + H₂
Moles of H, 0.00329 1 mole of Mg gives 1 mole of H
Therefore, number of moles of Mg-0.0329
Mass of Mg=0.00329 × 24.3
Mass of Mg=0.08 gm
The maximum mass of magnesium used in its reaction with HCl is 0.08gm so the total pressure does not exceed 1.5 atm.
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the atomic mass and abundance of Si-28 is 27.977 amu and 92.2%. The atomic mass and abundance of Si-29 is 28.976 amu and 4.7%. The atomic mass and abundance of Si-30 is 29.974 amu and 3.1%. which is the average atomic mass of silicon?
Si-30 has a 29.974 amu atomic mass and a 3.1% abundance. and silicon's typical atomic mass is 28.09 AMU.
The definition of atomic massThe amount of matter that makes up an element's atom, or atomic mass. It is stated as a multiple of 1.992646547 1023 gram, which is equal to one-twelfth of the mass of the carbon-12 atom, which has an atomic mass of 12 units.
Is atomic mass equivalent to weight?The mass of a single atom or isotope is referred to as its "atomic mass." An element's average weight compared to all of its isotopes and their proportionate abundances is known as its atomic weight. Isotope atomic masses have no bearing on atomic mass.
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Mr. Vincent, the psychology teacher, invited his students stay after school to participate in a study on learning styles so that he could better understand how to teach them. 25 of his students participated.
Is this a random sample of the teacher's students?
Write the balanced COMPLETE
ionic equation for the reaction
when aluminum nitrate and sodium
hydroxide are mixed in aqueous
solution. If no reaction occurs,
simply write only NR. Be sure to
include the proper phases for all
species within the reaction.
Answer: Al(NO3)3 + 3NaOH ==> Al(OH)3 + 3NaNO3
Explanation:
NH₄NO₃ + NaOH ---> AlOH3 + 3NaNO3
Al(NO3)3 + 3NaOH ==> Al(OH)3 + 3NaNO3
Aluminium Nitrate + Sodium Hydroxide ----> Aluminium Hydroxide + Sodium Nitrate
. calculate the emission wavelength (nm) of excited atoms that lie 3.371 1019 j per molecule above the ground state.
The emission wavelength (nm) of excited atoms are −54.44 eV.
The equation E=hc can be used to determine the emission line's wavelength. The energy difference between the excited state and ground level is indicated here by the symbols E, h, c, and.
How much energy is required to reach the first excited state from the ground state?An atom's ground state and excited state differ in energy by a factor of 31019 J.
How is the excited state determined?Atoms that resemble hydrogen, i.e. The energy levels for H, He+, Li2+, etc. are provided by:
En=Z2 = 13:61 eVn2. where n is the quantum level and Z is the atomic number.
E2=−22⋅13.61 eV22. =−13.61 eV.
E1=−22⋅13.61 eV12. =−54.44 eV.
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what are organelles explain
Answer:
I hope this helped
Explanation:
An organelle is a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body. Among the more important cell organelles are the nuclei, which store genetic information; mitochondria, which produce chemical energy; and ribosomes, which assemble proteins.
the difference between the atomic number of an element and the element’s atomic mass is the number of:_____.
The difference between the atomic number and the mass number is atomic number is the total number of protons of an element, and atomic mass is the total number of neutrons and protons.
What are the atomic mass and number?The nuclear charge number of an element is its atomic number. The total number of protons in the element's atoms serves as a representation of it.
The mass number of an element is often referred to as its atomic mass number and nucleon number. The mass numbers are the sum of the protons and neutrons.
The mass in protons and neutrons of an atom is expressed as a mass number, also referred to as an atomic mass unit. The atomic mass is the sum of the masses of all isotopes of a certain kind.
As a result, the atomic number of an element represents the total number of protons present, whereas the total number of neutrons and protons is represented by the atomic mass
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patty is given 74 ml of a substance that has a density of 1.21 g/ml what is the mass of the substance
Answer:
[tex] \huge{ \boxed{89.54 \: g}}[/tex]
Explanation:
To find the mass of an object given it's volume and density, we use the formula;
[tex] \bold{density( \rho) = \frac{mass}{volume} \\ }[/tex]
Since the mass is the unknown variable in the question, we make mass the subject and solve.
mass = density × volume
From the question
density = 1.21 g/mlvolume = 74 ml[tex] \text{mass} = 1.21 \times 74 = 89.54[/tex]
We have the final answer as
89.54 gCalculate the kinetic energy of the cart at the point shown below. It has a mass of 800 kg, is 80 m high, and is moving at a velocity of 10 m/s.
Answer:
To calculate the kinetic energy of an object, we use the formula KE = 1/2 * m * v^2, where KE is the kinetic energy, m is the mass of the object, and v is the velocity of the object. In this case, the kinetic energy of the cart would be calculated as follows: KE = 1/2 * 800 kg * 10 m/s^2 = 4000 J.
Explanation:
However, it's important to note that the kinetic energy of an object depends not only on its mass and velocity, but also on its height. In the case of a cart moving down a slope, the potential energy it has due to its height will be converted into kinetic energy as it moves. Therefore, in order to accurately calculate the kinetic energy of the cart, we would need to know its height relative to some reference point (such as the ground), as well as its velocity.
The combustion of ethylene proceeds by the reaction
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
When the rate of disappearance of O2 is 0.37 mol L-1 s-1, the rate of appearance of CO2 is ________ mol L-1s-1.
Thus, the rate of disappearance of O₂ is 0.37 mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹ , the rate of appearance of CO₂ is 0.2467 mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹
What is the rate of reaction?The rate at which a chemical reaction moves forward is known as the reaction rate in chemistry. It is frequently defined in terms of either the concentration of a reactant that is consumed in a unit of time or the concentration of a product that is generated in a unit of time (amount per unit volume).
The equation becomes:
C₂H₄(g) + 3O₂(g) → 2CO₂(g) + 2H₂O(g)
Rate of reaction = [tex]-\frac{d[C_2H_4]}{dt}[/tex] = [tex]-\frac{1}{3} \frac{d[O_2]}{dt}[/tex] = [tex]+\frac{1}{2} \frac{d[CO_2]}{dt}[/tex] = [tex]+\frac{1}{2} \frac{d[H_2O]}{dt}[/tex]
It is given that, the rate of disappearance of O₂ is 0.37 mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹.
So, [tex]-\frac{1}{3} \frac{d[O_2]}{dt} =[/tex] [tex]+\frac{1}{2} \frac{d[CO_2]}{dt}[/tex]
or, [tex]-\frac{1}{3} \frac{d[O_2]}{dt}[/tex] × (-0.37 mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹) = [tex]\frac{d[CO_2]}{dt}[/tex]
or, [tex]\frac{2}{3} \frac{d[O_2]}{dt}[/tex] × (0.37 mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹) = [tex]\frac{d[CO_2]}{dt}[/tex]
or, 0.2467 mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹ = [tex]\frac{d[CO_2]}{dt}[/tex]
Thus, the rate of disappearance of O₂ is 0.37 mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹ , the rate of appearance of CO₂ is 0.2467 mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹
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Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu. a molecule of chlorine has atoms of the same element, and a molecule of carbon dioxide has different kinds of atoms. based on this information, chlorine is and carbon dioxide is______ .
Chlorine is an element and carbon dioxide is a compound, this is the answer to the above question.
The matter is divided into categories using elements, compounds, and mixtures. Because all of the atoms in the simplest chemical compounds are the same size, they are referred to as elements. Compounds are made up of two or more elements that are chemically linked together in a certain sequence.
Elements, which are subcategories of atoms, may be defined by the same amount of protons. An element's atoms have the same number of protons, but its mass and number of neutrons may differ.
A compound is a substance that combines two or more distinct elemental kinds in a certain ratio of its atoms. During the process of fusion, some of the distinctive attributes of the constituent pieces are lost while the newly formed molecule picks up new traits. Compounds are represented using chemical formulae.
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Answer:
Explanation:
chlorine is an element while carbon dyxoide is a compound
Which phrase describes a risk of using the radioisotope co-60 in treating cancer.
The phrase that describes a risk of using the radioisotope Co-60 in treating cancer is "increased biological exposure".
Use of Co-60 in treatment of cancer
The medical use of gamma rays from the radioisotope cobalt-60 to treat conditions such as cancer is known as Cobalt therapy. In the early 1950s, cobalt-60 was widely used in external beam radiotherapy (teletherapy) machines, which produces a beam of gamma rays which was directed into the patient's body to kill tumor tissue and treat cancer.
Hence, the use of Co-60 is now-a-days importantly used to treat conditions like cancer and the phrase used is "increased biological exposure".
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The balanced combustion reaction for C6H6
is
2C6H6(l)+15O2(g)⟶12CO2(g)+6H2O(l)+6542 kJ
If 8.400 g C6H6
is burned and the heat produced from the burning is added to 5691 g
of water at 21 ∘
C, what is the final temperature of the water?
Final temperature is 30.3ºC
What is Temperature?
The term "temperature" refers to a measurement of an object's average kinetic energy, which is a category of energy linked to motion and used to describe how hot or cold an object is. But how hot and how frigid are they exactly? Hot and cool are not really scientific concepts. A physical scientist would check the metal's liquid state's temperature to find the answer. It is less confusing to use temperature instead of phrases like hot or cold.
The reaction's H is -6542 kJ as written. The heat produced by igniting 2 moles of C6H6(l) and producing 12 moles of CO2(g), for example, is represented by this.
We can determine moles of C6H6 combusted from the given mass of C6H6. We can then calculate the heat that would be produced based on that value. We can determine the change in water temperature after determining the amount of heat produced.
0.06785 moles are equal to 5.300 g C6H6 x 1 mol/78.11 g.
heat produced is equal to 221.9 kJ/0.06785 moles x 6542 kJ/2 moles.
q = mC∆T
(5.691 kg)(4.184 kJ/kg/deg)(T) = 221.9 kJ
T is equal to 221.9 kJ/(5.691 kg)(4.184 kJ/kg/deg).
T=9.3 degrees.
Final temperature equals 21° plus 9.3°, or 30.3°C
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Should the EPA grant the permit to raise fish off of the coast?
No, EPA should not grant the permit to raise fish off of the coast.
What is EPA rule?EPA full form is Environmental Protection Agency. To safeguard beaches, the EPA collaborates with states, tribes, territories, local governments, and the general public.
The EPA enforces various rules that restrict water pollution sources to our coastal beaches and ocean water.
(i) the Clean Water Act;
(ii) the Clean Boating Act; and
(iii) the Oil Pollution Act.
The EPA broadened its efforts to enhance the quality of coastal recreation waters and safeguard beach goers' health.
So, EPA should not grant the permit to raise fish off of the coast.
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Why can gae change volume?A. The ga particle have no ma, o they can change volume. B. Gravity ha no effect on ga particle, o they can float away. C. There are no force holding the ga particle together. D. The force holding the ga particle together are tronger than gravity
The gases changes its volume because there are no force holding the gas molecules together. Hence the option C is correct.
Gases do not have a definite shape or volume because the molecules in the gases are very loosely packed, they have large intermolecular spaces , hence they move around. The force of attraction between the molecules is also very less, as a result gases acquire any shape or any volume. In comparison to liquids and solids, intermolecular interactions between gas particle are weaker. Because the atoms in gases are loosely connected to one another, they can move more quickly than those in liquids. Thus, gases lack both a defined shape and a defined volume. They merely assume a container-like shape.
So, gas molecules can break loose easily from any boundary and can fill any space. Hence, they do not contain any definite volume.
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Determine the concentration of a solution prepared by diluting 20. 0 mL of a 0. 200 M CSOH to a final volume of 250. 0 mL.
(CsOH = 149. 92 g/mol)
a) 0. 00800 M
b) 0. 0320 M
c) 1. 25 M
d) 0. 0160 M
e) 0. 160M
The concentration of solution is 0.0160M.
Option d) is correct
What is dilution equation?
When we dilute a solution by increasing the volume so as to decrease the molarity of the substance. By using this we can find the concentration.
M₁V₁=M₂V₂
M1 = initial molarity =0.200M
M2= Final molarity =M2
V1= Initial volume= 20mL
V2= Final volume = 250mL
Using this equation
0.200×20/1000 = M2×250/1000
⇒M2 = 0.400/ 25 = 0.0160M
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What is the equation for finding the mass of a system
The equation for finding the mass of a system is:
mass = density x volume
where density is the mass per unit volume of a substance, and volume is the amount of space that a substance occupies.
To use this equation, you need to know the density and volume of the substance in question. For example, if you have a block of iron with a density of 7.8 g/cm^3 and a volume of 50 cm^3, you can find its mass using the equation above:
mass = density x volume
= 7.8 g/cm^3 x 50 cm^3
= 390 g
This means that the mass of the block of iron is 390 grams.
Which of the following samples of gas would have a new volume of 2.00 liters if the pressure is decreased from 4.00 atm to
2.00 atm at constant temperature?
6.00 L
8.00 L
4.00 L
1.00 L
Answer: 1.00 L
Explanation: Pressure and Volume are inversely proportionate. The volume increases at a factor of 2, from 1.00 L to 2.00 L. This means the pressure would decrease by a factor of 2, from 4.00 atm to 2.00 atm. Think about it, if you had a box and it doubled in the space, the same amount of gas is still in the container and the pressure would be half as much as these gas particles would have half the amount of collisions against the walls
A 0. 307-g sample of an unknown triprotic acid is titrated to the third equivalence point using 35. 2 ml of 0. 106 m naoh. Calculate the molar mass of the acid.
Based on the nature of the acid as a triptotic acid, the molar mass of the acid is 247 g/mol.
What is a triprotic acid?
A triprotic acid is an acid which produces three moles of protons when dissolved in water.
The equation of the reaction at equivalence can be shown as follows;
H₃X + 3 NaOH ⇒ Na₃X + 3 H₃O
where X is the counter ion of the triprotic acid.
The ratio between the reacted acid and base at the third equivalence point = 1:3
The moles of substance reacted is calculated with the formula given below:
moles of substance reacted = molarity * volume
moles of NaOH reacted = 0.106M * 0.0352L = 0.003731 mole.
Thus, moles of H₃X reacted = 0.003731 moles /3
moles of H₃X reacted = 0.001244mole.
The molar mass of the acid can be calculated using the formula below:
molar mass = mass /moles
molar mass of the acid = 0.307g / 0.001244mole
molar mass of acid = 247 g/mol
Therefore, the molar mass of the acid is 247 g/mol.
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what is the definition of equilibrium? do chemical reactions stop occurring once cquilibrium is reached?
a situation when opposing forces or actions are in equilibrium, whether that balance is static (such as when forces are applied to a body and the resultant is zero) or dynamic (such as in a chemical process that is reversible when the velocities in both directions are equal): a condition of mental or emotional equilibrium.
What is a simple definition of equilibrium in chemistry?
When the rates of the forward and backward reactions are identical, chemical equilibrium is reached. In other words, there is no net change in the reactant and product concentrations.
Equilibrium in chemicals is a dynamic process. Even after equilibrium has been attained, the forward and reverse reactions still happen. However, for a reaction that is at equilibrium, there is no change in the relative concentrations of reactants and products because the reaction rates are the same.
The reaction, though, continues unabated. Instead, the process reaches a state of chemical equilibrium where the forward reaction is producing products as quickly as the reverse reaction is converting reactants into products.
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the half-life of radium-226 is 1620 years. how long will it take for the original amount to be reduced by 55%?
If the half-life of radium-226 is 1620 years. The for 55% decomposition of its original amount will take 1397 years.
Calculate the half-life by using the formula as,
A(t) = I(0.5)^t/t1/2
Where t1/2 = half life = 1620
Final amount, A(t) = 0.55 of its original amount = 0.55I
Hence, we have
0.55I = I(0.5)^t/1620
Taking the log of both sides we get,
log(0.55) = log(0.5)^t/1620
t/1620 = log(0.55) / log(0.5)
t/1620 = 0.8624964
t = 0.8624964 × 1620
t = 1397.2441
t = 1397 (nearest whole number)
Hence, for 55% decomposition of its original amount will take 1397 years.
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Can someone help please!
In an emission spectrum, the amount of visible light emitted during heating of metals is proportional to the number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus.
What is an emission spectrum?Emission spectrum is defined as a spectrum of a chemical compound or substance composed of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Radiations which are emitted while electron make transition from higher to lower energy level.
Energy of photon is equal to the difference between the two energy states . There are many possible electronic transitions in an atom and every transition has a specific wavelength.
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if you have an atom from group 2 of the periodic table, and it reacts with an atom from group 17 of the periodic table, what is the general formula?
When an atom from group 2 of the periodic table(say X) reacts with an atom of group 17(say Y), then the general formula is XY₂.
The elements present in group 2 of the periodic table (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) are metals having valency 2. On the other hand, the elements present in group 17 ( F, Cl, Br, I, At, Ts) are halogens or non-metals having valency 1. So, elements from both these groups combine together by transfer of electrons, forming an ionic bond between them.
The general formula is formed by exchange of valencies.
here, valency of X=2, Y=1
Thus, the general formula is XY₂
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Select all that apply
What two things are credited with creating the "global village?" (Choose every correct answer.)
Electronic media
Corporate sustainability
Convenient air travel
Assembly line production
The two things that are credited with creating a global village is: Convenient air travel and Electronic media.
What is a Global Village?This can be described as a method where people from the globe or universe are able to communicate and meet each other sometimes without physical contact.For an effective global village to be created, a good electronic media needs to be present. It will help people of all kinds communicate easily. A convenient air travel system also needs to be present for ease of movement.Herbert Marshall Mcluhan is a canadian philosopher, he predicted the world wide wide when he said nearly 60 years ago that the rise of electronic media would initiate a global village, reducing distance barriers. He also stated that the medium of communication is the message itself. This statement gave rise to the world wide web thirty years later and is the cornerstones of media theory and technologies.To learn more about Global Village here:
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The pace huttle orbiter utilize the oxidation of methyl hydrazine by dinitrogen tetroxide for propulion. 4 N2H3CH3(l) 5 N2O4(l) 12 H2O(g) 9 N2(g) 4 CO2(g)
Calculate ΔH° for thi reaction
The reaction's electron gain enthalopy is ΔH = -5591 kJ/ mol.(approximately)
What, using an example, is electron gain enthalpy?An illustration of electron gain enthalpy ,As a result, an element's second electron gain entropy is positive. For instance, energy is released whenever an electron is attached to a sulfur atom to create an S- ion, whereas energy is needed whenever an electron is attached to an S- ion to create an S2- ion.
Briefing:5N2O4 (l) + 4N2H3CH3 (l) ⇒ 12H2O (g) + 9N2 (g) + 4CO2 (g)
First, sketch the remaining product structures so that you can see the bonds. You ought to purchase the following:
H2O: H-O-H (pretend it's bent)
N2: N≡N
CO2: O=C=O
Step two is to research the average bond strengths of each component (reactants/productsbonds. )'s
Reactants:
N-N: 160 kJ/mol
N=O: 607 kJ/mol
N-O: 210 kJ/mol
N-H: 391 kJ/mol
C-N: 305 kJ/mol
C-H: 413 kJ/mol
Products:
O-H: 467 kJ/mol
N≡N: 941 kJ/mol
C=O: 799 kJ/mol (use the value with * since the bond is in CO2)
Step three is to count the quantity of each type of bond present in the reactants and products. The total bond strengths for every type of bond can then be determined by multiplying those values by the numbers in the balanced chemical equation above.
(For example, since the reactants include a total of nine N-N bonds—five from N2O4 and four from N2H3CH3—you multiply the covalent bond for N-N by nine, or nine times 160, to obtain a total of 1440 KJ/mol.)
Reactants:
N-N: 9*(160)= 1440 kJ/mol
N=O: 10*(607)= 6070 kJ/mol
N-O: 10*(210)= 2100 kJ/mol
N-H: 12*(391)= 4692 kJ/mol
C-N: 4*(305)= 1220 kJ/mol
C-H: 12*(413)= 4956 kJ/mol
Products:
O-H: 24*(467)= 11208 kJ/mol
N≡N: 9*(941)= 8469 kJ/mol
C=O: 8*(799)= 6392 kJ/mol
NOTE: In the balancing equation, I increased the binding energy for the two O-H bonds even by 12 H2O to get 24* for molecules like H2O. (467).
Add all the numbers for the reactants and the products respectively, in step four.
Reactants:
1440+6070+2100+4692+1220+4956= 20478 kJ/mol
Products:
11208+8469+6392= 26069 kJ/mol
In order to find ΔH in step five, remove the bond strengths for the product from the reactants.
ΔH= 20478 - 26069= -5591 kJ/ mol of rxn
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Which of the following examples is a compound containing an ionic bond?
O A. 0₂
о B. H20
O C. Cao
OD. CHA
Metals and non-metals come together to produce CaO ionic bonds. The only metals and non-metals, respectively, are calcium and oxygen. The remaining choices are covalent bonding (bonds between non-metals).
Ionic bonds, also known as electrovalent bonds, are a type of linkage created in a chemical molecule by the electrostatic attraction of ions with opposing charges. When the valence (outermost) electrons of one atom are permanently transferred to another atom, a bond of this kind is created.The exchange of one or more electrons between atoms results in the formation of ionic bonds between two or more atoms. Positive ions called cations and negative ions called anions are created during electron transfer. Ionic materials can be found as crystalline solids.For more information on ionic bonds kindly visit to
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write the ka reaction for trichloroacetic acid, cl3cco2h (ka 5 0.3), for anilinium ion, and for cu21 (ka 5 3 3 1028)
Ka = [Cl3CCOO⁻] [H⁺] / [Cl3CCOOH] = 0.3
Ka = [C6H5 -NH2] [H30⁺] / [C6H5-NH3⁺] = 2.51ₓ10⁻⁵
Ka = [Cu (OH3)] ⁻[H⁺] ³/[Cu²⁺] = 3ₓ10⁻⁸
To know if a substance will act as an acid or a base in a reaction, we look at the functional group.
How to find acidic strength?
trichloroacetic acid (and carboxylic acids in general) have carboxylic group - O- H which dissociates into aqueous solution into COO⁻ + H+ ions. Since it gives protons in aqueous solution, it acts as an acid
Amines Ar -NH are bases. They react with water to produce hydroxide ions.
Protonated amine is the conjugate acid. It reacts with water to provide
Cu2+ reacts with water to provide protons. Hence, Cu2+ acts as an acid.
Among trichloroacetic acid, anilinium ion and Cu2+ ion, Ka value is maximum for trichloroacetic acid. Hence, trichloroacetic acid is the strongest acid.
Note: Higher is the Ka value, greater is the acid strength.
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What do subscripts explain in a chemical formula?
A)the number of bonds for each ion present
B)the number of atoms for each element present
C)the charge of each ion present
D)the chemical symbol for each element present