An acellular entity composed of a small circular RNA molecule without a capsid and capable of replicating its genome is known as Viroid.
Viruses, Viroid, Virion and PrionLet’s find out the difference among Prion, virion, viroid and virus.
Viruses and sub viral particles together are all categorized as non living infectious agents.
Viruses are acellular, only made of a protein coat or a capsid, which protect the genetic information, either DNA or RNA and sometime have envelopes. They are small so that they don’t have organelle.
There are two types of sub viral particles, viroids and prions.
Viroids are smaller than viruses because they’re only made of a single strand of circular RNA, with no protein coat (capsid). They are only found on infecting the plants.
Prions come from the word proteinaceous infectious particles. Prion have no genetic material. That means no RNA or DNA at all. They are only made of proteins. So prions are different from viruses and viroids.
Virion are what we call whole viruses. Virion is a complete, fully developed, infectious viral particle composed of nucleic acid and surrounded by a protein coat.
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Which of the following pathways for the transformation of cellular energy most likely evolved first?
Coenzyme that transfers electrons from the Krebs Cycle to the mitochondrial electron transport chain at a lower energy level than that of electrons entering at the beginning of the chain.
The first phase of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration is known as glycolysis. Therefore, it is most likely that this method for converting cellular energy came into being first.
What are the three basic mechanisms through which cells produce energy?Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain are three distinct metabolic pathways that work together to form cellular respiration. While the other two mechanisms are aerobic, glycolysis is anaerobic.
Which came first, oxygen or photosynthesis?The process of photosynthesis is what allows for sophisticated life to exist on Earth. Photosynthesis is also the source of all oxygen on our planet. Both oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis is possible. Oxygenic photosynthesis splits water molecules with the help of light energy, releasing oxygen, electrons, and protons.
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In aquatic ecosystems, net primary productivity is most limited by which of the following?A. whether the water is fresh water or saltwater.B. the speed at which the water moves.C. available sunlight and nutrients.D. waves and tides.
Net primary productivity is most limited by available sunlight and nutrients.
Nutrients limit primary production in aquatic ecosystems. When a nutrient is limiting an element that must be added for production to increase in a particular area. The nutrient that are most limiting in marine production is either nitrogen or phosphorus.
In general, Phosphorus is the most limiting factor in net primary production in aquatic ecosystems. This is true for both lakes and marine ecosystems, these approaches include bioassays. This occurs when the concentrations of dissolved inorganic nutrients are limiting from nutritional inputs.
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In part, the impulsivity of adolescence reflects the fact that brain development occurs more slowly in the brain's ______ than in its ____.
Answer:
Covalent and bonds
Explanation:
bonds that are covalent
Photosynthesis consists of which of the following? A. Some of the carbon from dead organisms is returned to the atmosphere B. Decomposers break down the dead material returning CO2 to the atmosphere via respiration and continuing the cycle C. Producers takes in CO2 D. All listed choices
Photosynthesis consists of producers taking in CO₂ which is therefore denoted as option C.
What is Photosynthesis?This is referred to as the process in which green plants manufacture food in the presence of sunlight and employs the use of various compounds in other to produce glucose.
The plants involved in this process are referred to as primary producers and it employs the use of the green pigment known as chlorophyll which traps the sunlight and provides energy for the reaction to occur in the cells of the plants. This ensures that food is available to other members of the ecosystem such as consumers e.g animals , humans etc.
They take in carbon dioxide and water and produce glucose and oxygen as the product in this type of reaction and it can be seen below:
6CO₂+ 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O2.
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Which of the following statements is NOT true about costs in the U.S. health care system?
New technologies are lowering costs.
Growing rates of obesity are pushing costs higher.
The U.S. spends more on health care than any other nation.
Overtreatment is an issue.
New technologies are lowering costs is the statements is NOT true about costs in the U.S. health care system.
What health care system does the US have?Both in terms of per capita spending and as a proportion of GDP, the US spends significantly more on health care than any other country. Despite this, the nation's healthcare outcomes are noticeably inferior than those of its peer countries. The United States is the only developed country without a system of universal health care, and a significant section of its population lacks health insurance, which significantly contributes to the excess mortality rate in the country.Insurance corporations, healthcare organisations, hospital networks, and independent providers are just a few of the many different groups that deliver healthcare. Health care facilities are primarily owned and run by private sector companies.To learn more about health care system refer :
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Increase in the enzymatic activity of some protein kinases important for the regulation of the cell cycle are due to...a) kinase synthesis by ribosomesb) activation of inactive kinases by binding to cyclinsc) conversion of inactive cyclins to active kinases by means of phosphorylationd) cleavage of the inactive kinase molecules by cytoplasmic proteasese) a decline in external growth factors to a concentration below the inhibitory thresholdAnswe: b) activation of inactive kinases by binding to cyclins
An increase in the enzymatic activity of some protein kinases important for the regulation of the cell cycle is due to b) activation of inactive kinases by binding to cyclins.
The process by which a cell prepares for and successfully divides is referred to as the cell cycle. A number of checkpoints and proofreading of cellular processes are part of the cell cycle.
activation of a protein known as cyclin-dependent kinase, which is necessary for cell cycle regulation processes and binds to cyclin proteins during the cell cycle. The cell produces these proteins in varying amounts and at various times.
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What is different about the digestive tract of the Earthworm when compared to the Salamander?
The digestive tract of the earthworm and the salamander are similar in some ways, but they also have some differences. Both animals have a simple, linear digestive tract that consists of the mouth, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. However, the earthworm has a smaller and simpler digestive tract than the salamander.
One of the main differences between the digestive tracts of the earthworm and the salamander is the presence of glands. The salamander has several glands in its digestive tract, including the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas, which produce digestive enzymes and hormones that help to break down food and absorb nutrients. In contrast, the earthworm does not have any glands in its digestive tract, and it relies on the mechanical grinding action of its gizzard to break down food.
Another difference between the digestive tracts of the earthworm and the salamander is the presence of a stomach. The salamander has a muscular stomach that is used to store and churn food, which helps to break it down and mix it with digestive enzymes. The earthworm, on the other hand, does not have a stomach, and it does not have the ability to store food for extended periods of time.
Overall, the digestive tract of the earthworm is smaller and simpler than that of the salamander, and it lacks some of the specialized structures and functions that are found in the salamander's digestive tract.
Using the model below label and define the purpose of the following in relation to transcription: Promoter: Introns: Transcription Factors: Poly-A Signal Sequence: RNA polymerase: Poly-A Tail: Enhancer: Template: Transcription Start Site: Non-Template: Exons: 5' Cap:
RNA polymerase connects to a promoter sequence close to the start of a gene to start transcription (directly or through helper proteins).
What is the primary function of RNA polymerase during transcription?Transcribing RNA molecules using DNA as a template is the primary task of RNA polymerase. The transcription process, in which the data held in a DNA molecule is copied into a new molecule of mRNA, is greatly aided by the multi-unit intermediate enzyme known as RNA polymerase (messenger RNA).
What do exons and introns do?Prior to the RNA molecule being translated into a protein, introns are non-coding regions of an RNA transcript or the DNA encoding it. Exons are the regions of DNA (or RNA) that contain the protein-coding information.
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What is a volcano ?
Gap in the earths crust/surface
Gap in a mountain
Gap in the earths core
Gap in the earths mantle
2. In which of the following processes does change take place over the longest
period of time?
a. evolution
b. respiration
c. exocytosis
hd. photosynthesis
Answer:
Im pretty sure its a
Explanation:
because evolution is never ending
A number of plant species have a recessive allele for albinism; homozygous albino individuals are unable to synthesize chlorophyll. If a heterozygous tobacco plant is allowed to self-pollinate and 500 of its seeds germinate –
How many of these offspring will be expected to have the same genotype as the parent plant?
How many seedlings will be expected to be albino?
If we denote the recessive allele of the gene as p and the dominant allele as P, the offspring will be of phenotypic ratio 3:1 those with chlorophyll to those without chlorophyll respectively.
What is the percentage of genotype?Genotypically, 25% would be homozygous for dominant allele, 50% heterozygous and 25% homozygous recessive. See attached punnet square.
A number of plant species have a recessive allele for albinism homozygous albino individuals are unable to synthesize chlorophyll. If a heterozygous tobacco plant is allowed to self-pollinate and 500 of its seeds germinate.
Therefore, If we denote the recessive allele of the gene as p and the dominant allele as P, the offspring will be of phenotypic ratio 3:1 those with chlorophyll to those without chlorophyll respectively.
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Individual prokaryote cells are about ________ eukaryote cells; collectively, all prokaryote cells on Earth ________.O the same size as; weigh about one-tenth O the total mass of eukaryote cells much larger than; weigh about 10 times as much as O the total mass of eukaryote cells much smaller than; weigh about one-tenth O the total mass of eukaryote cells the same size as; weigh about 10 times as much as O the total mass of eukaryote cells much smaller than; weigh about 10 times as much as the total mass of eukaryote cells
Individual prokaryote cells are about one-tenth as big as eukaryote cells; collectively, all prokaryote cells on Earth weigh about ten times as much as the total mass of eukaryote cells.
Most prokaryotes are single-celled organisms belonging to the Bacteria and Archaea domains. All prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles but do have DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and plasma membranes. Also common are capsules with polysaccharides. Prokaryotic cells have diameters between 0.1 and 5.0 m. A eukaryotic cell is similar to a prokaryotic cell in that it has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. However, eukaryotic cells are typically larger than prokaryotic cells, have a true nucleus (meaning that its DNA is surrounded by a membrane), and have additional membrane-bound organelles that enable functional compartmentalization. Prokaryotic cells are typically 10–100 times smaller than eukaryotic cells in size.
Hence, prokaryotes lack complete so can easily replicates.
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Explain how mammals regulate their body temperature and relate this to their body size
Answer: Mammals control their body temperature with the help of a gland, called hypothalamus. It is a type of thermoregulatory gland.
Explanation: There is a gland present in mammals that control body temperature called the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus is a type of thermoregulatory center that regulates heat loss and is production.
The hypothalamic center is influenced by nerve impulses from receptors near the skin and the temperature of the blood flowing through it.
Mammals can stay cool in many ways. For eg: Cells release a type of chemical called heat shock chemicals that helps in adjusting the temperatures. Other ways include sweating, drinking cool water and panting, to lower the body temperature. Seeking relief from the sun in warm dry climates is another way mammals, including humans, try to cool off.
Mammals usually regulate their body temperature by keeping their metabolic rate high. The cells of mammals have many more mitochondria than the cells of other animals. The size of the body is inversely related to the efficiency of temperature regulation in mammals.
How does size affect the regulation of temperature?Small mammals have a greater surface area in relation to their volume (surface area to volume ratio). This means that they have a greater amount of surface through which to lose heat in relation to their size. So large mammals stay hotter for longer.
The presence of extra mitochondria in larger mammals generates enough energy to keep the rate of metabolism high. Mammals can also generate little bursts of heat by shivering. A small mammal has a greater surface area for its size compared to an adult mammal. That is why a small mammal, as well as a baby, is more prone to heat loss. Larger mammals can keep their heat for a longer time.
Therefore, mammals usually regulate their body temperature by keeping their metabolic rate high.
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Mechanical energy is associated with the forces that hold particles together in an atom's nucleus.
Answer:
False - Explanation: Mechanical energy is associated with the motion and position of an object.
Volcano comes from the word Vulcan in which language name?
Roman
Venetian
Latin
Greek
Volcano is an etymology from the word Vulcan in Latin, 3rd option.
What is etymology?Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words. It explains how words are coined and what languages they originate from. There are different languages that bear meaning to the lot of scientific or science related words. For example logos means study in Greek which "logy" from "biology" is a derivative of.
Similarly, Volcano comes from the Latin word "Vulcan" the Roman god of fire and French, volcan. The name was originated in the Mediterranean sea of Sicily, Italy.
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Millions of years ago, the ancestors of giraffes had short necks and used to eat leaves from the bushes on the ground. A
genetic mutation caused one giraffe's neck to be taller. This long-necked giraffe was able to eat leaves that were higher up on
trees. This gave it an advantage as it was able to access more food than other giraffes. Over millions of years, all of the
giraffes became long-necked. Which type of environmental factor caused this mutation to be inherited?
Answer:Natural selection.
It is the process by which certain traits become more common in a population over time. It occurs when individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without those traits. This leads to the traits becoming more common in the population over time. Natural selection is one of the main mechanisms of evolution.
describe the thickness, texture, and inner surface of the wall of the urinary bladder of the fetal pig.
The urinary bladder of a fetal pig is sac like, muscular and expandable walls with a thickness of 10mm and a firm texture.
What is a fetal pig?Fetal pigs are unborn pigs used in elementary and advanced biology classes for learning through dissection. They are extracted from diseased sows killed in meat industries. They are used in the study of mammalian anatomy.
These pigs are usually 10-15mm and 20-30 days of age and their highest is 50-70mm in length and 60-70 days old. The urinary bladder has a firm texture and a thickness of about 10mm and also they walls are muscular lining and a sac like shape.
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The simple interest on $200 at 12% for 2 years is
a. $6
b. $12
O
c. $24
d. $48
e. $120
Help! :/
Answer:
d. $48
Explanation:
1 year = 12% = 0.12
2 years = 12% × 2
2 years = 24% = 0.24
24% of $200 = 0.24 × 200
24% of $200 = $48
Therefore the interest on $200 for 2 years is $48
:)
Does anyone know the correct pairs for theese
latitude affect johannes bung, south africa, has higher average annual temperature than dublin, Ireland.
what is latitude?
Latitude and longitude are the coordinates that, together, tells exact location of an object on the surface of the Earth.
Latitude defines the position of the object or anything between the North Pole and the South Pole where equator is zero degrees, the North Pole is 90 degrees North, and the South Pole is 90 degrees .
latitude lines which run across the Earth from east to west at a constant latitude, for example it would be the equator, which is at zero degrees of latitude
it is the major indicator of navigation where the path of the sun is different depending on the object's latitude, so it varies based on the time of year.
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How do products work on the enzyme
Answer:
A substrate enters the active site of the enzyme. This forms the enzyme-substrate complex. The reaction then occurs, converting the substrate into products and forming an enzyme products complex. The products then leave the active site of the enzyme.
Explanation:
Researchers studying guppies in Trinidad found that guppies in streams with high predation reproduced earlier and more frequently. Which of the following is most important in driving the guppies to change their life history in face of predation?
The guppies are an opportunistic species.
The following is most important in driving the guppies to change their life history in face of predation the guppies are an opportunistic species.
Researchers studying guppies in Trinidad found that guppies breed faster and more often in streams with high predation levels. Guppies are an opportunistic species. The ones with the brightest colors, as they can attract more mates.
Larger offspring have increased buoyancy for accessing food in toxic or dark environments. Organisms without hard parts are the least likely to fossilize. Fossils of soft organisms from bacteria to jellyfish are extremely rare. Plotting exponential growth against time reveals a sigmoidal curve. Plotting exponential growth against time reveals a J-shaped curve.
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What are your thoughts on extraterrestrial life in our galaxy/universe?Do you think there is life elsewhere? Where might we find it?What might that life look like, or how might it be different from what we know?Would it be primitive or developed/intelligent?Would that other life form try to explore the galaxy/universe or find other life forms like us?
There are invisible companion bodies in their orbit that are as huge as large planets, and we have discovered these bodies. processes that led to the emergence of life on Earth must be widespread in the cosmos.
What three types of universes are there?The universe can have one of three basic forms: a flat one with Euclidean or zero curvature, a spherical one with positive curvature, or an open one with hyperbolic curvature (negative curvature).
Greater than the universe is what?No, every solar system and galaxy can be found in the cosmos. The Milky Way Galaxy contains hundreds of billions of stars, including our Sun, while the universe itself is made up of billions of galaxies.
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The pigment that is extremely important to photosynthesis is called___.
Pigment
Stomata
Chlorophyll
Chloroplasm
Previous
How many germ (cell) layers are present in acoelomates? Explain your answer
Make a punnett square to show the predicted results from a cross between a person who is heterozygous for curly hair and one that is homozygous recessive for that trait. Use the letter H to represent the genotypes.
H h
h Hh hh
h Hh hh
50% chance of either trait
The Hawaiian bobtail squid is able to glow from luminescent Vibrio fischeri bacteria held in its light organs. As it swims at night near the ocean surface, it adjusts the amount of light visible to predators below to match the light from the stars and moon. Predators have a hard time seeing the illuminated squid against the night sky. The bacteria glow in response to a molecule that regulates expression of genes involved in light-producing chemical reactions. The regulator controls production of the genes' mRNA. Therefore, the light-producing genes are under____.
transcriptional control
The light-producing genes are under transcriptional control
Why do Hawaiian bobtail squids glow?
A bobtail squid's light organ contains a single species of bacterium that emits a bright glow that gives the animal nighttime protection from predators by enabling it to blend with the moonlight below the waves. The species whose genome was recently examined is closely linked to the depicted Euprymna bobtail squid.
These patterns are illuminated by gigas and related squids to produce visual messages that may be clearly seen in the deep, dark ocean. The body glows from thousands of tiny subcutaneous (s.c.) photophores (bioluminescent organs) buried in the muscle tissue, backlighting the pigmentation patterns.
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If there are 20 individuals in a population, the genotypes of the population in generation 1 are as follows AA=1, AB=13, BB=6. After 10 generations are AA=5,AB=12 and BB=3. What can be said about the population?
The population of AA increases but on the other hand AB and BB the population decreases after 10th generation.
What is genotype?The genetic makeup of an individual is called their genotype. The two alleles that a person has inherited for a single gene are referred to by this phrase in more detail.
Here for Generation 1, AA = 1, AB = 13, BB = 6
After 10 years it changes AA = 5,AB = 12 and BB =3.
Because AA genotype is generate new genes and alleles, increasing genetic variety In a population, new genetic diversity may be formed within generations, hence a population with a fast rate of reproduction would most likely have a high level of genetic variety.
On the other hand, for AB and BB is decrease in no because:
Rare alleles can disappear due to genetic drift, which can also shrink the gene pool. According to the theory that genetic drift contributes to the development of new species, genetic drift can also result in a new population being genetically diverse from its ancestral population.
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complete the graphic organizer to define the characteristics of homozygous and heterozygous genotypes and phenotypes by selecting the correct phrases from the drop-down menus.
Genotype Homozygous- Both alleles are similar
Genotype Heterozygous- The alleles are different
Phenotype Heterozygous- They are created by the dominant allele
Phenotype Homozygous- If the allele is dominant or recessive the opposite phenotype will be expressed.
The genotype is a collection of genes in DNA that are mainly accountable for distinctive traits or characteristics, whereas the phenotype is an organism's physical appearance or characteristic.
An person's genotype is the integration of alleles that they obtain for a specific gene. A person's phenotype is the sum of their noticeable traits and characteristics. The genotype of an organism is directly inherited from its parents, whereas the phenotype is solely effected by genotype.
There are three possible genotypes, PP (homozygous dominant), Pp (heterozygous), and pp (homozygous recessive). All three have distinct genotypes but the first two have the same phenotype (purple) as distinguishable from the third (white).
The observable characteristics of an individual, like height, eye color, and blood type, are referred to as phenotypes.
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The concentration of free Ca2+ in the cytosol of an unstimulated cell is kept low compared with its concentration in both the extracellular fluid and the endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following help to maintain this difference?Ca2+ pumps in the plasma membrane and the ER membrane
Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPases (SERCA enzymes) provide an active, ATP-dependent gradient of several thousand-fold calcium ion concentration between the cytosol (low nanomolar) and the ER lumen.
CA is released from the endoplasmic reticulum in what way?In response to a range of signals, including neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors, calcium is released from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in neurons (Rizzuto 2001). Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptors and ryanodine receptors are two separate types of ER calcium channels that mediate calcium release.
Which of the following best describes how cellular compartmentalization enhances process efficiency?A high surface-area-to-volume ratio is the outcome of compartmentalization within a cell.
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effects of bilobed placenta
i think the answer is biabets