The properties of an alloy are similar to the properties of its components. The elements in an alloy are not combined in fixed proportions is an alloy not considered a compound
What distinguishes an alloy from a compound?Although the physical characteristics of the alloy are intermediate to those of its component metals, the chemical characteristics of each element are unaltered. Physical methods can be used to separate an alloy (separated by melting). A compound is a collection of several components that are connected by chemical connections.
Metal mixes or blends of a metal and another element are known as alloys. A combination of metallic phases or a solid solution of metal elements, known as an alloy, are both possible (a heterogeneous mixture of two or more solutions).
An alloy is a combined, homogenous combination of a metal with other metals or non-metals.
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Answer: Answer is B and C
b: the properties of an alloy are similar to the properties of its components.
c: The elements in an alloy are not combined in fixed propo
Explanation:
Write an equation (use the letters) representing the heat of reaction, ∆H.
The equation representing the heat of reaction in letters is ΔH = q = [tex]cp_{sp}[/tex] x m x (ΔT)
Heat of reaction is also known as Enthalpy of the reaction. It is a measurement used in thermodynamics energy that was produced or released in a reaction. ΔH represents change in heat or enthalpy
Heat of reaction, ΔH = q = [tex]cp_{sp}[/tex] x m x (ΔT)
where,
ΔH and q represents heat of reaction
m represents the mass of the reaction medium
[tex]cp_{sp}[/tex] represents the specific heat capacity
ΔT represents the difference in temperature of the medium
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An ideal gaseous reaction (which is a hypothetical gaseous reaction that conforms to the laws governing gas behavior) occurs at a constant pressure of 45.0 atm and releases 66.7 kJ of heat. Before the reaction, the volume of the system was 8.80 L . After the reaction, the volume of the system was 3.00 L . Calculate the total internal energy change, ΔE , in kilojoules.
The change in the total energy of the system is -93.1kJ.
What is the first law of thermodynamics?Let us note that the term thermodynamics has to do with the study of heat. Recall that heat is that which leads to the increase in the temperature of a body. From the first la of thermodynamics, we know that heat can neither be created nor destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another as we can see.
We also know from the first law of thermodynamics that;
ΔE = q + w
ΔE = total internal energy
q = heat absorbed or evolved
w = work done
Let us find the work done as;
w =pΔV
w = 45.0 atm (3 - 8.8)
w = -261 atm L or -26.4 kJ
We have q as -66.7 kJ because heat was released
ΔE = -66.7 kJ - 26.4 kJ
ΔE = -93.1kJ
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acetone is a widely used industrial solvent, and the main component in
many fingernail polish removers. The chemical formula is CH3COCH3 (the three
carbons are connected to each other in a chain: C-C-C).
a. Draw the Lewis structure for acetone, and predict the geometry around
each carbon atom.
b. Is the molecule polar or non-polar?
c. What kinds of intermolecular forces exist between acetone molecules?
d. 1-propanol (CH3CH2CH2OH, again, all C atoms are connected in a long chain,
C-C-C-C) boils at 97.2 °C while acetone boils at 56.5 °C. Explain the
difference.
Kinds of intermolecular forces exist between acetone molecules is Hydrogen bond.
A. CH3 -C-CH3.
B. The molecular is nonpolar.
C. Dipole-dipole interactions.
D. CH3-CH₂-OH → 1-proposal if dissolves in water form the strong Hydrogen bonding Acetone with water when Compare with 1-prop and have more strong Hydrogen bonding due to its bending 1-propenal has more boiler point.
Molecules with oxygen atoms nitrogen atoms or ionizable groups -CO2H and -SO3H tend to be polar. A non-polar molecule is a molecule that does not have regions of positive and negative charge. Ethane is an example of a non-polar substance. A bond is considered nonpolar if the electronegativity difference is less than about 0.4.
When things are different at both ends we call them polar. Also, some molecules have positive and negative ends, and when they are present, we call them polar. Otherwise, it is called non-polar. Polar things can attract or repel each other. Opposite charges attract and charges repel.
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29. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does 35/17C1¹+ have?
Answer:
proton= 17
neutron=18
electron=16
How many moles of air must there be in a bicycle tire with a volume of 1.95 L if it has an internal pressure of 6.30 atm at 17.0°C?
The molecular weight of oxygen gas is 32 grams per mole, and we calculate the weight of the atmosphere based on this estimate.
Solution:
PV = nRT
6.30 x 1.95 = n x 12.285 x 290
n = 0.6226 moles.
The molar weight of oxygen gas is 32 grams, mol on which to estimate the atmospheric weight. Irregular Edges Edges are often jagged chipped or blurred. The pigment can spread to the surrounding skin. Uneven Colors Black brown and tan shades may be present. White, gray red, pink, or blue areas can also be seen.
If the mole is larger than other moles has dirty or uneven edges is uneven in color, or is slightly pink see a doctor for an examination. please give me. Bruises that appear in adulthood should be checked. However, the most worrying sign is the change in the mole. Experts believe that genetic factors, hormonal changes, and sun damage can cause new moles to suddenly appear, but no one knows for sure.
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There are usually more objects at a crime scene than investigators can efficiently collect and analyze.
A.
True
B.
False
Answer:
A. True
Explanation:
Give the formula for dicarbon tribromide. Since there is no way to subscript, use regular numbers in place of subscript (for example, Al2O3). Be sure to use parenthesis only when needed and proper upper and lower case.
Question 6 options:
The correct formula of the dicarbon tribromide molecule is shown as [tex]C_{2} Br_{3}[/tex].
What is the chemical formula?The chemical formula is the representation of a compound on paper. It is the way by means we are able show the way that atoms of a compound are connected to each other. We often use this method to show the representation of a compound in way that is somewhat intelligible to someone who needs to understand it.
We are now going to try to see how we could be able to find the correct formula of the compound knowing all the subscripts required in the process.
Now, most importantly, the formula must show the number of atoms of each of the elements that are in the compound. Looking at what we have, we are asked to find the formula of the compound dicarbon tribromide. We already know that there would be two atoms of carbon and three atoms of bromine in the compound.
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hello, can someone please help me with this problem
Answer:
chicken tenders and egg rolls and butter fingers
materials used to make textile
Answer:
Animal wool (e.g., wool, silk)plant (e.g., cotton, flax, jute)mineral (e.g., asbestos, glass fibre)synthetic (e. g., nylon, polyester, acrylic)Explanation:
Many materials can be used in making textiles. The materials are mainly from animal, plant, mineral and synthetic sources. The examples are as follows;
Animal wool (e.g., wool, silk)plant (e.g., cotton, flax, jute)mineral (e.g., asbestos, glass fibre)synthetic (e. g., nylon, polyester, acrylic)How many moles of HCl are produced when 9.86 g of SOCl2 reacts? The balanced equation is:
SOCl2(ℓ)+H2O(ℓ)→SO2(g)+2HCl(g)
Which of the following pairs of elements are likely to form an ionic compound?
copper and chlorine
cesium and barium
potassium and chlorine
silicon and phosphorus
sodium and neon
oxygen and bromine
The pairs that are likely to form an ionic bond are;
copper and chlorinecesium and bariumpotassium and chlorineWhat is an ionic compound?Let us recall that a compound is formed if we are able to join the atoms of two elements together. There are basically three kinds of bonds that we can have in a substance and these are;
Covalent bondIonic bondMetallic bond.If the two elements are now bonded in the compound the properties of each of the atoms is now modified and what we now have is the singular properties of the compound.
We can see a list of several compounds and we are to find out if the bond that the atoms have between them is an ionic or not. This has been done in the section above and we can see there the compounds that are most likely to have an ionic bond.
Note that in the ionic bond, there is a transfer of electrons from one atom to the other. This can be shown by the use of an arrow. The transfer would always occur from the atom of a metal to the atom of a non metal.
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Which of the following factors can affect the solubility of a substance? Select all that apply.
The following factors can affect the solubility of a substance is temperature and pressure
Solubility is the maximum amount of substances that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at specific temperature and solubility is the characteristics property of specific solute and solvent combination and different substances has greatly different solubility's and there are two direct factor that affect the solubility and they are temperature and pressure and temperature affect solubility of both solid and gases but pressure only affect the solubility of gases
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An object’s displacement is the distance and _____________ of the object’s change in position.
An object’s displacement is the distance and direction of the object’s change in position.
What is displacement?Displacement in physics is the quantity which denotes distance with a directional component.
Displacement and distance are two inter-related terminologies that are often misused, however, they differ being that displacement is a vector quantity while distance is a scalar quantity.
This means that displacement has direction and magnitude, hence, can be defined as the distance and direction of an object’s change in position.
Displacement is denoted by ∆x and is calculated by dividing the change in position by time taken.
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In a 5.0 g sample of sodium chloride, 39.34% of the compound is sodium. What is the percent by mass of sodium in a 25 g sample of sodium chloride?
The percentage by mass of sodium in a 25 g sample of sodium chloride =39.92%
What is a chemical compound?A chemical compound is made up of two or more elements which are chemically combined together.
For example sodium chloride which contains sodium and chloride are chemically combined together to form sodium chloride as a chemical compound.
The first compound of sodium chloride= 5g
The percentage that is sodium= 39.34%
The second compound of sodium chloride= 25g
The percentage that is sodium= x%
That is = 5g = 39.34%
Therefore quality of sodium in grams;
= 39.34/100× 5
= 0.3934× 5
= 1.967g
Therefore if 5g of NaCl contains 1.967g of Na
25g of NaCl will contain xg
Make xg the subject of formula,
= 25×1.978/5
= 49.45/5
= 9.98g of sodium.
To conver 9.98g to %;
=9.98/25 × 100/1
= 0.3992×100/1
= 39.92% of sodium.
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Which of the following accounts for the differences among the various amino acids
a. the amine group
b. the side chain
c. the acid group
d. a and b
e. b and c
The group that accounts for the difference among the various amino acids is the side chain (option B).
What are amino acids?Amino acids are any chemical molecule that has both an amino and a carboxylic acid functional group.
The antecedents or building blocks of protein molecules are known as amino acids. Ingredients that make up amino acids include:
Amino group (-NH2)Carboxyl group (-COOH)R-groupThe R group, a particular side chain, is also joined to the carbon in each of the 20 amino acids. The shapes, sizes and charges of the R groups vary. As a result, amino acids can be categorized based on the characteristics of their side chains.
All amino acids have the same amino and carboxyl groups; the R group, however, differs for each amino acid.
In nature, there are 20 different amino acids, each of which has an amino and carboxyl group. However, what sets them apart from one another is that they each have a unique R (side) chain.
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An ionic compound has the formula X3N2. Which one of the following groups is the element X on?
The element X in the ionic compound from the question belongs to group 2.
What is the ionic compound?An ionic compound is a compound that is formed when there is a combination of two or more atoms that are combined by the transfer of electrons. Now we know that the transfer of the electrons would give rise to the formation of to ions, a cation and an anion. The cation is the specie that lost electrons while the anion is the specie that gained the electrons. Thus the compound is composed actually of an ions pair that are necessarily of opposite charges from each other.
In this case, an ionic compound has the formula[tex]X_{3} N_{2}[/tex]. We can see that the element X has reacted with nitrogen to form a nitride and that the nitrogen has a subscript of 2 as shown.
The fact the nitrogen has a subscript of 2 shows that the element belongs to group 2.
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Which of the following is TRUE if ΔEsys = -100 J?
The statement that is true if the ΔEsys = -100 J is that the system looses 100J of energy which is gained by the surroundings.
What is the energy of the system?Note that the study of energy is what we call thermodynamics. We should note that according to the laws of thermodynamics, energy can not be created nor destroyed but can be converted from one form to another.
This implies that the energy that is lost by the system must be gained by the surroundings since there can never be energy that goes to waste in the system.
Recall that the universe is composed of the system and the surroundings and the energy that is lost by the system must be gained by the surroundings and vice versa. This would now be our guide in deciding which statement is right above from what we have in the question here.
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Will Argon, Neon, and Krypton react the same or differently? Explain.
Will Argon, Neon, and Krypton react same
Noble gases only helium and neon are truly inert and the other noble gases will react on a limited scale under very specific conditions and krypton will form a solid with fluorine, and xenon will form a variety of compounds with oxygen and fluorine and the name comes from the fact that these elements are virtually unreactive towards other elements or compounds and they do not react with other element
Neon is a colorless, odorless, unreactive gas and argon is a colorless, odorless, unreactive gas and krypton is a colorless, odorless, unreactive gas
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The combustion of propane may be described by the chemical equation
C₂Hg (g) + 5O₂(g) → 3 CO₂(g) + 4H₂O(g)
-
How many grams of O₂(g) are needed to completely burn 27.6 g C3H₂(g)?
Water has a molar mass of 18 g/mol while propane has a molar mass of 44 g/mol.
As a result, 44.0 g (1 mole) of propane will burn in order to produce 4 moles of water.
Mass of water obtained =4×18=72.0 g.
What kind of reaction is propane combustion?Propane undergoes burning with hydrocarbons to release its chemical energy. An animation of hydrocarbon combustion is shown here to demonstrate the overall process that happens when oxygen and propane mix. One instance of an exothermic process is the hydrocarbon combustion reaction, which produces heat energy.
A fuel and an oxidant, often atmospheric oxygen, engage in a high-temperature exothermic (heat-releasing) redox (oxygen-adding) chemical reaction during combustion that results in oxidised, frequently gaseous products in a mixture known as smoke.
The balanced chemical equation for the total combustion of propane states .
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How does the formation of an ionic bond differ from the formation of a covalent bond?
1) An ionic bond is where one atom transfers at least one electron from another atom in an attempt to fill its electron shell. A covalent bond is when electrons are shared
between atoms and there is equality between atoms in relation to their electrons.
2) Ionic bonds form by the transfer of electrons. Covalent bonds form by sharing
electrons. In ionic bonding, electrons are completely transferred from one atom to
another. In the process of either losing or gaining negatively charged electrons, the
reacting atoms form ions. Ions that have a positive charge are called cations and the
ones that have a negative charge are called anions. On the other hand, covalent bonds can be formed by any equal or unequal sharing of electrons. The substances formed by ionic bonds are called compounds and those formed by covalent bonds are referred to as molecules.
3) The formation of an ionic bond differs from the formation of a covalent bond by
being so, a covalent bond forms when one electron in the outer electron orbit of each
atom is shared between the two atoms. Covalent has only one electron to be shared
and ionic has more than one electron to be transferred.
(HELP IS NEEDED SOON. THANK U SO MUCH)
Covalent bonds and ionic bonds differ as follows: ionic bonds form by the transfer of electrons. Covalent bonds form by sharing electrons. In ionic bonding, electrons are completely transferred from one atom to
another. In the process of either losing or gaining negatively charged electrons, the
reacting atoms form ions. Ions that have a positive charge are called cations and the ones that have a negative charge are called anions. On the other hand, covalent bonds can be formed by any equal or unequal sharing of electrons. The substances formed by ionic bonds are called compounds and those formed by covalent bonds are referred to as molecules (option 2).
What are ionic bonds?Ionic bonds are a type of chemical bond where two atoms or molecules are connected to each other by electrostatic attraction.
On the other hand, a covalent bond is a type of chemical bond where two atoms are connected to each other by the sharing of two or more electrons.
Ionic bonds occur between metals, which lose electrons, and nonmetals, which gain electrons. Ions with opposite charges will attract one another creating an ionic bond.
Also, covalent bonds form when two atoms of similar charges share electron pairs.
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How many grams are in 105.4 mol of nickel
Answer:
6186.98
Explanation:
105.4 mol of nickel is 6186.98 nickel
i need help with chemistry equation
The maximum amount of ethane (C₂H₆) that can be formed is 9.15 g.
The formula for the the limiting reagent is H₂
The amount of excess reagent that remains after the reaction is 3.86 g.
What is limiting reagent?The limiting reagent is the reactant that is completely used up in a reaction, and thus determines when the reaction stops.
The limiting reagent is determined by balancing the chemical equation as follows;
H₂ + C₂H₄ --------> C₂H₆
From the reaction above;
1 mole of hydrogen gas = 1 mole of ethylene = 1 mole of ethane
2 g of hydrogen gas (H₂) = 30 g of ethane (C₂H₆)
0.61 g of H₂ = ? of C₂H₆
= (0.61 x 30)/2
= 9.15 g of C₂H₆
Thus, the maximum amount of ethane (C₂H₆) that can be formed is 9.15 g.
The formula for the the limiting reagent is H₂ because it will be completely used up.
2 g of H₂ = 28 g of C₂H₄ -
0.61 of H₂ = ?
= (0.61 x 28)/2
= 8.54 g
Excess mass of the ethylene that remains = 12.4 g - 8.54 g = 3.86 g
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Balance the following equationAl(s) + HCl (aq) arrow AlCl3 (aq) + H2then calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced from the reaction of 0.245 g of aluminum hen completely reacted with excess hydrocchloric acid. The gas was collected over water at 28 degrees celsius and a total pressure of 745 torr.
Utilize this chemical equation balancer to balance the Al + HCl = AlCl3 + H2 reaction! ... It's possible that the equation 2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) = 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g) is ionic.
What is the purpose of hydrogen?Fuel cells may produce energy, power, and heat using hydrogen. The two industries where hydrogen is currently most widely employed are fertilizer manufacturing and petroleum refining, with the developing markets of utilities and transportation.
Can hydrogen water be consumed?Experts disagree that drinking hydrogen water has any hazards. However, they are unsure if its advantages outweigh those of drinking regular water or being hydrated in general. Hyponatremia, which can be fatal, can result from excessive water intake.
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Two standard scuba tanks are filled to 200 atm—the first with a volume of 14.2 L and the second with 11.4 L. Assume that the tank regulator delivers 1.5 L of air at 1 atm for each breath. How many breaths could each different tank supply if one used the contents of each tank completely?
Hint: P1V1 = P2V2*Breaths
The number of breadths supplied by the 200 atm scuba tanks, found using Boyle's law, taking the air as an ideal gas are as follows;
First tank with 14.2 L volume delivers 1,893.[tex]\overline 3[/tex] breadths of air
The second tank with 11.4 L volume, delivers 1,520 breadths of air
What is an ideal gas?An ideal gas is a gas that is not subject to particle to particle interactions, and consists of many particles
The given parameters are;
Pressure air in the two scuba tanks, P₁ = 200 atm
Volume of air in the first tank, V₁₁ = 14.2 L
Volume of air in the second scuba tank, V₁₂ = 11.4 L
Volume of air delivered for each breadth, Vₐ = 1.5 L
Pressure of air delivered by the tank regulator, P₂ = 1 atm.
According to Boyle's law, at constant temperature, the pressure of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
Mathematically, we have;
P ∝ V
P₁·V₁ = P₂·V₂
The volume occupied by a given number of breadths, n, Vₙ = Vₐ × n
According to Boyle's law, the number of breadths supplied by the first tank is therefore;
P₁·V₁₁ = P₂·Vₐ·n
Which gives;
[tex]n = \dfrac{P_1\cdot V_{11}}{P_2 \cdot V_a}[/tex]
Therefore;
[tex]n = \dfrac{200\times 14.2}{1 \times 1.5}\approx 1893.\overline 3[/tex]
The number of breadths supplied by the first tank is 1,893.[tex]\overline 3[/tex] breadths
Similarly, the number of breadths supplied by the second tank is given by the formula;
P₁·V₁₂ = P₂·Vₐ·n
[tex]n = \dfrac{P_1\cdot V_{12}}{P_2 \cdot V_a}[/tex]
[tex]n = \dfrac{200\times 11.4}{1 \times 1.5}\approx 1893.\overline 3 = 1,520[/tex]
The number of breadths supplied by the second tank is 1,520 breadths
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If the chemical reaction AB + CD to AD + BC releases heat, what is true of the stored bond energy of the reactants and products?
The bonds do not have energy, the atoms release heat.
change: unmarried alternative AB + C → AC + B
exchange: Double alternative AB + CD → ad + CB
mixture (Synthesis) A + B → AB
Decomposition AB → A + B
A chemical reaction is a method that ends in the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to some other.
A procedure that includes rearrangement of the molecular or ionic shape of a substance, in preference to a exchange in bodily form or a nuclear reaction.
A chemical response is a technique in reactants react chemically and convert into products via chemical transformation. as an example, breathing – we inhale oxygen which reacts with glucose and produces carbon dioxide, water and strength. The response is given below. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + power.
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what is the formula for strontium chlorate
Condensation is a chemical reaction of _______. It represents _______ producing ______.
Decomposition
Synthesis
One organic molecule and a water molecule
Two organic molecules
One organic molecule
A water molecule
Exchange
Condensation is a chemical reaction of synthesis and represents two organic molecules producing one organic molecule.
What is condensation reaction?Condensation reaction is a reaction of two substances with the simultaneous loss of water or other small molecule.
Condensation reaction is a chemical reaction that synthesizes larger molecules from two or more smaller molecules with the release of water.
An example of condensation reaction is the synthesis of dipeptide (protein) from amino acids building blocks.
Therefore, it can be said that condensation synthesizes larger organic molecules from two smaller ones.
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A certain gas is present in a 11.0 L cylinder at 2.0 atm pressure. If the pressure is increased to 4.0 atm , the volume of the gas decreases to 5.5 L . Find the two constants ki , the initial value of k , and kf , the final value of k , to verify whether the gas obeys Boyle’s law.
Express your answers to two significant figures separated by a comma.
A certain gas is present in a container obeys Boyles law.
What is Boyles law?The Boyles law stated that if the temperature and amount of gas remain constant within a closed system, the absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the volume it fills.
Boyles law can be expressed as
P1V1 = P2V2
As per Boyles law P= k / V
So, Pi = ki / Vi
Ki = Pi Vi
= 2.0 x 11.0 = 22.0 atm-L
Thus for Kf
Kf = Pf Vf
= 4.0 x 5.5 = 22.0 atm-L
Thus Ki = Kf
This signify that it obeys Boyles law.
Thus, a certain gas is present in a container obeys Boyles law.
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Identify the unknown elements from part C using the periodic table. Look for trends in the properties of the elements in each group. Use your answers from part C to guide you
The unknown elements based on their physical properties are as follows:
Element 1 is Krypton
Element 2 is Strontium
Element 3 is Lead
Element 4 is Bromine
Element 6 is Francium
What are some of the physical properties of elements used to identify them?Some of the physical properties of elements used to identify the elements include:
Physical state: may be solid, liquid, or gasConductivity: may be a good or poor conductorSolubility in water: may be soluble, insoluble, or fairly soluble Melting point: may be high or low.Considering the properties of the given elements from the periodic table:
Element 1 = Krypton
State of matter: gasConductivity: very poorSolubility (H₂O): noneMelting point: -157°CElement 2 = Strontium
State of matter: solidConductivity: goodSolubility (H₂O): reacts rapidlyMelting point: 777°CElement 3 = Lead
State of matter: solidConductivity: poorSolubility (H₂O): noneMelting point: 327°CElement 4 = Bromine
State of matter: liquid Conductivity: very poorSolubility (H₂O): negligibleMelting point: -7°CElement 5 = Copper
State of matter: solidConductivity: excellentSolubility (H₂O): noneMelting point: 1085°CElement 6 = Francium
State of matter: solidConductivity: goodSolubility (H₂O): reacts violentlyMelting point: 29°CLearn more about elements at: https://brainly.com/question/6258301
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Help with this fast please
Answer:
6. Al
7. 3
Explanation:
When looking at ionization energies to find the number of valence electrons, look for big jumps in ionization energy. The jump from first to second is big, but it's only about 1200 kj/mole (which is considered to be a medium small jump). This means that the first electron and second electrons are both likely valence electrons (since the energy needed to remove them is relatively small). From second to third, the change in ionization energy is less than 1000 kj/mole. Since the third ionization energy is also quite small, the third electron is also likely to be a valence electron. However, looking at the change in ionization energy from the third to the fourth, the jump/difference in ionization energy is nearly 9000 kj/mole! That's 7 to 9 times the amount of the previous jumps. From this, we can reasonably assume that this is a core electron, which takes lots of energy to remove from an atom. Therefore, the fourth electron is a core electron, and this atom only has 3 valence electrons. Now, we can answer question 7. It is C. From this, look at number 6. Na only has 1 valence electron, Mg only has 2 valence electrons, Si has 4 valence electrons, and only Al has 3 valence electrons. Since this mystery element X has 3 valence electrons and Al also has 3 electrons, Al is the most fit for the data given. So the answer to number 6 is C) Al
tl;dr there is a jump of ionization energy from the 3rd ionization energy to the 4th ionization energy so that means that the 4th electron is a core electron, and the element only has 3 valence electrons. Al has 3 valence electrons