Answer:
Before the genetic code could be deciphered, before scientists could understand the process by which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) directed the synthesis of proteins, they had to resolve a final mystery: as Francis Crick and other researchers insisted, there must be a messenger to transmit genetic information from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm, a messenger that was almost certainly made of ribonucleic acid (RNA). But what was its exact nature? Scientists had found notable amounts of RNA at the ribosome, the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm, and had assumed that this RNA was the postulated messenger. Each ribosome, according to this assumption, synthesized just one protein.
However, the assumption that ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was the messenger conflicted with other findings, namely that the main sections of rRNA occurred in only two lengths, whereas the polypeptide chains for which this RNA supposedly coded differed greatly in length; and secondly, that the relative amounts of the bases in rRNA were fairly constant, whereas their relative amounts in DNA varied widely from species to species. (The sequence of the bases in rRNA, as opposed to the relative amounts of its bases, would not be known for several more years.) Moreover, Arthur Pardee, François Jacob, and Jacques Monod in their famous "PaJaMo-experiment" had produced evidence that protein synthesis commenced soon after the introduction of a gene into a cell and that it proceeded at a fast, steady rate. By contrast, the theory that ribosomal RNA was the messenger predicted that protein synthesis would start up gradually, as the newly-introduced gene first had to produce the ribosomes at which protein synthesis was to occur.
If ribosomal RNA could not be the messenger, then what was? The question was resolved during a decisive meeting at King's College, Cambridge, on Good Friday, 1960, between Jacob, Sydney Brenner, Crick, and a handful of other researchers. A few years earlier, in 1956, two scientists working with a virus that infected a bacterium found in the bacterium small amounts of a form of ribonucleic acid (RNA) that had the same base composition (the same proportion in the amount of bases) as the DNA of the virus. Their finding and its significance had remained unexplained. During the meeting, Brenner had the sudden insight that this form of RNA must be the messenger because it replicated the base composition of the virus, not of the infected bacterium or its ribosomes, where virus-directed synthesis of proteins was unfolding. Messenger RNA (mRNA) was found in such small amounts that it had previously eluded detection because it was needed only for short periods of time during protein synthesis. It then degraded, to be used again in making a copy of another stretch of DNA. Brenner and the others concluded that the ribosome was just an inert reading head that could synthesize any type of protein while it traveled along the messenger RNA, reading off the bases in sequence.
With the basic concepts of genetic control of protein synthesis in place, what remained to be explained was how the genetic code worked, that is, how genetic information was transcribed from DNA to messenger RNA to protein. In an article published in Nature on December 30, 1961, Crick, Brenner, and their team described how, by inducing successive mutations in a virus that attacks the bacterium Escherichia Coli, they obtained evidence that the chemical code embodied in a gene consisted of groups of three bases which do not overlap, or share bases. The mutants studied were acridine mutants, meaning they had been exposed to the potent mutagen proflavine, a bright yellow dye derived from the coal tar chemical acridine. As Crick correctly surmised, acridines slip in and out between the bases of the virus RNA (the virus they studied was of RNA, not DNA), leading to the insertion or deletion of a base on the complementary chain during gene replication. Such insertion or deletion of a base in the viral RNA led to a "phase shift": given that, according to the sequence hypothesis, the sequence of the bases was to be read in linear fashion, from a fixed starting point and in one direction, the addition or deletion of a base would throw the reading of the base sequence out of step (out of phase) from the point of mutation onward. Consequently, proteins synthesized from viral RNA past the point of mutation were deformed, and could not perform their usual functions; the virus the team worked with was rendered less infectious, as could be determined by observing the bacterial cultures on which it preyed in the Petri dish.
Homozygous tall x heterozygous
_____ x _____
genotypic ratio: ____ : ____ : ____
phenotypic ratio: ____ : ____
What is the probability of having a heterozygous plant? _____
Mendel knew that the parents' alleles segregated randomly when forming gametes and traits are passed independently of one another.
What is dihybrid cross?Dihybrid cross is a genetic cross for two traits ( like color and shape of the seed). The main purpose of the dihybrid cross that was performed by Mendel was to determine relationship between different pairs of alleles.
When he performed the dihybrid cross, he got the phenotypic ratio 9:3:3:1 corresponding to nine with round and yellow seeds, three with round and green seeds, three with wrinkled and yellow seeds, and one with wrinkled and green seeds.
Therefore, Mendel knew that the parents' alleles segregated randomly when forming gametes and traits are passed independently of one another.
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in most of earth's ecosystems, which of the following trophic levels creates the most dead organic material?
The following trophic levels create the most dead organic material Organisms.
The first trophic level consists of autotrophs or primary producers. Autotrophs produce chemical energy from sunlight or inorganic compounds. This level also produces most of the dead organic matter within the ecosystem.
Active organic matter contains readily available energy that can be used by simple soil organisms in the second trophic level of the soil food web. The second trophic level contains simple soil organisms that decompose plants. Decomposers can be primary secondary and tertiary consumers depending on the level of the nutritional pyramid they consume. A worm that eats a dead plant is a primary consumer.
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The patient is a 69-yr-old Caucasian female with fair skin. She has recently moved to the U.S. and this is the first time she has had this mole examined. It has been developing since she was in her late teens. It is located on her left cheek and is 23 mm in diameter. is it cancerous?
Answer:
Yes, it is cancerous
Explanation:
The most common type of cancer worldwide, skin cancer is a malignant tumour that develops in the skin cells. Thankfully, malignant melanoma, basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma, and other skin cancers seldom affect youngsters. When melanomas develop, they typically start as big, asymmetric, pigmented moles with irregularly coloured borders and a diameter greater than 6 mm. Other indications of malignant transformation include bleeding, itching, and a lump under the skin.
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provide a brief description of and name two diseases caused by the following types of pathogen: protozoans
Two diseases caused by protozoans are malaria, giardia, and toxoplasmosis.
Malaria:-Malaria is a life-threatening disease that is caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of the infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
Giardia:-Giardia is a tiny parasite (germ) that causes the diarrheal disease giardiasis. Giardia was found on surfaces or in soil, food, or water that has been contaminated with feces (poop) from infected people or animals.
Generally, humans get malaria via being bitten by means of an infective female Anopheles mosquito. most effective Anopheles mosquitoes can transmit malaria and they should have been inflamed through a previous blood meal taken from an inflamed character.
Safety towards mosquito bites consists of the usage of mosquito bed nets (ideally insecticide-treated nets), the sporting of garments that cowl the maximum of the body, and the use of insect repellent on exposed skin. type and attention of repellents rely on age and status.
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How many germ (cell) layers are present in acoelomates?
Answer:
Acoelomates are animals that lack a body cavity, or coelom, and are characterized by having all of their internal organs packed closely together. Because of this, they do not have distinct germ layers, which are the three primary tissue layers that form during embryonic development in animals with a coelom. These three germ layers are the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, and they give rise to the different tissues and organs in the body. In acoelomates, there is no distinct separation of these tissue layers, so it is not possible to say how many germ layers are present.
Activation of naive T cells requires the signal delivered by a peptide:MHC molecule complex binding to the antigen receptor TCR and CD4/8 co-receptor. In addition to this first signal, naive T cells require a co-stimulatory signal delivered by _________ expression of _______ on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell that is recognized by a co-stimulatory receptor _____ on the surface of T cells, thereby leading to ______________ of T cells.
induced
B7 molecule
CD28
proliferation
Naive T cells require a co-stimulatory signal delivered by induced expression of B7 molecules on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell that is recognized by a co-stimulatory receptor CD28 on the surface of T cells, thereby leading to proliferation of T cells.
B7 molecules are the cell surface protein ligands. They acts as ligands for the CD 28 receptor family. The signals produced by them are costimulatory or coinhibitory.
Proliferation is the process of multiplying rapidly of the T cells in immune system. This occurs to create several memory cells for any foreign pathogen or the proliferation occurs in order to fight an infection in the body.
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The cells undergoing Mitosis are called ___________ cells while the cells undergoing Meiosis are called ______________ cells
Answer:
The cells undergoing mitosis are called body cells while the cells undergoing meiosis are called sex cells
peristalsis is regulated in part by the intrinsic stretch reflexes. it is also thought to be stimulated by the hormone.. a. Gastrin b. Secretin
c. Cholecystokinin
d. Glucagon
The inherent stretch reflexes play a function in controlling peristalsis. Cholecystokinin is another hormone that is thought to stimulate it.
What is the function of cholecystokinin?In the small intestine, a hormone known as cholecystokinin is produced. It plays an important role in the digestive process. When fats and proteins enter your small intestine, cholecystokinin forces your pancreas and gallbladder to constrict.
What effect does cholecystokinin have?Following a meal, CCK works in a highly coordinated manner to: (1) control the flow of nutrients through the digestive tract; (2) constrict the gallbladder and increase pancreatic exocrine exudation to aid in digestion; (3) potentiate amino alkaline insulin secretion and postpone gastric emptying to aid in...
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Sort the phrases based on whether they describe or give an example of facilitated diffusion, active transport, or both.1) Movement to area of lower concentration2) Movement assisted by proteins3) Requires energy4) Sodium ion transport out of the cell5) Glucose transport into cell6) Movement across a membrane
The characteristic of facilitated diffusion is movement to a area of lower concentration (1) which assisted by proteins (2)), for example glucose transport into cell (5). While active transport is the movement which require energy (3), for example, sodium ion transport out of cells (4). Both of them are the movement across a membrane (6).
The cell membrane regulates the movement of particle in and out of cells. In terms of the concentration gradient and energy, there are some types of movement. Passive movement is a type of movement from high concentration to lower concentration so that doesn’t require energy in form of ATP. For example, osmosis and diffusion. Specially for facilitated diffusion, the movement is assisted by proteins. However the solute is moving down the concentration gradient. A transport of glucose into cells is through a facillitated diffusion.
Conversely, an active transport needs energy from respiration because the movement against the concentration gradient. For example, the sodium ion transport out of the cells.
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WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST AND 20 POINTS!!!
The stimulus-response model uses what as a metaphor for understanding human cognition?
The stimulus-response model uses behavior as a metaphor for understanding human cognition.
What is the stimulus-response model about?The stimulus-response model describes a statistical unit such as a neuron. The model predicts a quantitative response to a quantitative stimulus, such as one administered by a researcher.
During the early days of communication research, the stimulus-response model was the guiding perspective. The belief is that a subject is given a stimulus and then responds to that stimulus, resulting in behavior.
It should be noted that it's simply illustrates that the right behavior is important in the acquisition of knowledge. This illustrates the human cognition.
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How are ionic bonds formed?
Responses
A metal gives electrons to a nonmetal.
A nonmetal gives electrons to a metal.
Electrons are shared between metals.
Electrons are shared between nonmetals and metals.
Answer:
A metal gives electrons to a nonmetal.
Explanation:
Ionic bonds are formed when a metal gives electrons to a nonmetal. This creates a positive charge on the metal and a negative charge on the nonmetal. The positive and negative charges are attracted to each other, forming an ionic bond.
What is true about human samples from a body
The true statement about human samples from a body is hair samples can be different even when taken from the same person. The correct option is d.
What is hair?A hair sample is often obtained from a person's head and consists of a collection of hair strands. Hair from the previous year is commonly found in hair samples.
Despite the fact that hair growth varies, an average of 5 inches of hair is added in 12 months. These characteristics, as well as hair's resistance to water and stretching, all have an impact on how it looks on a regular basis.
Therefore, the correct option is d, Hair samples can be different even when taken from the same person.
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The question is incomplete. Your most probably complete question is given below:
Hair morphology stays the same as an individual gets older.
Every hair taken from the same scalp has matching physical characteristics.
Physical properties can be used to most accurately individualize hair.
Hair samples can be different even when taken from the same person
Select all that are required for the definition of a transcription factor
1.Binds to a specific sequence
2.DNA Alters the affinity of the polII
3.Alters the topology of the DNA
4.Is located a long distance from the promoter
A transcription factor - Binds to a specific sequence and alters the topology of the DNA.
The correct option is 1 and 3.
Transcription factors are proteins that bind to nearby DNA to help turn certain genes "on" or "off." Transcription factors that function as activators promote the transcription of a gene. Reducers make transcription easier.
It is located near the promoter and alters the topology of the DNA.
An enhancer or silencer is a collection of transcription factor binding sites that may turn a gene on or off in a particular region of the body.
Cells may "decide" whether to express a gene by using transcription factors to execute logic operations and incorporate several sources of information.
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Stress-induced catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla may result in:a. decreased blood flow to the brain.b. elevated blood pressure.c. decreased glycogen synthesis.d. decreased muscle contraction.
The correct option is A ; decreased blood flow to the brain Reduced blood supply to the brain deprives cells of nutrition, which soon leads to cell dysfunction.
Symptoms of a stroke develop when a portion of the brain ceases to function. During a stroke, the blood supply to the brain is nearly totally cut off, and the cells die within five minutes.
A variety of disorders can restrict or halt blood flow at the back of the brain. Smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and a high cholesterol level are the most prevalent risk factors. These are the same risk factors for any stroke..
Catecholamines have rapid effects such as constricting blood vessels in the skin. Increasing the amount of glucose in your bloodstream. Boosting your cardiac output.
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Chemicals used to kill insects and rodents are
solvents.
herbicides.
pesticides.
dioxins.
Answer:
Explanation:
herbicides.
What is an evolutionary tree?
A. the location where the DNA of multiple
organisms differ
B. a map of the locations a species has
existed on earth
C. the fossil record of a species
D. a diagram that maps the evolutionary
progress of organisms and their
developments this is answer
Answer:
D. a diagram that maps the evolutionary
progress of organisms and their
developments this is answer
Explanation:
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species and organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships.
Please help, it's for a Biology class.
Imagine you are designing a movie or video game monster based off the mind-controlling hairworms. Describe how you would translate this real-world creature into a fictional monster. You can use elements of the other parasites discussed in the article and chapter.
A real-world creature can be turned into a fictional monster through the way the monster is presented.
What is a fiction?Fiction is any creative work, primarily a narrative work, that depicts imaginary people, events, or places in imaginary ways. As a result, fictional depictions are inconsistent with history, fact, or plausibility.
Monster literature is a literary genre that combines good and evil and aims to elicit a sense of horror and terror in its readers by presenting the evil side in the form of a monster. A monster represented deformity and irregularity. In literary terms, it entailed works that defied logic and morality by presenting excessive and viciously inappropriate scenes and characters.
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Which statement best describes the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?The hypothalamus produces releasing hormones that promote the release of particular hormones from the anterior pituitary
The statement best describes the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland is the hypothalamus produces releasing hormones that promote the release of particular hormones from the anterior pituitary. The correct answer is B
Since your hypothalamus controls it by secreting the "releasing hormones" somatostatin and dopamine through blood vessels in the pituitary stalk, your anterior pituitary interacts with it directly. The production and release of anterior pituitary hormones is either stimulated or inhibited (prevented) by these releasing hormones. Your anterior pituitary and hypothalamus are constantly communicating with one another.
The pituitary gland is referred to as the body's main gland. The anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary are the two primary sections of the pituitary. The pituitary gland releases a number of hormones.
The pituitary gland's operation is controlled by the hypothalamus. Different hormones that release and inhibit are released by the hypothalamus. These hormones function and promote pituitary gland activity. The hypothalamus affects the pituitary gland's secretion of several hormones.
Your question is incomplete but most probably your full question was
which statement best describes the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?
a. the anterior pituitary gland makes hormones that are released by the hypothalamus
b. the hypothalamus produces releasing hormones that promote the release of particular hormones from the anterior pituitary
c. the hypothalamus produces releasing hormones that promote the release of particular hormones from the posterior pituitary
d. the posterior pituitary sends nervous signals to the hypothalamus to prompt the release of hormones
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☐ ☐ 1. How do we produce energy from a fossil fuel?
burning it
decaying it
storing it
extruding it
Answer:
We produce energy from fossil fuels by burning it. That is why it is so harmful to the environment, burning the fossil fuels relases carbon dioxide.
Explanation:
Mutations of keratins in the ________ that resist tensile forces in the skin cause the blistering disease known as epidermolysis bullosa simplex.
A. microtubules
B. microfilaments
C. actin filaments
D. intermediate filaments
Mutations of keratins in the microtubules that resist tensile forces in the skin cause the blistering disease known as epidermolysis bullosa simplex.
Hereditary mutations consist of cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and sickle cell ailment. other mutations can show up on their very own for the duration of a person's life. those are referred to as sporadic, spontaneous, or new mutations. They have an effect on just a few cells.
A mutation is a alternate in the DNA series of an organism. Mutations can result from mistakes in DNA replication for the duration of cellular department, exposure to mutagens or a viral contamination.
Mutational outcomes may be beneficial, harmful, or neutral, relying on their context or place. maximum non-impartial mutations are deleterious. In popular, the more base pairs that are tormented by a mutation, the larger the impact of the mutation, and the bigger the mutation's probability of being deleterious.
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Each of the following molecules is processed by glycolysis to lactate. How much ATP is generated from each molecule?
(a) Glucose 6 -phosphate
(b) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
(c) Glyceraldehyde 3 -phosphate
(d) Fructose
(e) Sucrose
(A) Glucose 6 -phosphate ; ATP is created by converting glucose 6-phosphate to lactate 3. As seen in the image, the purple shaded section is repeated twice (since DHAP is isomerized to PGAL), resulting in the generation of four ATPs.
When fructose 6 phosphate is transformed to fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate, one of these four is used. As a result, the net yield is 3 ATP.
(B) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate ; Two ATPs are created from dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Because the cycle only happens once, either from DHAP or PGAL (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate),
(C) Glyceraldehyde 3 -phosphate; Two ATPs are created. Because the cycle only happens once, either from DHAP or PGAL (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate),
(D) Fructose; Two ATPs are created from fructose. Fructose is first turned into fructose 1-phosphate, which is then transformed into glyceraldehyde. Glyceraldehyde is converted to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate.
(E) Sucrose: 4 ATPs are created from sugar. Sucrose is broken down into glucose and fructose. 2 ATPs from glucose to pyruvate + 2 ATPs from fructose to pyruvate = 4 ATPs overall. (The net glycolysis yield is two ATPs. 4 ATPs are created and 2 are consumed, for a total of 4 ATPs.
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2) List ways that you would like to improve your Lab Report: Example: “I don’t like how my conclusion sounds.” “I don’t have enough evidence from lab.” Owl Pellet Lab
Making your title better, making your abstract better, enhancing your opening, enhancing your techniques, increasing your outcomes.
Enhancing your conversation, making your Conclusion Better, strengthening your references.
What are the qualities of excellent report?
An excellent lab report shows the writer's understanding of the ideas behind the data in addition to just presenting the data. It is not sufficient to just report the expected and observed outcomes; you must also explain any differences that emerged, explain how they affected the experiment, and demonstrate your comprehension of the theories the experiment was intended to test. You still need to properly organise and coherently communicate your ideas.
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During the water cycle, water moves
A.
in a continuous cycle.
B.
from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface.
C.
from oceans to the atmosphere.
D.
all of these
short segments of newly synthesized dna are joined into a continuous strand by . short segments of newly synthesized dna are joined into a continuous strand by . dna polymerase primase single-strand binding protein ligase helicase
DNA ligases play a key role in maintaining genomic integrity by mending breaks in the phosphodiester backbone of DNA that occur during replication and recombination as well as as a result of DNA damage and subsequent repair.
Consequently, the enzyme Primasa synthesizes a primer, a small RNA fragment, as the first step in the production of DNA. The RNA polymerase known as Primasa uses DNA as a template. Every work by Okazaki begins with a Primer. The DNA polymerase III holoenzyme then creates the correct DNA fragment up until it comes into contact with the following primer. Then, DNA polymerase Ia takes the place of DNA polymerase Holoenzyme III. The function of DNA polymerase I's 5'P-3'OH exonueotic activity.Of order to make a double helix, two polynucleotide chains in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) coil around one another. All known organisms and many viruses have genetic information in the polymer that is necessary for their development, operation, growth, and reproduction. Nucleic acids include DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are one of the four main categories of macromolecules that are necessary for all known forms of life, along with proteins, lipids, and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
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What is a muckraker? A. a gossip columnist intent on finding the flaws in presidents B. an investigative journalist who wanted to uncover the truth about corruption C. a crime boss able to take advantage of others by rigging government contracts D. a farmer able to raise crops despite the difficulties in obtaining credit
A muckraker is an investigative journalist who wanted to uncover the truth about corruption (option B).
Who is a muckraker?A muckraker is one who investigates and exposes issues of corruption that often violate widely held values; e.g. one who exposes political corruption or the poor conditions in prisons.
A muckraker is synonymous to an investigative journalist who searches for and tries to expose real or alleged corruption, scandal, or other wrongdoing, especially in politics.
The original muckrakers were the journalists who exposed child labor, sweatshops, poor living and working conditions, and government inefficiency in the early 20th century.
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Answer:
B. an investigative journalist who wanted to uncover the truth about corruption
Explanation:
Just took the test and got it right
Which of the following is a type of lipid or composed of lipids?
All of the reponses are correct
triglycerides
plasma membrane
cholesterol
oils
The answers are all accurate. Lipids, or substances consisting of lipids, include triglycerides, plasma membranes, cholesterol, and oils.
Lipids are substances that contain lipids, such as glycerides, plasma membranes, cholesterol, and oils.
Glycerol is esterified into three fatty acid chains with distinct lengths and contents to form lipid molecules known as triglycerides. Saturated or unsaturated fatty acid chains are the two types.
The phospholipid bilayers that make up plasma membranes are lipids. Glycerol, a head with a phosphate connection, and two fatty acid tails make up a phospholipid. Hydrophobic interiors and hydrophilic exteriors characterize phospholipids.
In the blood, a lipid called cholesterol is carried by proteins called lipoproteins throughout the body.
Liquid lipids exist in the form of oils. Lipids share a similar chemical composition. They contain glycerol esters attached to fatty acids in the form of long-chain molecules.
As a result, we can conclude that every response is correct. Triglycerides, cholesterol, plasma membranes, and oils are lipids or lipid-containing compounds.
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The largest form of pathogen is
bacteria.
fungi.
parasitic worms.
protozoa.
Answer:
Hi!
The answer would be C) parasitic worms.
I hope this helped you! :)
Predict what would happen to regulation of the lac operon in the lacI gene were moved 50,000 nucleotides upstream of its normal location.
Regulation of the lac operon should be normal. The location of the lacI gene isn't important, because the gene produces a protein that diffuses within the cell to the operator.
The lacI protein experiences a conformational shift upon lactose addition, which alters its affinity for the lac O sequences.
However, a protein made by the lacI gene, which controls the lac operon, prevents RNAP from attaching to the operon's operator?Only once allolactose binds to it and renders it inactive can this protein be eliminated. The lacI gene produces a protein that is referred to as the lac repressor.
If the lac operon system is turned on, what will happen?Only when lactose is present and glucose is absent do the genes come into play. Catabolite activator protein and lac repressor are the two proteins that control how much glucose and lactose is present in the body. Lac repressor prevents transcription of is an operon. It ceases to function as a repressor when lactose is present.
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Scientists have discovered that climate change is affecting how well fish can breathe in water.
Which of these factors is MOST likely the cause?
Ocean acidification speeds the rate at which water flows over fish gills.
Higher water levels reduce currents that carry oxygen from place to place.
Warmer waters hold less oxygen than colder ones.
Large fish are using up all the oxygen before the smaller fish can access it.
vampire bats need to eat often, and their only food is blood. when one bat is unsuccessful at gaining a meal, it returns to a communal roost where another bat is likely to give it a small amount of food. work by carter and wilkinson (2015) suggests that this arrangement meets the conditions needed for love the prisoner's dilemma kin selection reciprocity
Carter and Wilkinson (2015) suggests that this arrangement meets the conditions needed for __reciprocity____.
What is reciprocity ?
One of the fundamental principles of social psychology is the reciprocity principle, which states that we frequently give to others what we have got in return. In other words, you're likely to repay John for whatever favors he extends to you.
In a famous example of reciprocity, vampire bats feed their famished roost mates with their blood. It has since been discovered that they only share food after developing grooming relationships.
Furthermore, reciprocal food sharing happens between vampire bats who are related and those who are not, and it might be advantageous to fitness both directly and indirectly.
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