bioinformational theory states that images have two propositions; these are called

The structure of Gram-negative bacteria, these types of bacteria have a complex cell wall that is made up of an inner membrane and an outer membrane.

The outer membrane is unique to Gram-negative bacteria and contains a variety of proteins that are important for the survival of the bacteria. One of these proteins is peptide porins. Peptide porins are proteins that form channels in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. These channels allow for the passage of small molecules, such as peptides and amino acids, into the bacterial cell.

In conclusion, the protein that would be found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is peptide porins. This protein is important for the survival of the bacteria, as it allows for the passage of small molecules into the bacterial cell. Understanding the structure and function of Gram-negative bacteria is important for many fields of study, including microbiology and medicine.

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Ecosystem health is significantly influenced by wolves. They aid in controlling the numbers of deer and elk, which can be advantageous for many other plant and animal species. Other wildlife species, such as grizzly bears and scavengers, can eat the remains of their prey, which also aid in the redistribution of nutrients.

Wolves are bringing back aspen and other vegetation, increasing beaver numbers, and creating a chain reaction of ecological change known as a trophic cascade. Wolves maintain the health of the prey populations by predominantly feeding on young, old, sick, damaged, and weak animals. Many other species rely on wolf kills as a reliable and abundant food supply.

Wolf populations are kept in check because they typically prey on animals that are young or old, sick or injured, weak or unfit. Many other species rely on wolf kills as a consistent and abundant source of food.

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The complete question is:

Explain how wolves can be used as a biological indicator of the overall health of the ecosystem.

True, slow oxidative fibers contain more myoglobin than fast glycolytic fibers.

Myoglobin is a protein found in muscle cells that is responsible for binding and storing oxygen. Slow oxidative fibers, also known as Type I fibers, are characterized by their endurance and ability to generate energy aerobically. These fibers have a higher concentration of myoglobin compared to fast glycolytic fibers, which are Type II fibers. The higher myoglobin content in slow oxidative fibers is essential for their aerobic metabolism. Myoglobin acts as an oxygen reservoir, allowing these fibers to sustain prolonged contractions and aerobic activities by providing a steady supply of oxygen to the muscle cells. Therefore, it is true that slow oxidative fibers contain more myoglobin than fast glycolytic fibers, reflecting their different metabolic characteristics and functional capabilities.

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In the case of female cardinals, choosing a brightly colored male as a mate can provide several advantages. The bright red plumage of male cardinals serves as a visual signal to females, conveying important information about their genetic quality, health, and overall fitness.

Genetic Fitness: Brightly colored plumage in male cardinals is often a result of good genetics and overall health. By choosing a brightly colored mate, females increase the likelihood of passing on these advantageous traits to their offspring. This improves the genetic diversity and fitness of their offspring, making them more likely to survive and reproduce successfully.

Health Assessment: The intensity of the red coloration in male cardinals is influenced by factors such as diet and parasite load. A male with vibrant plumage indicates that he has access to high-quality food sources and is relatively free from parasites or diseases. By selecting a brightly colored male, females increase the chances of their offspring inheriting these beneficial health traits.

Territory Defense: Male cardinals with brighter plumage tend to be more dominant and successful in defending their territories. By choosing a male with bright red feathers, females ensure that their mate is more capable of protecting their nesting area and providing resources for the family.

Female Attractiveness: Female cardinals themselves have more subdued coloration, with predominantly brown feathers. By selecting a brightly colored male, females may increase their own attractiveness to potential mates. This could lead to higher-quality males competing for their attention, giving them better options for selecting future partners.

In summary, choosing a brightly colored male as a mate allows female cardinals to increase the genetic quality and health of their offspring, secure better territory and resources, and enhance their own attractiveness to potential mates. This preference ultimately contributes to the reproductive success and survival of their offspring in the avian world.

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The vessel layer that has a direct role in vasoconstriction is the muscular layer, specifically the smooth muscle cells within it.

When these cells contract, they narrow the diameter of the blood vessel, leading to reduced blood flow. This layer, found in the middle of the blood vessel wall, is composed mainly of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers. The tunica media's smooth muscle cells can contract or relax, causing vasoconstriction or vasodilation, respectively.

Vasoconstriction refers to the narrowing of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure and reduces blood flow. This process is crucial for regulating blood flow and maintaining blood pressure. In conclusion, the tunica media is the vessel layer responsible for vasoconstriction. Its smooth muscle cells play a direct role in this process, ensuring proper blood flow and pressure regulation throughout the body.

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The DNA sequence that is bound by RNA polymerase and signals the start of transcription is called the promoter.

In molecular biology, the process of transcription involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to a specific DNA sequence called the promoter.

Promoters are typically located upstream (towards the 5' end) of the gene being transcribed. They provide binding sites for RNA polymerase and other transcription factors, which help initiate the transcription process. The promoter region contains specific nucleotide sequences that are recognized by RNA polymerase and other proteins involved in transcription.

Once RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, it initiates the unwinding of the DNA double helix and begins the synthesis of RNA using one of the DNA strands as a template. The promoter sequence contains essential elements such as the TATA box (consensus sequence TATAAA), which is commonly found in eukaryotic promoters, and other specific sequences that determine the efficiency and specificity of transcription initiation.

In summary, the promoter is the DNA sequence that serves as the binding site for RNA polymerase and plays a critical role in initiating the process of transcription.

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Harry Harlow's 1959 study demonstrated that attachment in rhesus monkeys was related to contact comfort, rather than just food provision. This finding challenged the previously held belief that infants primarily form attachments based on the caregiver's ability to provide nourishment.

In Harlow's experiments, baby rhesus monkeys were separated from their mothers and placed with two surrogate mothers, one made of wire and the other covered in soft cloth. Both surrogates were equipped with feeding mechanisms, but only the cloth-covered surrogate provided the sensation of touch and comfort. The monkeys overwhelmingly preferred the cloth-covered surrogate, spending most of their time with it and seeking it out for comfort during times of stress. This demonstrated that the physical comfort and warmth provided by the surrogate were more important for the development of attachment than the mere provision of food.

Harlow's research had significant implications for understanding the importance of emotional and physical connection in the development of infant-caregiver relationships. It emphasized the critical role that contact comfort plays in the formation of secure attachments and healthy emotional development. Harlow's work also contributed to improvements in childcare practices, emphasizing the importance of affectionate touch and emotional support for infants and young children.

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Digesting a clot after it is formed requires activation of plasminogen by tPA, option A is correct.

When a clot forms, it consists of a protein called fibrin, which is generated from fibrinogen by the action of thrombin. To digest a clot and dissolve it, the enzyme tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is required. tPA activates plasminogen, a plasma protein, by converting it into plasmin.

Plasmin is a potent enzyme that breaks down fibrin into smaller fragments, resulting in the dissolution of the clot. Plasminogen activation by tPA is an essential step in the process of clot dissolution, known as fibrinolysis. By activating plasminogen and promoting the formation of plasmin, tPA plays a crucial role in preventing excessive clot formation and maintaining normal blood flow, option A is correct.

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The correct question is:

Digesting a clot after it is formed requires activation of what plasma protein by tPA?

A. plasminogen

B. thrombin

C. plasmin

D. fibrinogen

Birds and mammals are endothermic, meaning they are capable of maintaining a stable internal body temperature even in fluctuating environmental temperatures through metabolic heat production, insulation, adaptations.

One of the primary mechanisms is through metabolic heat production. Both birds and mammals have high metabolic rates, which generate heat as a byproduct. This heat is then used to maintain their body temperature. This is especially important in cold environments, where they need to generate more heat to stay warm.

Another way in which they maintain body temperature is through insulation. Both birds and mammals have fur, feathers, or fat layers that help insulate their bodies from the environment. This insulation helps to retain body heat, particularly in colder environments.

Birds and some mammals, such as humans, also use sweating or panting as a mechanism to cool down their body temperature in hotter environments. When they sweat or pant, moisture evaporates from their skin or respiratory system, which carries away heat from their bodies.

Finally, some birds and mammals, such as penguins, have adaptations that allow them to conserve heat by reducing heat loss through their extremities. Penguins have dense feathers and blubber layers that insulate their bodies and reduce heat loss through their flippers.

Overall, birds and mammals have evolved a variety of mechanisms to maintain their high body temperatures, allowing them to thrive in diverse environments.

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Based on the patient's symptoms and exam findings, the most likely laboratory findings would be option B: hemoglobin 6 g/dL, mean corpuscular volume 60, RDW 12.

The patient's heavy menstrual bleeding is likely causing iron deficiency anemia, which is reflected in the low hemoglobin level. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of 60 suggests microcytic anemia, which is often seen with iron deficiency. The RDW of 12 is within normal limits and reflects the degree of variability in the size of the patient's red blood cells. It is important for the provider to further assess and treat the patient's heavy menstrual bleeding and iron deficiency anemia, as untreated anemia can lead to complications such as fatigue, weakness, and decreased immune function. Treatment options may include iron supplements, hormonal therapies, or referral to a gynecologist for further evaluation and management of the patient's menstrual bleeding.

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Upper-body fat distribution is associated with coronary artery disease, osteoporosis, and cystic fibrosis (option d).

Upper-body fat distribution, also known as central obesity, is linked to an increased risk of several health conditions. These conditions include coronary artery disease, a condition in which the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrow and can lead to a heart attack.

Osteoporosis, a disease in which bones become fragile and brittle, is also associated with upper-body fat distribution.

Additionally, cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder that affects the lungs, digestive system, and other organs, can also cause central obesity.

It is important to maintain a healthy weight and body fat distribution to lower the risk of developing these health conditions.

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The best description for why the body reduces nonvital body functions in untreated Anorexia nervosa is option c.

The body needs to conserve energy. This occurs because the body is trying to adapt to the lack of nutritional intake and prioritize essential functions.

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by extreme restriction of food intake, resulting in a dangerously low body weight. When the body doesn't receive adequate nutrition, it has to find ways to conserve energy. To do this, it reduces the energy allocated to nonvital body functions, such as growth, reproduction, and digestion. This allows the body to focus on maintaining the most critical functions, such as brain and heart function, in an attempt to survive.

In this state, the body will also slow down the metabolism and decrease the production of certain hormones, like estrogen. While these changes help conserve energy in the short term, they can lead to severe long-term health problems, such as organ damage, infertility, and even death. It is crucial for individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa to seek professional help and treatment to prevent these consequences and recover from the disorder.

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The process associated with the production of multiple mRNAs from a single gene is called alternative splicing. Alternative splicing is a crucial mechanism that allows the generation of multiple mRNA transcripts from a single gene. In eukaryotic organisms, genes contain coding regions called exons and non-coding regions called introns.

During the process of transcription, the entire gene is copied into a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA), which includes both exons and introns. However, before the pre-mRNA can be translated into protein, the introns are removed through a process called splicing. Alternative splicing occurs when different combinations of exons are selected and joined together, resulting in the production of multiple mRNA transcripts. This process allows for the synthesis of distinct protein isoforms from a single gene, increasing the diversity of proteins that can be generated.

Alternative splicing is a tightly regulated process and can be influenced by various factors, including cell type, developmental stage, and environmental cues. It plays a critical role in various biological processes, such as tissue-specific gene expression, cellular differentiation, and response to external stimuli. The ability to generate multiple mRNA variants from a single gene greatly expands the functional repertoire of the genome and contributes to the complexity and diversity of organisms.

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The correct order for the chemical configurations of hormones is B Steroids → A Hormones → C Sex Hormones → D Estrogen.

Steroids are a type of organic compound that includes many hormones, including sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. Estrogen is a type of steroid hormone that is responsible for the development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics and reproductive function. Sex hormones are a group of hormones that regulate sexual development and reproductive function, including estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone.

These hormones are all derived from cholesterol and share a similar chemical structure. Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various physiological processes in the body, including growth and development, metabolism, and reproduction. Hence, the correct order is: B Steroids → A Hormones → C Sex Hormones → D Estrogen.

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The mature fresh egg of catfish, also known as roe, is a fascinating reproductive element found in female catfish.

These eggs are the result of a complex process within the fish's body, indicating its readiness for reproduction. The eggs are typically small, spherical, and translucent, ranging in color from pale yellow to orange.

Catfish eggs are notable for their delicate nature and vulnerability. They require specific environmental conditions, such as appropriate water temperature and oxygen levels, to ensure successful fertilization and development. Male catfish play a crucial role in the reproduction process by releasing sperm to fertilize the eggs externally.

The fertilized eggs undergo an incubation period that can vary depending on the species and environmental conditions. During this time, the eggs are carefully guarded and tended to by the female catfish to protect them from potential threats.

These mature fresh eggs of catfish hold significant importance not only for the reproductive cycle of the species but also in various culinary traditions. They are sought after for their unique taste and are commonly used in the preparation of dishes like caviar, providing a rich and flavorful addition to culinary creations.

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The precise balance of an ion's concentration gradient across a cell membrane is achieved by the equilibrium potential, which is the difference in electrical potential.

Extracellular potentials are sensitive markers of propagation and a source of information that was previously thought to only be available from an intracellular electrode because it has been shown that the spatial distribution of the intracellular potential is closely related to extracellular potentials.

The membrane potential is the distinction between the electrical charges present inside and outside a neuron. This is assessed using two electrodes. An electrode serves as a reference in the extracellular solution. The electrode for recording is placed inside the neuron's cell body.

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The complete question is:

what is the the potential of each ion across the cell membrane: intracellular, extracellular.

Pushing both hands against a nonmoving wall represents an isometric muscle contraction.

Isometric contractions occur when there is no visible movement in the muscle or joint but the muscle fibers are still active and contracting. In this case, the muscle fibers are actively contracting to generate force and tension, but the overall length of the muscle does not change, since the wall is not moving. This type of contraction can be used for activities such as holding a heavy weight in place or maintaining posture. Unlike isotonic contractions where the muscle changes length as it contracts, isometric contractions can help improve muscular strength without necessarily increasing muscle size. So, pushing both hands against a nonmoving wall is a great way to work on building muscular strength in the arms and chest.

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Selective breeding, also known as artificial selection, is a process in which humans intentionally breed certain organisms with desirable traits to produce offspring with those same traits. An example of selective breeding is the diversity of dog breeds in the world today.

Humans have selectively bred dogs for thousands of years, breeding them for specific purposes such as hunting, herding, and companionship. Through this process, we have created over 400 different breeds of dogs, each with its own unique traits and characteristics. On the other hand, the diversity of human species in the world today is the result of natural selection, not selective breeding. The extinction of frogs in Monteverde's cloud forest is the result of habitat loss and climate change, not selective breeding. Finally, the great diversity of human-made fabrics is the result of innovation and technology, not selective breeding.

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The organ in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has the largest commensal population of microorganisms is the large intestine.

The large intestine, also known as the colon, is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from the remaining undigested food material, and eliminating solid waste from the body. The environment in the large intestine is ideal for the growth of a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. These microorganisms play a crucial role in maintaining the health of the digestive system, as they aid in the breakdown and fermentation of complex carbohydrates and other indigestible substances. The commensal population of microorganisms in the large intestine also helps to protect against the overgrowth of harmful bacteria and pathogens, and can influence overall immune function. In summary, the large intestine is a vital site for maintaining a healthy commensal population of microorganisms in the GI tract.

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The green color of many fruits, when their seeds are immature, is primarily attributed to the presence of chlorophyll.

Chlorophyll is a vital green pigment found in plants and some microorganisms. It plays a critical role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the sun and initiates a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

The structure of chlorophyll consists of a porphyrin ring, which surrounds a magnesium ion at its core. This arrangement allows chlorophyll to capture light energy and transfer it to other molecules in the photosynthetic process. The pigment absorbs light most efficiently in the blue and red regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, reflecting green light and giving plants their characteristic green color.

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In a human cell during mitosis, there are typically 92 kinetochores present. The number of kinetochores is directly related to the number of chromosomes in a cell.

Humans have a diploid (2n) chromosome number of 46, which means they have 23 pairs of chromosomes.

During mitosis, the replicated chromosomes condense and become visible. Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere. The kinetochore is a protein structure located at the centromere region of each sister chromatid.

Each sister chromatid has its own kinetochore, and since there are 46 chromosomes in a human cell, there are a total of 92 kinetochores. These kinetochores play a critical role in the alignment and separation of chromosomes during cell division.

The kinetochores serve as attachment sites for microtubules from the mitotic spindle, a structure responsible for separating the chromosomes into two daughter cells. The microtubules attach to the kinetochores and exert tension, allowing for the proper alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate.

Once all chromosomes are correctly aligned, the kinetochores coordinate with the cell cycle checkpoints to ensure accurate segregation during anaphase, where the sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell.

It is important to note that variations in the number of kinetochores can occur in certain situations, such as in cases of chromosomal abnormalities or specific cell types. However, the typical number of kinetochores in a human cell during mitosis is 92, corresponding to the 46 chromosomes present.

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Transformation is the mechanism of exchanging genetic material that involves the take-up of free DNA from the environment.

In transformation, bacteria can acquire new genetic material by absorbing and incorporating DNA molecules from their surroundings.

During transformation, bacteria can take up fragments of extracellular DNA, either released by other bacteria or from the environment. The DNA fragments can be derived from dead bacterial cells or from other sources, such as phages or plasmids.

The DNA can be released into the environment through various processes, including cell lysis, which occurs when bacterial cells die and rupture.

Once the DNA fragments are available in the extracellular environment, competent bacteria can take them up through their cell membranes. Competence is the ability of bacterial cells to take up and integrate foreign DNA.

Some bacteria are naturally competent, while others can be induced to become competent under certain conditions.

Once the DNA is taken up by the competent bacteria, it can be integrated into the bacterial genome through recombination processes.

The newly acquired genetic material may provide the bacteria with new traits or genetic variations that can enhance their survival and adaptation to changing environments.

Transformation is a significant mechanism for horizontal gene transfer, allowing bacteria to acquire new genetic material from different sources. It has played a crucial role in bacterial evolution and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes among bacterial populations.

In summary, transformation is the mechanism by which bacteria take up free DNA from the environment. This process allows bacteria to acquire new genetic material and contributes to their adaptation and evolution.

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Reminder advertising is most common during the maturity stage of the product life cycle.

At this stage, the product has already been introduced to the market and has gained acceptance among consumers.

However, the competition has also increased, and there are multiple products in the market offering similar benefits. Hence, companies use reminder advertising to remind consumers about their product and reinforce their brand image.

Reminder advertising aims to maintain the top-of-mind awareness of the brand and keep the product relevant in the consumers' minds. The message in these ads is usually brief, highlighting the essential features of the product and emphasizing its benefits over competitors.

The goal is to keep the product relevant and encourage repeat purchases from existing customers.

During the maturity stage, companies usually have a stable customer base, and the focus shifts towards retaining customers and increasing their loyalty.

Reminder advertising helps achieve this by reminding customers about the product and its benefits, thus maintaining their interest and loyalty towards the brand. Moreover, it also helps in retaining the market share and maintaining the brand's position in the market.

In conclusion, reminder advertising is most common during the maturity stage of the product life cycle when the competition is high, and the focus is on retaining customers and maintaining the brand's position in the market.

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The heel of the foot is on the posterior side of the body.

The term "posterior" refers to the back or rear aspect of an object, structure, or organism. In this context, it describes the location of the heel in relation to the overall orientation of the human body.

When standing in the anatomical position (facing forward with arms at the sides and palms facing forward), the posterior side is the backside of the body. The heel is situated behind the rest of the foot, which places it on the posterior side of the body. This positioning plays a crucial role in our ability to walk, run, and maintain balance.

In contrast, the anterior side of the body refers to the front portion, including the toes and the sole of the foot. The combination of anterior and posterior aspects of the foot allows for efficient movement and force distribution while walking, ensuring stability and preventing injury.

In summary, the heel is on the posterior side of the body, which plays an essential role in locomotion and balance.

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Non-oxidative phosphorylation does not invoke the proton motive force for energy conservation. This metabolic strategy does not require oxygen and instead relies on the transfer of high-energy phosphates such as ATP and GTP.

In this process, the energy is generated through the transfer of a phosphate group between molecules, rather than through the movement of protons across a membrane. This method does not require the use of a proton gradient or any other kind of electrochemical gradient, so the proton motive force is unnecessary.

Non-oxidative phosphorylation is usually carried out by enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another, and this transfer releases energy which is then stored in the form of ATP or GTP. This method of energy conservation has been used by some organisms to generate energy in anaerobic conditions.

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correct question is :

what metabolic strategy does not invoke the proton motive force for energy conservation?

The fibrocartilage pads between adjacent bodies of the vertebrae are called intervertebral discs.

These discs act as shock absorbers and provide cushioning between the vertebrae, allowing for flexibility and movement of the spine. Each intervertebral disc consists of a tough outer layer called the annulus fibrosus and a gel-like inner core called the nucleus pulposus.

The annulus fibrosus contains layers of collagen fibers that help provide strength and stability to the disc, while the nucleus pulposus absorbs and distributes forces during movement. The intervertebral discs play a crucial role in maintaining spinal alignment and supporting the body's weight-bearing activities.

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Selected goals for designing effective vaccines include those that do not require numerous doses or boosters, have a low level of adverse side effects or toxicity, achieve long-term, lasting effects .Correct answers are option a,b,c, and d

a. does not require numerous doses or boosters: This goal is important because a vaccine that provides long-lasting protection with a single or limited number of doses simplifies the vaccination process, reduces the burden on healthcare systems, and improves patient compliance.

b. has a low level of adverse side effects or toxicity: Safety is a crucial factor in vaccine development. An effective vaccine should have a low incidence of adverse side effects or toxicity to ensure that the benefits of vaccination outweigh any potential risks.

c. stimulates only humoral immunity: While humoral immunity, mediated by antibodies, is an essential component of vaccine-induced protection, an effective vaccine should ideally stimulate both humoral and cellular immunity. Cellular immunity involves the activation of T cells and is important for clearing intracellular pathogens and providing long-term immune memory.

d. achieves long-term, lasting effects: Long-term protection is a desirable characteristic of an effective vaccine. It means that the immune response generated by the vaccine remains robust and protective against the target pathogen for an extended period, ideally throughout an individual's lifetime or for a significant duration. Correct answers are option a,b,c, and d

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Vestibulocochlear is defined as pertaining to the vestibule and the cochlea.

The cranial nerve eight (CN VIII), often known as the vestibulocochlear nerve, is made up of the vestibular and cochlear nerves. Within the brainstem, each nerve has unique nuclei. As the eighth cranial nerve, the vestibulocochlear nerve is involved. Balance, spatial awareness, and posture are all influenced by the vestibular region of the cochlea, which is also responsible for the unique experience of hearing.

The vestibulocochlear organ, which occupies the osseous labyrinth, is the sensory system in the internal ear in the temporal bone and is made up of the cochlear duct, semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule.

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The false statement about the cell cycle is: (a) Once a cell decides to enter the cell cycle, the time from start to finish is the same in all eucaryotic cells.

This statement is false because the duration of the cell cycle can vary among different cell types and under different conditions. For example, some cells may spend more time in a particular phase, such as G1, before progressing to the next phase. Additionally, certain external factors, such as nutrient availability or DNA damage, can also affect the duration of the cell cycle.


In reality, the time it takes for a eukaryotic cell to complete the cell cycle varies depending on the cell type and organism. Different cells have different requirements and may spend different amounts of time in each phase of the cell cycle.

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The reporter gene uses a specific probe to keep track of the therapy gene's expression.

The reporter gene causes the cell to express the proper enzyme or receptor, which subsequently picks up and irreversibly metabolises certain PET probes, demonstrating the presence of the therapy gene.

In addition to Northern blot and SAGE analysis, there are other ways to assess gene expression. Most of these techniques quantify the levels of mRNA, such as microarray analysis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Reporter genes can be used to check a cell or organism for the activity of a particular promoter. The reporter gene is just listed under the "gene of interest" in this case because there isn't a specific

criteria

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