Biology !! Please help Glucose us broken down during ??

When Eukaryotic Repressors bind to DNA-binding sites on RNA polymerase, they directly block the enzyme.

Bacterial repressors bind an operator downstream of the promoter site, inhibiting the activity of RNA polymerase.

Like prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have transcriptional inhibitors. Transcription is stopped when transcriptional repressors bind to enhancer or promoter regions. In order to prevent the binding of activating transcription factors, repressors respond to external stimuli in a manner similar to transcriptional activators.

Transcriptional factors must first attach to the promoter region in eukaryotes in order to help recruit the appropriate polymerase. RNA Polymerase II is the polymerase responsible for transcription of mRNA.

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In the cytoplasm, mRNA is attached by a ribosome. In accordance with the codon sequence, ribosomes provide sites for tRNA to attach as they move along strands of mRNA.

In the cytoplasm, mRNA is attached by a ribosome. The mRNA serves as the blueprint for the protein that will be produced on the ribosome. Particular amino acids are joined to particular molecules in the cytoplasm. tRNA then binds to mRNA.

In accordance with the codon sequence, ribosomes provide sites for tRNA to attach as they move along strands of mRNA. The ribosome moves on upstream after the amino acids form peptide bonds with the polypeptide strand's terminus.

The catalytic steps of protein synthesis, which entail joining amino acids to create proteins, are governed by the rRNA molecules in the ribosome. To reflect this role, rRNA is sometimes referred to as a ribozyme or catalytic RNA.

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Answer:

Explanation:In order for a cell to manufacture these proteins, specific genes within its DNA must first be transcribed into molecules of mRNA; then, these transcripts must be translated into chains of amino acids, which later fold into fully functional proteins.

The cell that accurately matches with its description is: red blood cells: anuclear.

The red blood cells are found in blood, synthesized by the bone marrow. These cells contain hemoglobin pigment that provides color to the blood and also transports gases across the body. The red blood cells are small, rounded and biconcave in shape.

These cells are anuclear. That means they do not possess nucleus within them. This adaptation of RBCs is to accommodate the maximum amount of oxygen molecules it can so as to amplify the quantity of molecules transported. The RBC is not anuclear since the time it is synthesized but it loses the nucleus at maturity.

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Reduce the high-speed handpiece's bacterial aerosol spray.

HVE tips provide additional defense against aerosol spread for dental staff and patients. By directly converting high aerosol generating processes into low/mild generating processes, this additional layer of defense lowers the risk of contamination. During a dental procedure, the hve suction is used to remove saliva, blood, water, and debris. Similar to how a home vacuum cleaner operates, this oral evacuator also uses the vacuum principle.

The air and saliva that dental suction devices draw into them quickly is quite large. They are frequently used to keep patients' mouths and teeth dry while the dentist performs dental cleanings, oral surgeries, and cosmetic procedures.

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You conduct a voltage clamp experiment in which you hold the presynaptic terminal of a glutamatergic neuron (a neuron that releases glutamate) at 0 mv. when you treat the terminal with ttx, an inward current is recorded. Calcium; voltage-gated calcium channels are responsible for the current you observe.

Electrophysiologists utilize the voltage clamp as an experimental technique to measure the ion currents flowing across the membranes of excitable cells.

With a voltage clamp, the researcher can regulate the transmembrane voltage and then measure the current flow through an activated ion channel. A selective ligand or a change in transmembrane voltage can activate an ion channel, acting as a switching mechanism.

In order to study ionic conduction in nerves, Kenneth Cole and George Marmont created an electronic circuit known as a voltage clamp2 in the late 1940s at the University of Chicago.

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The percent identity between these two sequences is 98 %

Percent similarity" is the sum of two protein sequences' identical and comparable matches. However, studying the sequence identity shared by two protein sequences rather than the similarity is often more informative. There are several definitions of how connected (similar) two amino acid residues are to one another. Because there is no uniform definition of percent sequence identity, the pid function can be computed using any of the following functions:

PID1:

100 * (identical positions) / (aligned positions + internal gap positions)

PID2:

100 * (identical positions) / (aligned positions)

PID3:

100 * (identical positions) / (length shorter sequence)

PID4:

100 * (identical positions) / (average length of the two sequences)

Therefore pid2: 100 * (98/100)

=100 * 0.98

=98%

Therefore, the sequences can be said to be 98% identical.

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Description into the bin that fits most appropriate for the department of the peripheral nervous system to which it belongs-

Visceral sensory: visceral sensory neurons keep the track of internal environment and organ systems.

- Detects stretch of the stomach wall,

- Hunger,

- taste,

- Monitors chemical changes in the blood.

Visceral motor: The visceral (or autonomic) motor system controls involuntary functions.

- motor innervation of the myocardium,

- Contraction of smooth muscle in the small intestine,

- autonomic nervous system.

Somatic sensory: Sensory neurons known as somatic afferent neurons transmit impulses initiated by receptors located in the skin, skeletal muscles, tendons, and joints.

- Proprioception from upper extremity muscles,

- Temperature change on the skin surface,

- Soft texture.

Somatic motor: The brainstem is home to somatic motor neurons, which are further classified into three groups: gamma, beta, and alpha.

- motor innervation of skeletal muscle.

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An experiment analyzing the effect of temperature on a given behavior can be used to represent the independent variable and dependent variable, respectively.

The dependent variable is any variable in an experiment that changes according to the value of the independent variable, The association between these variables may be represented by a cause vs effect relationship.

Therefore, we can conclude that temperarure may represent the independent variable in order to analyze its effects on the behavior, which in this case may represent the dependent variable that is modified by the treatment.

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Answer:C

Explanation: I did the quiz

Answer:

option - C The hormones increase the rate of cellular communication.

As it appears to be involved for many of the processes that contribute to creative thinking, the frontal cortex has long been considered the hub or core of creativity (such as working or short-term memory).

The hippocampus is well recognized for its ability to retain declarative memories, such as those of events and facts.

Deep inside the brain is a structure known as the basal ganglia. The memory of abilities and how to do things—often things we perform without having to think about them explicitly, like riding a bike—is processed by the basal ganglia. You get better at creative endeavors with time and experience.

The connections between distinct brain areas are made of white matter. The brain processes information more efficiently and quickly the better connected its regions are. A well-connected brain may enable you to combine more thoughts more quickly during the creative process.

Short note on brain

The most intricate organ in the human body is the brain. It consists of more than 100 billion nerves, which connect in trillions in a process known as synapses. The central nervous system, or CNS, is made up of the spinal cord that emerges from the brain.

Hence the correct answered is given that are responsible for creativity.

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Introduced sewage in water systems increases concentrations of solids because they contain solid substances that may not be removed during treatment (Option c).

Sewage systems can be defined as systems used to surface runoff by employing sewers. These systems are associated with the treatment of storm water, melt water and also rain water.

Therefore, we can conclude that sewage systems are associated with solid substances that are introduced into the water system, which alter the system and increase the level and or concentration of solid compounds in such systems.

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The match of the process with the correct formula is:

A. photosynthesis- [tex]\rm 6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_1_2O_6 + 6O_2[/tex]

b. cellular respiration- [tex]\rm C_6H_1_2O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O[/tex]

Cellular respiration is done in the presence of oxygen. The process includes the breakdown of food material into smaller forms and releases energy.

The glucose mixes with oxygen and breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. Water is absorbed by the body, whereas carbon dioxide is released into the environment.

Therefore, the correct match is;

A. photosynthesis- equation 1).

b. cellular respiration- equation 2).

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Answer:  The answers are as follows:

Where does the Calvin cycle occur and does it need light?

Unlike the light reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membrane, the reactions of the Calvin cycle take place in the stroma (the inner space of chloroplasts).

Where does photosynthesis get its energy to start?

The whole process of photosynthesis is a transfer of energy from the Sun to a plant. In each sugar molecule created, there is a little bit of energy from the Sun, which the plant can either use or store for later.

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

The equation for cellular respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy (Glucose + Oxygen yields Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy) You may notice that the equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis.

What are the reactants and products of lactic acid fermentation? What is the basic equation?

The simple equation for lactic acid fermentation is glucose ---glycolysis---> 2 pyruvate ---fermentation--> 2 lactic acid. That is to say that glucose is broken down by glycolysis into 2 pyruvates, and then those pyruvates are fermented to produce 2 lactic acid molecules.

How is citric acid formed in the Krebs cycle?

The Krebs cycle itself actually begins when acetyl-CoA combines with a four-carbon molecule called OAA (oxaloacetate) (see Figure above). This produces citric acid, which has six carbon atoms. This is why the Krebs cycle is also called the citric acid cycle.

What are the steps in cellular respiration?

There are three main steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol, the citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, and oxidative phosphorylation occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The energy for glycolysis comes from which molecule?

Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates.

During which step of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide released?

The stage of cellular respiration in which carbon dioxide release takes place is the citric acid cycle. Aerobic cellular respiration has three steps, glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.

What are the products and reactants of cellular respiration?

During cellular respiration, the reactants—glucose (sugar) and oxygen—combine together to form new products: carbon dioxide molecules and water molecules.

Explain how ectotherms and endotherms regulate their body temperature.

Endotherms use internally generated heat to maintain body temperature. Their body temperature tends to stay steady regardless of the environment. Ectotherms depend mainly on external heat sources and their body temperature changes with the temperature of the environment.

How do humans control their body temperature using ATP?

The muscle contractions of shivering release heat while using ATP. The brain also triggers the thyroid gland in the endocrine system to release thyroid hormone, which increases metabolic activity and heat production in cells throughout the body.

In 3-5 sentences explain how the environment would affect the photosynthetic process of a rainforest plant versus a desert plant. Consider the amount of sunlight and water available in each environment.

The environmental factors that would be more important to a rainforest plant would be sunlight and carbon dioxide. This is because rainforests are shadier and there would be less sunlight for the plant to get, which could cause the plants to get taller in order to reach the sunlight. However, in the desert, the plants would be more dependent on water and carbon dioxide.

Dragonflies are flying insects. In the summer, dragonflies can be seen perched on tree branches in an obelisk pose (i.e., a handstand position with the tip of their abdomen pointing upward). In 3–5 sentences, describe how dragonflies might control their body temperature and give reasons for why they might perch in this pose.

The powered flight regulates body temperature and obelisk posture helps to prevent overheating due to the sun. Dragonflies control their body temperature with the help of controlling metabolic heat production by alternately using powered flight as well as controlling heat loss by changing the circulation between the thorax and abdomen. The dragonflies raised their abdomen until its tip pointed to the sun in order to minimize the surface area exposed to solar radiation so that powered flight regulates body temperature and obelisk posture helps to prevent overheating due to the sun.

Explanation:  Hope this helps!  :)

Answer:

1. The Calvin cycle is the light-independent (does not need light) step of photosynthesis and happens in the stroma.

2. Light

3. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy

4. Pyruvic acid + NADH → Lactic acid + NAD+

5. Glycolysis - Krebs Cycle - Electron Transport Chain

6. ATP

7. Reactants are glucose and oxygen, products are carbon dioxide and water with energy in the form of ATP

8. Ectotherms cannot insulate (stop heat loss from) their bodies and can only control their body temperature by choice.

9. shivering

10. Environmental challenges the would affect a rainforest plant would be climate change, and drought. In the rainforest, it may become harder and harder for a plant to survive if it cannot adapt to the rapid changing of the climate, with temperatures becoming rapidly hotter and dropping just as fast, while the total lack of water would take away one of the reactants needed for photosynthesis, further lowering a plants chances for survival.

Environmental challenges that would affect a rainforest plant would be erosion, and climate change. Deserts are very sensitive when it comes to external changes to its environment, and if they already have very little rainfall, climate change could destroy plants as they would have nothing of the little resources they have to survive on. Erosion can destroy desert soil, and as it already takes a massive amount of time to grow plants, the total lack of soil could stop plant growth altogether.

11. Dragonflies are exothermic which means their bodies are warmed by their environment. They cannot easily warm their bodies themselves, so they stay warm by traveling to areas of warmth which might give reason as to why they perch in the obelisk pose. By flying, they can help regulate warmth throughout their bodies, and the obelisk posture on tree branches can ensure that they do not overheat and maintain proper body temperature.

Explanation:

Just took the test, these are correct.

A totally different possible hypothesis for why these vines are growing up the trees in the rain forest is to grow vertically and improve light absorption, climbing plants need external support.

For millions of years, insects have coexisted with canopy trees, and many of them have formed special bonds that go beyond simple pollination. The rainforest is home to several myrmecophytes, also known as ant plants. For instance, Aztec ants, for instance, live in South America's cecropia tree. The tree's bamboo-like divisions offer spaces for an ant invasion.

 In one of the hollow chambers, a queen builds a nest, and when workers move in, the tree as a whole develops into a colony. Although they do not attack the three-toed sloths, which only consume cecropia leaves, the workers protect the plant from all intruders, including insects and epiphytes. Vine performance and fitness are higher in vines that locate suitable support than in prostrate vines.

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Answer:

Your integumentary system is your body’s outer layer. It consists of your skin, hair, nails and glands. These organs and structures are your first line of defense against bacteria and help protect you from injury and sunlight. Your integumentary system works with other systems in your body to keep it in balance.

Answer:

greater than because the mass grows the volume will still stay the same therefore 200 divided by the volume will still be greater in the silver

Information is transferred when cells duplicate themselves by the process of DNA replication.

Information is transferred when cells duplicate themselves by the process of DNA replication. DNA is the genetic material that all cells have. Before the divisions of cells, it is very necessary to retain all the information, so a cell duplicates its information by the process of DNA replication.

It also involves many enzymes and RNA. DNA replication is necessary for growth, repair of damaged cells, and reproduction in organisms. In eukaryotes, it occurs in the S phase (Synthetic Phase) of interphase in the cell cycle.  

DNA is a double helix structure. Before DNA can be replicated, the double helix structure must be converted into single strands. DNA has four bases called cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A) and thymine (T). Adenine only binds with thymine and cytosine only binds with guanine. So, their bond must be broken for replication.

There are many enzymes that helps in DNA replication by catalyzing the reactions at every stage of replication.

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Answer:

about 10 meters per second

Explanation:

Hormones that are not water soluble are non-polar and fat-soluble. This indicates that these hormones can enter the cell through the plasma membrane. For instance, the testosterone receptor will only be present in the cytoplasm of cells that use testosterone.

Because only specific cells have the cytoplasmic receptors that attach to the particular hormone, only specific cells can react. Once the hormone and its receptor are joined, they move into the nucleus and start the cell's metabolism. A hormone leaves a gland and circulates throughout the body in the bloodstream.

The main endogenous testosterone and anabolic steroid in guys is testosterone. In humans, testosterone is essential for the growth of the testes and prostate, as well as for the promotion of secondary sexual traits including increased bone and muscle mass and the development of body hair.

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Answer:

The food that is coming from the stomach is very acidic because of the presence of HCl. So, it requires something that must be alkaline form and that is bile and bile salts

Explanation:

Bile usually contains no digestive enzyme. It is composed of cholesterol, lecithin, inorganic salts, organic salts, and bile pigments which make it slightly alkaline having a pH of 7 to 8

Bile is synthesis in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and secreted in the duodenum

Its main function is, to digest fats

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It is possible by the action of enzymes that reacts with the acidic food which is coming from the stomach into the U-shaped duodenum. This is because the enzymes works in this region require an alkaline medium to function properly.

Being the first part of the small intestine, the primary role of the duodenum is to complete the first stage of digestion. This involves the breakdown of acidic food which is coming from the region of the stomach.

The food entering the duodenum from the stomach is mediated by the pyrrolic sphincter. In this region, the enzymes secreted from the pancreas and bile from the gall bladder are actively involved in the complete breakdown of acidic food. These enzymes are functional in the alkaline medium in order to facilitate the process of digestion.

Therefore, the process of complete processing of food in the stomach and duodenum is well described above.

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The large, blue-coloured vessels are called veins, and the large, red-coloured vessels are called arteries.

Veins are blood vessels that carry blood form various parts of the body back to the heart. The blood contained in the veins is deoxygenated as the oxygen it contained has been used up by the cells of the body. Unlike arteries, veins are generally found closer to the surface of the skin. The blood pressure is also generally lower compared to the arteries; hence, veins contain valves, or pocket valves that prevent the backflow of blood.

Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to all parts of the body. They carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to all cells in the body. Compared to veins, arteries are thicker, comprising of collagen and elastin fibres.

Due to the different absorption of red and blue light, Viens on the skin appear blue in colour, hence, in many diagrams, blue-coloured vessels are veins, while the red-coloured ones are arteries.

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The statement specialized cell releases a chemical signal that alters gene expression in the stem cell, so the stem cell also specializes is the best explanation for how the stem cell developed into specialized cells (Option b).

A specialized cell is a cell in a multicellular organism that suffer cell differentiation due to the expression of certain genes that shape these structural and enzymatic activities.

Therefore, we can conclude that specialized cells are generated through cell differentiation, which is a process associated with differential gene expression patterns.

Complete question:

A scientist places an adult stem cell and a specialized cell from the same individual in a Petri dish containing nutrient agar. Over time, the scientist notes that the adult stem cell gives rise to new specialized cells with the same structure as the original specialized cell. What is the best explanation for how the stem cell developed into specialized cells?

a. The nutrient agar in which the cells were grown is only suitable for the specialized cell, so the stem cell changes to survive in that environment.

b. The specialized cell releases a chemical signal that alters gene expression in the stem cell, so the stem cell also specializes.

c. Physical contact between the stem cell and the specialized cell causes the DNA of the stem cell to mutate to match the DNA of the specialized cell.

d. It is predetermined that the stem cell will become this particular specialized cell because stem cells can only develop into one type of cell.

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Cellular respiration can occur both aerobically (using oxygen), or anaerobically (without oxygen). During aerobic cellular respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen, forming ATP that can be used by the cell. Carbon dioxide and water are created as by products.

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Some of the ideas he came up with about making an hypothesis is that if a fruit has more than x grams of sugar per kilogram of mass, then people who taste it will think it tastes sweet and is denoted as option A.

This is referred to a proposed explanation for as particular phenomenon and the phrase used is that of an if-then statement. This is regarded as a scientific method and is involved in the creation of theories etc.

Hypothesis to be ascertained if it is true or not by conducting different types of experiments by people before it then becomes a law which is used all over the world.

The hypothesis in the option which has an if-then statement is If a fruit has more than x grams of sugar per kilogram of mass, then people who taste it will think it tastes sweet which is why option A was chosen.

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Robert Hooke spotted some "pores" or "cells" when he used his microscope to examine a piece of cork. Hooke thought the cork tree's once-living "noble fluids" or "fibrous threads" had been stored inside the cells.

Cell theory is defined as cells are believed to be the primary building blocks of all living tissues according to a basic biological scientific hypothesis.

According to the cell hypothesis, which was first advanced in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, every organism is made up of one or more cells. Cells are also the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms, all cells are derived from preexisting cells, and all cells contain the hereditary.

Rudolf Virchow established the field of cellular pathology, or the study of disease at the cellular level, by proposing the hypothesis that all cells develop from pre-existing cells.

Thus, the cell theory given be the different scientist is that the cell is the fundamental unit of life.  

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The true statement about enzymes include the following options below:

This is referred to as a biological catalyst which speeds up the rate of reaction and they are substrate specific which makes it a selective catalyst.

They also change shape to fit the substrate as described in the lock and key model and are also able to create and break bonds present in the substrate.

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The full question is:

Check all of the following statements which are true.

Answer:

It lines the heart.

Explanation:

took the text

The description as to the anatomical structure of the os coxa will be illustrated as:

Any biological object that takes up space and stands out from its surrounds is considered to have an anatomical structure. Anatomical structures might be microscopic or macroscopic, as an acrosome or a carpel. Supine, prone, right lateral recumbent, and left lateral recumbent are the four main anatomical positions.

Two innominate bones, often known as hip bones, come together to form the pelvis. The Sacroiliac joint is the joint that makes up the pelvis.

The big bone known as the ilium makes up the iliac crest. The bone that once rested on the seat is called the ischium. The pubic bone is the first bone behind the perineum.

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