The value of the formation constant, Kf , for the reaction at 25 ∘C entropy is 37.976 x 103
ΔG = ΔH - Δ(TS)
ΔH = -23.5 x 103 J
ΔS = 8.82 J/K
T = 273 +25 = 298 K
ΔG= -23.5 x 103 - 298 (8.82)
ΔG= - 26.13 x 103 J or - 26.13 kJ
ΔG= -RTlnK
ΔG = - 26.13 x 103 J
R = 8.314 J K-1 Mol-1
T = 298
- 26.13 x 103 J = - 8.314 x 298 ln
lnK = 10.54
K = 37.976 x 103
A state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty is most frequently connected with the scientific notion of entropy, which is also a quantifiable physical attribute. The notion and the phrase are employed in a variety of disciplines, including classical thermodynamics, where they were initially identified, statistical physics, which describes nature at the molecular level, and information theory. It has numerous uses, including the transmission of information in information systems, cosmology, economics, sociology, weather science, and biological systems and their relationship to life. Scottish engineer and scientist William Rankine used the terms thermodynamic function and heat potential to refer to the thermodynamic notion in 1850.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. smoking and the episodes of lung cancer have a high correlation, but it does not prove ________.
Smoking and the episodes of lung cancer have a high correlation, but it does not prove causation.
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Cigarette smoking is responsible for 80% to 90% of lung cancer deaths in the USA. Other tobacco products, including such cigars or pipes, also increase the risk of developing lung cancer. Tobacco smoke consists of a toxic cocktail of over 7,000 chemicals.
Several studies have looked into the effects of continuing to smoke after a lung cancer diagnosis and discovered that it slows healing, lessens the efficacy of cancer treatments, lowers overall quality of life, increases the risk of relapse and a second primary cancer, and reduces survival. Individuals who smoke cigarettes seem to be 15 to thirty times more likely than nonsmokers to develop or end up dying from lung cancer.
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How do you calculate RMS current?
To calculate the RMS current, Divide the RMS voltage by the impedance.
What is RMS value?
In science and its applications, the root mean square of a bunch of numbers is characterized as the square foundation of the mean square (math mean of squares) of that set. RMS, likewise called root mean square, is a unique instance of summed up mean. The RMS worth of a constantly shifting capability can be characterized as the fundamental of the square of the momentary worth north of one cycle.
For AC current, RMS rises to the worth of steady DC current that delivers a similar power utilization with a resistive burden. In assessment hypothesis, the root mean square mistake of an assessor is a proportion of the blemish of the assessor's fit to the information.
Therefore, To calculate the RMS current, Divide the RMS voltage by the impedance.
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The structures of two allotropes of carbon are represented above. Which of the following statements best helps explain why diamond is much harder than graphite?
answer choices
Diamond contains covalent bonds, whereas graphite contains ionic bonds.
Diamond contains ionic bonds, whereas graphite contains covalent bonds.
Carbon atoms in diamond have four covalent bonds, whereas graphite is made of layers that are held together by relatively weak dispersion forces.
Carbon atoms in diamond have a sea of mobile electrons that make the structure strong, whereas graphite does not contain delocalized electrons.
The given question is incomplete. Hence, can not be answered. Still, adding some relevant information for your reference.
What are allotropes?
Allotrope or allotropism is the property of some chemical elements existing in two or more different forms in the same physical state, known as allotropes of the element. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element. Atoms of elements are connected to each other in different ways. Examples of carbon allotropes include diamond (carbon atoms bonded together to form a cubic tetrahedral lattice), graphite (carbon atoms bonded together in layers in a hexagonal lattice), graphene (individual layers of graphite), and fullerenes (these where the carbon atoms are bonded in a spherical, tubular, or ellipsoidal fashion).
The term allotrope is used only for elements, not for compounds. A more general term used for any chemical compound is polymorphism, but its use is usually limited to solid materials such as crystals. Allotropes refer only to different forms of an element within the same physical phase (state of matter such as solid, liquid, or gas). Differences in these states of matter are not the only examples of allotropes. Allotropes of chemical elements are often called polymorphs or phases of the element.
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Draw lewis structure for BrF4-b What is the electron-pair geometry for Br in BrF4- ?c What is the the shape (molecular geometry) of BrF4-?
The shape (molecular geometry) [tex]BrF^{-}_{4}[/tex] is square planar.
Start with the tetrafluoroborate ion's Lewis structure, [tex]BrF^{-}_{4}[/tex]. A total of 36 valence electrons will be present in the molecule: 7 from bromine, 7 from each of the four fluorine atoms, and one additional electron to give the ion its negative charge.
For a total of 8 of the 36 valence electrons, the bromine atom will form single bonds with each of the four fluorine atoms. The number of valence electrons needed will increase to 32 since the fluorine atoms will each have three lone pairs connected. On bromine, the remaining 4 valence electrons will be arranged as lone pairs.
Four single bonds and two lone pairs make up the six areas of electron density that surround the bromine atom, making its steric number equal to six.
The molecular geometry will be square planar, or [tex]AX_{4}E_{2}[/tex], according to VSEPR Theory.
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What is the purpose of the proton H+) concentration gradient created across the mitochondrial membrane?
The electrochemical proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane is basically used to drive ATP synthesis during the critical process of oxidative phosphorylation.
In a mitochondrial membrane, a proton gradient is formed when the proton concentration outside the membrane is greater than the inner membrane which is inside the membrane. The gradient develops as a result of the respiration's electron transport chain.
The electrochemical proton gradient drives ATP synthesis via the enzyme ATP synthase. ADP and Pi are combined to generate an ATP molecule because protons pass via the enzyme ATP synthase. Protons flow down towards their concentration gradient into the matrix via membrane protein ATP synthase which causes it to spin (like a water wheel) and catalyze conversion of ADP to ATP.
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What elements can bond with oxygen?
With the exception of the noble gases helium, neon, argon, and krypton, oxygen is reactive and will produce oxides with all other elements.
Can elements and oxygen combine?When an element interacts with oxygen, a variety of oxidation states and potential chemical compounds can result. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are just two biological activities that involve oxygen in numerous reactions.
How many different substances can oxygen connect with?Oxygen can only generate two bonds because it needs two additional electrons to complete its octet, after which it will run out of empty orbitals in which to receive additional electrons and create additional bonds. Oxygen and sodium will combine to generate an ionic compound.
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how is a new element formed in a star?
Answer:
Some of the heavier elements in the periodic table are created when pairs of neutron stars collide cataclysmically and explode, researchers have shown for the first time. Light elements like hydrogen and helium formed during the big bang, and those up to iron are made by fusion in the cores of stars.
Explanation:
Answer: Some of the heavier elements in the periodic table are created when pairs of neutron stars collide cataclysmically and explode, researchers have shown for the first time. Light elements like hydrogen and helium formed during the big bang, and those up to iron are made by fusion in the cores of stars.
Explanation:
How many atoms are in 1.00 moles o2?
One mole of oxygen gas, which has the formula O2, has a mass of 32 g and contains [tex]6.02*10^{23}[/tex] molecules of oxygen but [tex]12.04*10^{23}[/tex] atoms, because each molecule of oxygen contains two oxygen atoms.
The molecular weight of a substance is equal to its mass in one mole. Water, for example, has a mean molecular weight of 18.015 atomic mass units (amu), implying that one mole of water weighs 18.015 grams. In the International System of Units, the mole (symbol mol) is the unit of substance amount (SI). The amount of substance is a measurement of how many elementary entities of a given substance are present in an object or sample. An elementary entity can be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an ion pair, or a subatomic particle such as an electron, depending on the substance.
The mole is widely used in chemistry to express quantities of reactants and products of chemical reactions. The term gram-molecule was formerly used for "mole of molecules", and gram-atom for "mole of atoms".
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How do you identify sp3 and sp2?
A general definition of an sp3 hybridised atom is one with only single bonds. The alkanes are the greatest example. An alkane has sp3 hybridised carbon atoms with tetrahedral shape throughout. Alkenes and other atoms with double bonds frequently have sp2 hybridised carbon atoms with trigonal planar shape.
What is Hybridization ?The process of hybridization is the mixing of atomic orbitals with the same energy levels to create an equal number of new hybrid orbitals. This mixing typically produces hybrid orbitals with completely distinct energies, geometries, etc.
When two atomic orbitals in a molecule combine to generate a hybrid orbital, the energy of the orbitals of the individual atoms is redistributed to give orbitals of equivalent energy. Hybridization is the name of this procedure.
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When a sample of 25.0 g of water is cooled from 20.0 C to 10.0 C What is the number of joules of energy released?
1046 J worth of heat energy is emitted.
We must calculate the heat energy emitted from the question using the specific heat formula, Q = mcT.
Q is the heat energy, and m is the mass.
The specific heat is c.
T stands for temperature change.
The answer is m = 25.0 grams.
ΔT = (20.0 - 10.0) (20.0 - 10.0) °C = 10.0 °C
c = 4.184 J/g °C (Specific heat capacity of water) (Specific heat capacity of water)
When the parameters are entered into the formula Q = mcT, we get Q = 25.0 4.184 10.0.
Q = 1046 J
Consequently, 1046 J worth of heat energy was discharged.
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A forensic scientist is attempting to identify a type of plastic found at a crime scene. What test could she conduct on the plastic to observe its chemical properties?.
By putting acid on the plastic and observe how it reacts, the chemical properties might be discovered.
Acids normally do not cause any reaction with plastics, and due to this reason plastic container are used to store acid.
Describe chemical propertiesChemical properties are those properties that could observed when a substance undergoes chemical change. during chemical properties one substance changes to another substance.
If the atoms of a molecule are rearranged, the substance is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. This would eventually result in the synthesis of a new chemical.
The forensic scientist is now interested in the plastic's chemical composition. reaction of acid and the plastic could be used to do this.
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What element is located on the left side of the table?
Answer:
Metals
Explanation:
right answer
Why are chemical symbols used in chemistry?
Chemical symbols are used to quickly identify the elements and atoms in a chemical formula and to standardize the "language of science."
What are the benefits of chemical symbols in chemistry?Chemical symbols are useful for describing chemical elements since they save time by allowing you to record chemical formulas without having to type out each element's full name. Numerous molecules, especially organic ones, include atoms from a wide range of various elements.
What purpose does symbol use serve?Symbols, such as gestures, signs, objects, messages, and words, help people to grasp that world. They offer widely accepted meanings that act as guides for comprehending experiences and are shared by groups.
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How do homologous structures provide evidence that species may be changing over time?
Analogous structures demonstrate that identical selective pressures might result in similar adaptations, whereas homologous structures indicate evidence for shared ancestry.
With an example, what is homologous series?A group of chemical compounds with the same functional group is referred to as a homologous series. As a result of sharing an active group, the molecules have comparable chemical characteristics. The homologous series often includes alkanes, cycloalkanes, and alkenes.
What do you mean by homologous?adjective. matching, as in relative position or structure; having the same or a comparable relationship. Similar in origin and structure but perhaps not always in function: A horse's foreleg and a bird's wing are analogous.
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It takes 547 kJ to remove one mole of electrons from the atoms at the surface of a solid metal.
What is the maximum wavelength of light capable of doing this?
According to the relation of variables in the electromagnetic spectrum the maximum wavelength of light is 36.3 ×10[tex]^-[/tex]³¹ m.
What is electromagnetic spectrum ?The electromagnetic spectrum consists of electromagnetic radiation consists of waves made up of electromagnetic field which are capable of propogating through space and carry the radiant electromagnetic energy.
The radiation are composed of electromagnetic waves which are synchronized oscillations of electric and magnetic fields . They are created due to change which is periodic in electric as well as magnetic fields.
In the given problem,energy is related to wavelength by the formula, λ=hc/E,λ=6.626×10[tex]^-34[/tex]×3×10⁸/547×1000=36.3×10[tex]^-31[/tex] m.
Thus, the maximum wavelength of light is 36.3×10[tex]^-31[/tex] m.
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What is the freezing point of 0.20 M sucrose?
The freezing point of sucrose solution is −0.372∘C
What is freezing point?
When the temperature of a liquid falls below its freezing point, it transforms into a solid. According to the internationally accepted definition, freezing is the solidification phase change of a liquid or the liquid content of a substance caused by cooling.
Most substances have the same melting and freezing points; however, certain substances have different solid-liquid transition temperatures. Agar, for example, exhibits hysteresis in its melting and freezing points. It melts at 85 °C (185 °F) and solidifies at 32 °C to 40 °C (89.6 °F to 104 °F).
Hence, the freezing point of sucrose solution is −0.372∘C
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Part A Spell out the full name of the compound. Submit Request Answer Part B Spell out the full name of the compound. Submit Request Answer Part C Br Spell out the full name of the compound. Submit Request Answer Part D Spell out the full name of the compound. Submit Request Answer Part E Spell out the full name of the compound. Submit Request Answer Part F Spell out the full name of the compound. Submit Request Answer
The name of the compound comprises of both the cation and anion part with most of the time the anionic part ending with suffix-ide.
What is a compound?Compound is defined as a chemical substance made up of identical molecules containing atoms from more than one type of chemical element.
Molecule consisting atoms of only one element is not called compound.It is transformed into new substances during chemical reactions. There are four major types of compounds depending on chemical bonding present in them.They are:
1)Molecular compounds where in atoms are joined by covalent bonds.
2) ionic compounds where atoms are joined by ionic bond.
3)Inter-metallic compounds where atoms are held by metallic bonds
4) co-ordination complexes where atoms are held by co-ordinate bonds.
They have a unique chemical structure held together by chemical bonds Compounds have different properties as those of elements because when a compound is formed the properties of the substance are totally altered.
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How do you respond to a chemical exposure to the eye?
Do these things right away when a chemical splashes on your eye.Use water to irrigate your eye.For the at least 20 minutes, use pristine, lukewarm tap water.Use soap and water to wash your hands.To ensure that no chemicals or soap are still on your hands, thoroughly rinse them.Remove your contacts.
How might chemical spills be avoided?Safety Glasses, goggles, and shields — These products shield the face and eyes from chemical spills.Additionally, they protect them against gases, vapors, and dust.Skin Protection - Clothing items like gloves, boots, & coveralls should be used in order to protect the skin.
A chemical splash accident is what kind of mishap?Chemical splashes are incidents where dangerous substances unintentionally spill, project, aerosolize, or otherwise disseminate inside a laboratory setting.
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What would be the final temperature of a 50g of 20c water and 50g of 40c water?
The final temperature of the mixture of 20c and 40c water would be 30c.
What is temperature?Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses the common notions of hot and cold.
This is due to the law of conservation of energy, which states that the total energy of a closed system remains constant. The total energy of the two waters together is the same, so the final temperature must be the average of the two. The total mass of the two waters is 100g, and the temperature difference between them is 20c.
So, the final temperature of the mixture is 20c + (20c/100g) x 50g = 30c.
This principle is also known as the "law of mixing temperatures" and is used in many scientific and engineering applications. For example, it is used to calculate the temperature of a mixture of two fluids, or to calculate the cooling of a hot object in a room.
This law can be further extended to mixtures of more than two fluids, as long as the total energy of the system is conserved. This means that the total mass, the specific heat capacity of each fluid, and the temperature of each fluid must all be known in order to calculate the final temperature. This can be a useful tool in engineering applications, such as the cooling of a computer chip or the heating of a room.
In summary, the final temperature of a mixture of two fluids, such as the 50g of 20c and 50g of 40c water, is the average of the two temperatures. The final temperature of the mixture is 30c.
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Who introduced the symbols we use in chemistry today?
J.J. Berzelius, a Swedish scientist, advocated in 1813 that chemical symbols be based on the Latin names of the elements; by the middle of the 19th century, this idea had gained widespread acceptance.
How did the symbols come to be?Symbols for chemical elements are abbreviated notations that are derived from their scientific names, such as S for sulfur and Si for silicon. Sometimes the sign comes from the Latin term; for example, Au stands for aurum, or gold, and Na stands for natrium, or sodium.
What year did symbols begin?Ancient beings first began scratching lines and hashtag patterns onto red rocks in a South African cave over 100,000 years ago. Such craftsmanship has been claimed as the first indication that our species was capable of producing symbols—clear signs that stand for a particular meaning—and as such, proof of a developed mind.
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Is freezing point elevation or depression?
Freezing point depression is the reduction in the freezing point of a liquid caused by the addition of a non-volatile solute.
What is non-volatile solute?A non-volatile solute is a molecule or compound which does not easily vaporize at a given temperature and pressure. This type of solute does not evaporate into the air and instead remains in solution. Common examples of non-volatile solutes are salts, sugar, acids, bases, proteins, and other molecules. In comparison to volatile solutes, non-volatile solutes tend to remain in solution and are not readily removed by evaporation. This type of solute is also known as a “non-volatile ion”. Non-volatile solutes can be beneficial in certain applications, such as in food preservation, as they are able to provide flavor, color, and texture to food products. Non-volatile solutes can also be used in chemical engineering and pharmaceutical processes, as they can help control pH levels, improve solubility, and enhance stability of products.
When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the vapor pressure of the solvent decreases, and the freezing point of the solvent is depressed. The freezing point is the temperature at which the liquid phase of a substance changes to the solid phase.
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How many grams of sucrose should be dissolved in 100g water in order to produce a solution?
To determine the amount of sucrose that should be dissolved in 100g water to produce a solution, you must refer to the solubility of sucrose.
What is solution?Solution is an answer or a set of answers to a problem or question. It is typically a result of problem-solving that can be logical, practical, or creative. Solutions are often developed through discussion, brainstorming, and collaboration in order to develop the best possible outcomes. Solutions are often unique, and the process of finding them can be complex.
The solubility of sucrose at room temperature is approximately 186 grams of sucrose per 100g of water. Therefore, to produce a solution, 186g of sucrose should be dissolved in 100g of water.
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Which of the molecules regulate the enzyme that catalyzes malonyl‑coa synthesis?
a. fatty acids or fatty acyl-CoA
b. carnitine
c. oxaloacetate
d. acetyl-CoA
e. citrate
Acetyl-CoA, the molecules regulate the enzyme that catalyzes malonyl‑coa synthesis.
Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) are the enzymes that catalyze acetyl-CoA carboxylation to create malonyl-CoA. ACC1 and ACC2 are two members of the ACC group in the mammals.
ACC1 is found in the cytosol and it is the first and most important enzyme in the de novo fatty acid production pathway.
ACC2 is found on the outer membrane of mitochondria and produces malonyl-CoA to regulate the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which is involved in the fatty acid -oxidation.
So, Malonyl-CoA is synthesized from the Acetyl-coA in presence of Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs).
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Nobelium 259 has a half life of 60 minutes. How much remains of a 3,000kg sample after 12 hours?
The 3000 Kg of the nobelium sample with a half life of 60 minutes decays to 1.0 1 Kg after 12 hours.
What is half life?Half life of a radioactive isotope is the time taken to decay half of its initial amount. The half life is related with the decay constant k by the expression:
k = 0.693/t1/2.
Given the t1/2 of the nobelium sample is 60 minutes.
Thus k = 0.693/60 min = 0.011 min⁻¹
time take for the decay = 12 hrs = 720 minutes.
initial amount = 3000 Kg.
Thus, k= 1/t ln (N0/Nt)
0.011 min⁻¹ = 1/720 min ln (3000/Nt)
Nt = 1.01 Kg.
Therefore, 1.01 Kg of nobelium sample will remain after 12 hours.
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during glycolysis two moles of are generated for one mole of glucose? a) glycerate-1,3 bisphosphate b) glycerate-3-phosphate c) phosphoenolpyruvate d) all of the above are correct e) none of the above are correct
All of the aforementioned are incorrect if glycolysis produces two moles of for every mole of glucose.
D is the ideal choice.
What creates two molecules during glycolysis?Firstly, glycolysis yields two ATP, two NADH, and two pyruvate molecules. The aerobic catabolic breakdown of glucose known as glycolysis yields energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and pyruvate, which then enters the citric acid cycle to yield more energy.
From 2 moles of glucose, how many ATP are produced?76 ATP molecules can therefore be produced from two glucose molecules. Glycolysis. Two moles of ATP are created anaerobically for every mole of glucose.
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consider a fuel cell that uses the reaction ch4(g)+2o2(g)→co2(g)+2h2o(l)
The value of E° for the cell reaction is 1.06 V.
The cell reaction is indeed the overall reaction that occurs in the cell, written with the assumption that right hand electrode is indeed the cathode, i.e. that the spontaneous reaction occurs in the right-hand compartment.
The cell would be represented by rule that metals have been written first, followed by metal ions found in the electrolyte. And they must be kept separate by the a vertical line.
Given,
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
ΔG° rn = ΔG° of products - 2ΔG° of reactant
= {ΔG° of CO2 + 2ΔG° of H2O} - {ΔG° of CH4 + 2ΔG° of O2}
={[-394.38 + 2(-237.18)] - [-50.85 + 2(0)]}
= -817.89 KJ/mole
We know that,
ΔG° = -nFE° cell
⇒ E° cell = ΔG°/-nF
⇒ = (-817.89 x 10^3 j/mole) / 8 x 96500
E° cell = 1.06 V
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What is the atmospheric pressure if the partial pressures of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon are 77.75 kPa,
19.94 kPa, and 1.999 kPa, respectively?
Answer:
The answer is P(AR) 27Kpa
Which would always be true of an object possessing a kinetic energy of 0 joules?.
The statement that would always be true of an object possessing 0 joules of kinetic energy is: B. It is at rest.
What is kinetic energy?Kinetic energy is a form of energy an object has because of its motion. When an object is moving, they are doing work. Work transfers energy that makes the object speed up and gains kinetic energy. If an object has 0 joules of kinetic energy, it means there is no work and no movement happens to the object. Therefore, the object is at rest. Hence, the correct answer is B.
This question seems incomplete. The complete query is as follows:
“Which would ALWAYS be true of an object possessing a kinetic energy of 0 joules?
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a photon with energy 2.92 ev is absorbed by a hydrogen atom. (a) find the minimum n for a hydrogen atom that can be ionized by such a photon. 3 correct: your answer is correct. (b) find the speed of the electron released from the state in part (a) when it is far from the nucleus. incorrect: your answer is incorrect.
The electron will be released from the atom and become ionized if a photon has greater energy than the electron's binding energy.
How much photon energy does a hydrogen atom require to ionize before it leaves its ground state?E1=13.6 eV is the minimal amount of energy needed to break free of the ground state. E 1 = 13.6 e V . Here, E stands for the overall energy needed to ionize an atom of hydrogen.
What energy level does a photon need to be at in order to ionize a hydrogen atom from the n 3 energy level?The formula En=2.181018n2 J/atom denotes the minimal amount of energy required to ionize an electron from a hydrogen atom's nth Bohr orbit in Joules per atom.
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Draw a Lewis structure for NHF2 in which the central N atom obeys the octet rule, and answer the following questions based on your drawing.The number of unshared pairs (lone pairs) on the central N atom is:The central N atom forms ______ single bonds.The central N atom forms ______ double bonds.Draw a Lewis structure for CO2 in which the central C atom obeys the octet rule, and answer the following questions based on your drawing.The number of unshared pairs (lone pairs) on the central C atom is:The central C atom forms ____ single bonds.The central C atom forms ____ double bonds.
The formation of molecule can easily be shown by drawing Lewis dot structure. Since atom's Lewis dot structure has three dots. Therefore, the number of unshared electron on N is 2 and shared electrons is 6.
What is Lewis dot structure?Lewis dot structure is a way to represent the valence electron of an element in the form of dot. These are mainly beneficial in understanding the chemical formula of covalent compound.
In compound NHF[tex]_2[/tex], N belongs to group 15 with 5 electrons. 3 electrons will be used in making bond with one electron of F and one electron of H. Now 2 electrons are left on the N. So now N has 1 lone pair and 3 bond pair. The geometry will be tetrahedral and shape will be pyramidal.
Therefore, the number of unshared electron on N is 2 and shared electrons is 6.
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