There is an air dielectric breakdown (10 mT). This happens when air (a dielectric) breaks down and charges are transferred from the sky to the earth.
How to fix?In an electromagnetic wave, the connection between the strength of the electric and magnetic fields is E=cB.
where E is the size of the electric field.
The speed of light is c.
B is the magnetic field's strength.
E=3.106V/m is the electric field, and c=3.108m/s is the speed of light in this equation.
When we solve for B, we get B=E/c=3.106 V/m/3.108 m/s=0.01T=10mT.
Where is the site of dielectric breakdown?When the electrical voltage across a material is greater than the substance's dielectric strength, dielectric breakdown occurs, leading to partial ionization. When a gas breakdowns, the ionization dramatically diminishes the gas' electrical insulating qualities, producing a spark or an arc.
How does a liquid dielectric breakdown happen?High electric strengths (on the order of 1 MV/cm) and phenomena resembling those for gases control breakdown in highly purified liquid dielectrics. Liquids, which can contain particles, other liquids in suspension, and dissolved gases, are sadly readily polluted.
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suppose you are given two dry cells, two bulbs and conducting wire. how will you construct an electric circuit to light the bulb with maximum brightness?
Answer:
To construct an electric circuit to light a bulb with maximum brightness, you will need to follow these steps:
1) Assemble the materials: Gather the two dry cells, two bulbs, and the conducting wire.
2) Connect the cells: Place the two dry cells side by side, making sure that the positive terminal of one cell is connected to the negative terminal of the other cell. This will create a series circuit.
3) Connect the bulbs: Attach one end of a length of conducting wire to the positive terminal of one of the dry cells. Connect the other end of the wire to the base of one of the bulbs. Then, attach another length of conducting wire to the base of the first bulb and connect the other end to the negative terminal of the other dry cell.
4) Test the circuit: Touch the base of the second bulb with one hand and the negative terminal of the second dry cell with the other hand. If the bulb lights up, the circuit is complete. If it does not, check the connections to make sure they are secure and that the bulbs are functioning properly.
5) Adjust the brightness: If the bulb is not as bright as you would like, you can try using a different bulb or adding additional cells to the circuit to increase the current. Be aware that adding too many cells can cause the bulb to burn out or create a hazard, so use caution when adjusting the brightness.
In order to build an electric circuit that will light a bulb as brightly as possible, you must do the following steps: Gather the components: assemble the conducting wire, two bulbs, and two dry cells.
What is an electric circuit to light the bulb?Join the cells, and align the positive terminal of one cell with the negative terminal of the other cell by placing the two dry cells side by side.
Connect the bulbs join the positive terminal of one of the dry cells to one end of a piece of conducting wire.
Modify the brightness: If the light isn't as bright as you'd want it to be, you may try using a different bulb or expanding the circuit with more cells to boost current.
Therefore, bright as you'd want it to be, you may try using a different bulb or expanding the circuit.
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if the radius of the earth is r meters. what is the weight of (i.e. the force of gravity on) a 9 kg satellite that is a distance 2r above the surface of the earth?
The weight of (i.e. the force of gravity on) 9 kg satellite that is at a distance 2r above the surface of the earth is calculated as 9.79 N.
How is weight defined?In science and engineering, the weight of an object is defined as the force acting on the object due to gravity. It is a standard mechanical quantity but sometimes, it can be defined as a vector quantity, the gravitational force acting on the object.
Given m= 9kg g = 9.8m/s²
As we know, Weight, W = m* a
Acceleration due to gravity at height 2r; h = 2r
a =g r²/(r+ h)²
= gr²/( r+ 2r)²
= gr²/9r²
=g/9
=9.8/9
= 1.088 m/s²
W = m* a
W= 9 * 1.088
Weight = 9.79 N.
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which set of star-position measurements is most likely to show the largest parallax shift for nearby stars?
The set or star-position measurements taken six months apart is most likely to reveal the highest parallax change for close stars.
What are the basic measurements?The basic units of length & distance measurements inside the English system are the inch, yard, yard, and mile. Other length measurements include a rod, furlong, and chain.
What are the top three measurement units?The three most common fundamental units in the metric system are the meter, gram, and liter. A liter is a unit in volume equal in 3.28 meters, the meter is a length measurement equal to 3.28 feet, and the gram is just an unit of matter equal to approximately 0.0022 pounds (or about the mass of the a paper clip).
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In 1-2 sentences, summarize what can be said about the force produced by the engine in Rocket A compared to Rocket B, based on Newton’s Second Law of Motion.
Hello,
I hope you and your family are doing well!
Newton's Second Law of Motion states that the force produced by an engine is equal to the mass of the rocket times its acceleration. The greater the force produced by the engine, the greater the acceleration of the rocket.
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The stars of the milky way are all near a great circle on the celestial sphere. This great circle.
The stars of the milky way are all near a great circle on the celestial sphere. This great circle is called milky circle.
Milky Way Galaxy, large spiral system consisting of several hundred billion stars, one of which is the sun.It takes its name from the Milky Way, the irregular luminous band of stars and gas clouds that stretches across the sky as seen from Earth.Although Earth lies well within the Milky Way Galaxy, astronomers do not have as complete an understanding of its nature as they do of some external star systems. Although most stars in the Galaxy exist either as single stars like the Sun or as double stars.Milky circle is the great circle in which all stars of milky way are present.To know more about galaxy visit:
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The stars of the milky way are all near a great circle on the celestial sphere. This great circle is called milky circle.
What is Milky Way Galaxy ?Milky Way Galaxy, large spiral system consisting of several hundred billion stars, one of which is the sun.It takes its name from the Milky Way, the irregular luminous band of stars and gas clouds that stretches across the sky as seen from Earth.Although Earth lies well within the Milky Way Galaxy, astronomers do not have as complete an understanding of its nature as they do of some external star systems.Although most stars in the Galaxy exist either as single stars like the Sun or as double stars.Milky circle is the great circle in which all stars of milky way are present.To know more about Milky Way visit: https://brainly.com/question/13956361
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true or false?: the manual instrument grip release wrench can be used when the system is not in a fault state.
No, the manual instrument grip release wrench can't be used when the system is not in a fault state. The given statement is false. Using manual instrument grip release comes under da vinci si syatem.
Faults can be of two types, recoverable faults and non recoverable faults. a recoverable fault is one that the da Vinci SI system can recover from and does not require a system restart in order to resolve the fault.
Non recoverable fault is a system fault associated with red arm LEDs and requires a system restart.
Manual instrument grip release is used in the event that normal instrument removal is not possible or when Surgeon Console control of the instrument is not practical or available.
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a projectile is launched at 50 m/s at 37 degrees from the horizontal. how long will it be in the air if it returns to the same level it was launched
The projectile will take 6 seconds to return to the same level it was launched if it is launched at 50 m/s at 37 degrees from the horizontal.
Time taken by projectile to cover entire trajectory is called "Time of flight".
Suppose the initial velocity is u = [tex]v_{0[/tex] sin Ф
Let the Time of flight is T
As the projectile is reaching the same level of projection, vertical displacement is y=0
we have, s= u t +1/2 a[tex]t^{2}[/tex]
0= [tex]v_{0[/tex] sinФT- 1/2 g[tex]T^{2}[/tex]
0= [tex]v_{0[/tex] sinФ- 1/2 gt
so, T = 2[tex]v_{0[/tex] sinФ/g
Putting values in this formula, we have
T= 2×30/10
T= 6 s
So, Time of flight is 6 seconds.
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A 0.15 kg marble sliding to the right at 2.5 m/s on a frictionless surface makes a head-on collision with a 0.25 kg marble moving
to the left at 3.0 m/s. After the collision, the first marble moves to the left at 2.8 m/s. How fast does the second marble move to
the right?
Answer: 0.18 m/s
Explanation:
This is a conservation of momentum problem. Total momentum before the collision must equal the total momentum after the collision.
Momentum = p = mv
let x = velocity of the second marble after the collision
(0.15 kg)(2.5 m/s) + (0.25 kg)(-3.0 m/s) = (0.15 kg)(-2.8 m/s) + (0.25 kg)(x)
-0.375 kg·m/s = -0.42 kg·m/s + (0.25 kg)x
(0.25 kg)x = (0.42 - 0.375) kg·m/s = 0.045 kg·m/s
x = (0.045 kg·m/s) / (0.25 kg) = 0.18 m/s
at what rate must the potential difference between the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor with a 2.0uF capacitance be changed to produce a displacement current of 1. 5A?
The International Systems of Units' standard unit measuring capacitance (C) is the rate of change of the capacitor's potential difference, which is equal to 0.75 MV/s (SI). It a substance reacts to the an electric charge.
What purpose serves a capacitor?Two electrodes that seem to be close to one another but still separated from one another make up a capacitor, a device used to store electrical energy. The parallel-plate capacitor is one simple but effective instance of this type of storage devices.
dt
dV
=
ϵ
0
A
i
d
d
=
C
i
d
=
2.0×10
−6
F
1.5A
=7.5×10
5
V/s
Therefore, we need to change the voltage difference across the capacitor at the rate of 7.5×10
5
V/s.
What underlies a capacitor's fundamental workings?When an earthing system conductor is moved close to a conductor, its capacitance increases, which is how capacitors operate. The capacitor therefore contains two parallel plates that are spaced apart by a certain amount or gap and oriented in opposing directions.
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1. a car is traveling with a velocity of 65km/h around a turn with a radius of 85m. what angle would be required to bank the turn so that no friction is required?
The angle that will be required to bank the turn so that friction will not be required is 21.4°
What is centripetal force?A centripetal force is a force that makes a body follow a curved path. Its direction is always orthogonal to the motion of the body and towards the fixed point of the instantaneous center of curvature of the path.
Centripetal force = Mv²/r, Where r is the radius of the curvature and v is the speed.
For a turning car to be banked without friction, the angle of the curvature is given as tan(phi)= v²/rg
where (phi) is the angle.
phi = tan^-1(v²/rg)
v = 65km/h = 65×1000m/3600s= 18.06m/s
phi = tan^-1(18.06²/(85×9.8)
phi = tan^-1(0.392)
phi = 21.4°
therefore the angle required to bank the turn so that no friction will be required is 21.4°
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Cynthia constructed a small device called a catapult shown below.
Catapult
tip of
spoon
small toy
The catapult is able to accelerate objects in order to propel them in a certain direction. After placing a small toy in the end of the
spoon, she pulls back with her finger on the tip of the spoon to a point and releases.
She uses toys of the same shape and size, but different masses and compares how much each travels when released. Which of
the following is Cynthia most likely trying to demonstrate with her device?
It is to be noted that Cynthia with her device, is most likely trying to demonstrate "Newton's second law of motion" (Option D).
What is the rationale for the above answer?Note that Cyntia is carrying out a sort of experiment that involves various items with different masses while comparing them to how fast they can travel.
Recall that Newton's Second Law of Motion (Force) indicates that the acceleration of an entity depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.
Given that Cyntia's experiment is in this line, it is therefore correct to state that Cynthia, using her device, is most likely trying to demonstrate "Newton's second law of motion"
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Full Question:
Cynthia constructed a small device called a catapult shown below.
The catapult is able to accelerate objects in order to propel them in a certain direction. After placing a small toy in the end of the spoon, she pulls back with her finger on the tip of the spoon to a point and releases.
She uses toys of the same shape and size, but different masses and compares how much each travels when released. Which of the following is Cynthia most likely trying to demonstrate with her device?
A. Newton's universal law of gravitation
B. Newton's third law of motion
C. Newton's first law of motion
D. Newton's second law of motion
The half-wave rectifier circuit of Fig. 1 ha a tranformer inerted between the
ource and the remainder of the circuit. The ource i 240 V rm at 60 Hz, and the
load reitor i 20 Ω. (a) Determine the required turn ratio of the tranformer uch
that the average load current i 12 A. (b) Determine the average current in the
primary winding of the tranformer
(a) ratio = 0.32 One the average current with in primary coil of the tranformer.
(b) The load current is 753.6 volts, and the transformer's required turn ratio is 12. The mean load current is 12.
What is current?Charge moves across a point on such a circuit at a rate known as current. When numerous coulombs of charge pass over a wire's cross section in a circuit, a large current is the result. It is not necessary to have a fast speeds to have a large current if the positive ions are tightly packed inside the wire.
Briefing:Source = 240Vrms/ 60Hz
Resistor = 20 ohm
Avg. load current = voltage/ resistance * pi
= 12A times (20*3.14)
load current = 753.6 volts
ratio = Vp/Vs
ratio = 240/754
ratio = 0.32 A
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What is the direction of the resultant vector A + B?
A. 15° above the x-axis
B. 75° above the x-axis
C. 15° below the x-axis
D. 75° below the x-axis
A car travels 500 m in 20 seconds what is the speed
Average speed of the car be 25 meter/second.
What is speed?Speed is characterized as the rate at which an object's position changes in any direction.
The distance travelled in relation to the time it took to travel that distance is how speed is defined. Since speed simply has a direction and no magnitude, it is a scalar quantity. SI unit of speed be meter/second.
Given parameters:
Distance travelled by the car: s = 500 m.
Time taken by the car: T = 20 second.
So, speed of the car be = distance travelled/time taken
= 500/20 meter/second
= 25 meter/second.
Hence, its average speed be 25 meter/second.
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if the average force of friction is equal to 0.15 of its weight, with what speed will it reach point 2? the distance traveled is 40 m .
At reach point 2, the speed V is equal to 24.9 m/s if the average friction force is equivalent to 0.15 of the its weight.
Describe friction.A force that opposes the rolling or sliding of three stationary surfaces over one another. Although frictional forces, such the traction required to walk without falling, may be advantageous, they can provide a significant amount of resistance to motion. the physical contact of two bodies.
What 3 forms of friction are there?The interaction of a car's tires with the road causes friction, specifically three types of friction: rolled friction, starting turbulence, and sliding friction. This friction is what allows humans to operate cars at all.
Briefing:speed= 1.5m/s
The Initial speed u = 1.5m/s.
point 1 $ point 2 is (39-13) =26m
40 meters is equivalent to an altitude of(40/6) =6.7
kinematics equation v^2 =u^2 + 2as
V^2 = 1.5^2 + 2*9.8 (26 + 6.7)
V = 24.9 m/s
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a sinusoidal wave with wavelength 0.400 m trav- els along a string. the maximum transverse speed of a point on the string is 3.00 m>s and the maximum transverse acceleration is 8.50 * 104 m>s 2 . what are the
The distance from one crest to the next or from one dip to the next may be used to calculate the wavelength.
In actuality, the distance between a wave's point and its equivalent point in the following cycle may be used to calculate a wave's wavelength.
What is a sinusoidal wave's equation?The equation I = I sin t, where I is the current at time t and I is the maximum current, can be used to describe a sinusoidal alternating current.
For a sinusoidal alternating voltage, we may express it similarly by writing v = V sin t, where v is the voltage at time t and V is the maximum value.
The separation between peaks in a sine wave is known as the wavelength.
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A weightlifter lifts up a bar and weights of mass of 200 kg so that the bar is a height of
2.0 m above the ground. The radius of the largest disc on the bar is 20 cm. What is the gain
in PE when the weights are lifted?
Answer:
3924 Joules
Explanation:
Potential Energy is calculated with the formula:
PE = mgh
From the problem m=200kg and h=2m so the gain in PE when the weights are lifted is 200*(9.81)*2 = 3924 J
A woman of mass 49 kg jumps off the bow of
a 46 kg canoe that is intially at rest.
If her velocity is 1.5 m/s to the right, what
is the velocity of the canoe after she jumps?
Answer in units of m/sˆı.
Answer:
[tex]v_c_a_n_o_e=-1.6m/s^{2}[/tex]
Explanation:
You can use the equation of the conservation of momentum. We find that the velocity of the canoe is -1.6m/s².
[tex]m_1v_1+m_2v_2=0\\(49)(1.5)+(46)(v_c_a_n_o_e)=0\\73.5 + 46v_c_a_n_o_e=0\\46v_c_a_n_o_e = -73.5\\v_c_a_n_o_e = -73.5/46 = -1.6m/s^{2} \\[/tex]
A regular pentagonal garden plot has centre symmetry o and an area of 338 m2. Find the distance oa
The distance is 9.65 m.
Area of each triangular sector = 338/5
Angle subtended at center = 360° / 5 = 72°
Let, circumradius of pentagon = r
Side of pentagon = 2r sin36°
Apothem = rcos36°
Area of each sector = 1/2 (2r sin 36°)(rcos36°)
= [tex]r^{2}[/tex]/2 sin72° = 338/5
[tex]r^{2}[/tex] = 338/5 × 2/sin72° = 142.16
r = 11.9 m
Apothem = rcos36° = 9.65 m
Hence, the distance is 9.65 m.
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1) you are riding your bike on a track that forms a vertical circular loop. if the diameter of the loop is 10.0 m, what is the minimum speed required for you to make it around the loop?
You must travel around the loop at a minimum speed of 7 m/s.
what is speed?
Speed is defined as the rate at which a distance changes over time. It has a distance by time dimension. The basic unit of distance with the basic unit of time are combined to form the SI unit of speed. The metric system uses metres per second as the unit of speed.
A body is being affected by FN.
Fc is the centripetal force. m = mass, v = speed, and r = radius. the "centripetal" force required to maintain the motion of a mass m object around a circle of radius r at speed v.
Fnet= Fc=Fg+FN
mv^2/r=mg
v=√(5.0)(9.8)
=7.0m/s
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suppose nasa wants a satellite to revolve around earth 6 times a day. what should be the radius of its orbit if we neglect the presence of the moon? (g
If we ignore the moon's presence and assume that NASA wants a satellite to orbit the planet six times per day, its orbital radius is 1.44 x 10⁷.
What is satellite?A constructed item or spacecraft designed to circle the earth, the moon, or another celestial body. A celestial body orbiting another of greater size. An object that has been placed into orbit in space on purpose is known as a satellite or artificial satellite. Most spacecraft, with the exception of passive satellites, contain a means of generating electricity for the electronics they carry, such as solar cells or radioisotope thermoelectric generators.
How many satellites are in space right now and why it used for?As of the end of December 2021, just 4,852 of the 8,261 satellites circling the Earth were active, according to UNOOSA data, which were corroborated by the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), which keeps track of the functioning satellites.
There are several satellites in operation. They are used for a number of purposes, including as the weather forecasting, amateur radio, television broadcasting, and the Global Positioning System. They use telescopes to look outward at the solar system in order to conduct research and collect data.
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Determine the formula of chromium oxide, which is formed when a chromium ion with a 3+ charge combines with an oxygen ion with a 2- charge.
The formula of chromium oxide, which is formed when a chromium ion with a 3+ charge combines with an oxygen ion with a 2- charge be Cr₂O₃.
What is chemical formula?
A chemical formula is a formula that indicates the number of atoms of one or more specific elements are present in a given chemical composition. The amount of each specific atom present in the chemical compound is indicated by the numbers that appear as subscripts on certain symbols inside the formula.
In the question, we have chemical compound named chromium oxide, which is formed when a chromium ion with a 3+ charge combines with an oxygen ion with a 2- charge. So, its chemical formula be Cr₂O₃.
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At a distance of 6 meters, a person with average vision is able to clearly read letters 1.0 cm high.
Approximately how large do the letters appear on the retina? (Assume that the retina is 1.7 cm from the lens.)
Ratio of distances of image and object respectively = ratios of heights of image and objects respectively
This implies
(1.7/600) = (x/1) ........ ( X is largeness of letter on retina)
x= 0.002833333 cm
What is retina?
The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of eye tissue in most vertebrates and some mollusks. The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina. The retina processes that image within the retina, sending nerve impulses along the optic nerve to the visual cortex to produce vision. The retina functions in many ways similar to the film and image sensors in cameras.
The neural retina consists of several layers of neurons connected by synapses and supported by an outer layer of pigment epithelial cells. The main light-sensitive cells in the retina are photoreceptor cells, of which there are two types: rods and cones. Rods work primarily in low light and provide monochromatic vision. Cones function in bright environments, use different opsins to perceive color, and are responsible for sharp vision used for tasks such as reading. A third type of photosensitive cell, the photosensitive ganglion cell, is important in entrainment of circadian rhythms and reflex responses such as the pupillary light reflex.
Therefore, x= 0.002833333 cm
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Which trait is solely dependent on its environment?
Answer:
The tendency of a dog to bark defines entirely on the type of environment and the situation the dog looks at. Hence the correct answer is option.
5. Bill is swimming and drops his swim goggles in the pool. He looks from above the top of the water to see where they fell and positions himself directly above the goggles. He dives down to the bottom of the pool with his eyes closed so that the chlorine doesn't burn his eyes. He tries several times to retrieve his goggles but comes up empty handed each time. Which interaction of light is distorting the image of where his goggles appear to be?
The interaction of light that distorted the image of where Bill's goggles appear to be is Refraction.
What happens to the speed of light when it hits water in a swimming pool?
The light slows down when it passes from the less dense air into the water, this slow down of the ray of light which causes the ray of light to change direction and then the changes the speed of the light that causes refraction.
The swimming pool appears shallow than it appear to be because the rays of light coming from the bottom of the swimming pool that is refracted by the water making the height of the swimming pool to be above the actual swimming pool bed and there by misleading the observer(Bill).
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How can the coefficient of friction between a pair of shoes and the surface they are in contact with affect the acceleration of an athlete?
The acceleration is precisely equal to the product of the acceleration due to gravity and the coefficient of kinetic friction.
What is acceleration?The rate at which an object's velocity with respect to time changes is known as its acceleration. Accelerations are vector quantities. The direction of the net force acting on an object determines its acceleration.
What is the Coefficient of friction?The ratio of the frictional resistive force to the perpendicular force pushing the objects together is known as the coefficient of friction. The formula for the coefficient of friction is μ = F N, where F denotes the frictional force and N is the normal force.
What is kinetic?It deals with the forces and energies involved in the motion of material bodies.
Hence, the acceleration is precisely equal to the product of the acceleration due to gravity and the coefficient of kinetic friction.
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Rudolph launches himself into the sky! If his mass is 300 kg and his acceleration is -9. 8 m/s^2, what is the force that gravity exerts on Rudolph?
The force that gravity exerts on Rudolph is -2940 N.
Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object depends upon two variables. They are the net force acting on the object and the mass of the object. The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. This means that, if force acting upon an object is increased, the acceleration of the object also increases. If mass of an object is increased, the acceleration of that object decreases.
It is given by the formula, F = ma
where, F is the net force
m is the mass
a is the acceleration
Given that, m = 300 kg
a = -9.8 m/s²
F = ?
Substituting in the above formula, we have
F = m * a
⇒ 300 * (-9.8)
⇒ 30 * (-98)
⇒ -2940 N
Thus, the force that gravity exerts on Rudolph is -2940 N.
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understanding where earthquakes occur can help develop ways to lessen their effects because...please help dudes ;-;
Answer:
build the resilience of the society physically, socially and economically.
Explanation:
They actually build the resilience of the society , physically or socially or economically All three .
When you check your credit score for incorrect information what are you checking?
a. velocity
b. variety
c. veracity
d. volume
When you check your credit score for incorrect information, you are checking the veracity of the information.
option C is the correct answer.
What is veracity?Veracity is a word that describes the quality of being true, honest, or accurate.
Veracity also entails the conformity with truth or fact. It shows the validity of information or fact.
From the given question, when you check your credit score for incorrect information you are checking the veracity of such information or the conformity with truth or fact about the credit score.
Thus, we can conclude that veracity entails the truth, validity or conformity of information with proven truth.
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Scallops use muscles to close their shells. Opening the shell is another story--muscles can only pull, they can't push. Instead of muscles, the shell is opened by a spring, a pad of a very elastic biological material called abductin. When the shell closes, the pad compresses; a restoring force then pushes the shell back open. The energy to open the shell comes from the elastic energy that was stored when the shell was closed. (Figure 1) shows smoothed data for the restoring force of an abductin pad versus the compression. When the shell closes, the pad compresses by 0.15 mm.
How much elastic potential energy is stored?
The elastic potential energy stored is 0.9375 J.
The elastic potential energy stored in a spring can be calculated using the following formula:
Elastic potential energy = 0.5 × k × x²
where:
k is the spring constant
x is the distance the spring is compressed or stretched
In this case, the spring constant is given as 12.5 N/mm and the compression is 0.15 mm. Plugging these values into the formula, we get the following:
Elastic potential energy = 0.5 × 12.5 N/mm × (0.15 mm)²
= 0.9375 J
Therefore, the elastic potential energy stored is 0.9375 J.
The elastic potential energy stored in the abductin pad is used to open the shell when the muscles relax. The muscles close the shell by contracting, which compresses the pad. When the muscles relax, the pad expands, pushing the shell open. The energy to do this comes from the elastic potential energy that was stored in the pad when it was compressed.
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