Energy is transformed into light energy by the light-dependent processes. so as to make ATP and NADPH, the light-dependent processes of photosynthesis must first receive energy from the sun. Then, these two molecules that store energy are employed within the light-independent processes.
The light-independent processes employ the energy that the light-dependent reactions have captured to create high energy sugars from carbon dioxide and water. The light-dependent reactions capture the energy of sunlight in chemical form.
What about photosynthesis?The process through which plants convert carbon dioxide, water, and sunshine into oxygen and sugar-based energy is understood as photosynthesis.The dazzling things of nature that fall under this category are green plants.They complete a cycle of photosynthesis by ingesting CO2 and converting it into carbohydrates (energy storage molecule).The main purpose of photosynthesis is to transform solar energy into chemical energy, which is then stored for later use.This mechanism primarily provides energy to the planet's life systems.By the norms of human engineering, it's not especially effective, but it gets the work done.Water and CO2 are changed into oxygen and glucose during photosynthesis.The plant consumes glucose and produces oxygen as a byproduct.Temperature, CO2 content, and lightweight intensity are the three variables that might slow down photosynthesis.Chloroplasts, which house the chlorophyll in plants, are where photosynthesis occurs.The thylakoid membrane, a third inner membrane that creates lengthy folds inside the chloroplast and is bordered by a double membrane is present inside chloroplasts.Learn more about photosynthesis here:
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which of the following statements are true about sister chromatids? choose 1 answer: choose 1 answer: (choice a) a they each contain different alleles. (choice b) b they are tightly connected at the centromere. (choice c) c you get one from your mother and one from your father (choice d) d when attached, they are considered two chromosomes
The true statement about sister chromatid is: (b) they are tightly connected at the centromere.
Chromatid is the part of the chromosome that has a long thread-like appearance. there are two chromatids in one chromosome and they are denoted as sister chromatids. Each chromatid is the house for certain genes.
Centromere is the region of the chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach together. These are the constructed regions of the chromosome. Centromere is also the region for the attachment of spindle fibers during the process of cell division. Spindle fibers do not attach directly to the centromere instead attach via a protein called kinetochore.
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Whales and elephants have many more cells than humans, yet get much much less cancer than we do. What is one reason this happens?.
Whales and elephants have 40 copies of the TP53 gene, which suppresses tumor cells before they can grow and spread. By comparison, humans and most other animals have only two copies
What is cancer ?A condition known as cancer occurs when some body cells grow out of control and spread to other body regions. Since the human body contains trillions of cells, cancer can develop almost anywhere.
Organs, blood vessels, and nerves nearby may become infiltrated by a cancer or may start to swell. Some of the symptoms and signs of cancer are brought on by this pressure. Symptoms like a fever, exhaustion, and weight loss can also be signs of cancer. This might be the case because cancer cells consume a significant amount of the body's energy.It turns out that the tumor-suppressing gene in these massive pachyderms enables their bodies to prevent the development of cancer. This gene also exists in humans. Elephants, on the other hand, can have up to 20 copies of it, whereas humans only have one.Learn more about Cancer here:
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How does the probability of an earthquake occurring evolve with time, in between two different earthquakes?.
The factors that determine the likelihood of an earthquake are history, strain accumulation, and the rate at which strain accumulates in a rock.
An earthquake occurs when two blocks of earth suddenly slip past each other. The fault or fault plane is the surface where they slip. Earthquakes are caused by sudden movement along fault lines within the Earth. The movement releases accumulated 'elastic strain' energy in the form of seismic waves, which travel through the Earth and cause the ground to shake.
Within the next 30 years, there is a 60% chance of an earthquake measuring magnitude 6.7, a 46% chance of an earthquake measuring magnitude 7, and a 31% chance of an earthquake measuring magnitude 7.5. A transform boundary causes a fault between two lithosphere plates, which slide past one another. This motion neither creates nor destroys crust and will result in earthquakes but no volcanoes.
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select all of the agents that will kill a microbial pathogen or completely inactivate its ability to cause disease.
a. bacteristat
b. fungistat
c. virucide
d. germicide
e. sporicide
Virucide, germicide, and sporicide are the agents that kill the microbial pathogen and cause disease.
What are microbial pathogens?An organism that causes illness is referred to as a pathogen.
Microbes inhabit your body on a daily basis. The only time these microorganisms become an issue, though, is when your immune system is compromised or when they get into an area of your body that is typically sterile.
Different pathogens have the ability to weak once they enter the body.
A host is all that a pathogen requires to live and grow. Once the virus has established a base in the host's body, it avoids the host's immune reactions and makes use of the body's resources to reproduce before leaving and moving on to a new victim.
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What protein complex or complexes provide initial recognition of the vesicle with the target membrane?.
Multi-subunit tethering proteins and coiled-coil tethering proteins are the ones those provide initial recognition of the vesicle with the target membrane.
What are tethering proteins?A vesicle tether is a protein complex that physically connects a transport vesicle to its target membrane prior to fusion. A tether upstream of the SNARE fusion machinery is thought to mediate the initial interaction between membranes to be fused. Although the majority of coiled-coil protein tethers are associated with the Golgi apparatus, multisubunit tethering complexes are found throughout the secretory and endolysosomal pathways.
To restrict the movement of proteins within the plasma membrane, proteins can attach to extracellular structures such as the extracellular matrix or molecules on adjacent cells, or to relatively immobile structures within the cell such as the cell cortex.
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caffeine is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. therefore, the cells of a person who has recently consumed coffee would have increased levels of which of the following molecules?
The correct answer is option (B) the cells of a person who has recently consumed coffee would have increased levels of cAMP.
The most popular central nervous system (CNS) stimulant in the world is caffeine. It has a wide range of pharmacological and physiological effects, including effects on the heart, lungs, kidneys, smooth muscles, mood, memory, alertness, as well as physical and mental performance.
With a molecular weight of 194.19 and a chemical structure of C8H10N4O2, caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is an alkaloid found in plants. It is a bitter, white powder in its purest form. Caffeine and the other methylxanthines are structurally similar to purines. Caffeine has a mean plasma half-life of roughly 5 hours in healthy people. Although caffeine's total plasma clearance rate is thought to be 0.078 L/h/kg, its elimination half-life may range from 1.5 to 9.5 hours (Brechtel and Richter, 1992; Busto et al., 1989). The large variability in the plasma mean half-life of caffeine is caused by a combination of physiological and environmental factors that affect caffeine metabolism as well as inherent individual variation (e.g., pregnancy, obesity, use of oral contraceptives, smoking, altitude). Similar to other methylxanthines, caffeine has similar pharmacological effects (including those found in various teas and chocolates). The ability to maintain intellectual engagement, modest CNS stimulation, alertness, and slowed reaction times are among these consequences.
The complete question is:
Caffeine is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. Therefore, the cells of a person who has recently consumed coffee would have increased levels of _____.
A) phosphorylated proteins
B) cAMP
C) adenylyl cyclase
D) activated G proteins
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You have a new lens with a power of 60x and are excited to look at bacterial cells under one of our microscopes with this new lens. You screw it onto the nosepiece and look through the eyepiece, what is the total magnification of the bacterial cells?.
When the new lens reaches 60x in power, the overall magnification of the bacterial cells is 600x.
Equation:
The total magnification is equal to the eyepiece power multiply by the objective lens power.
10X × 60X = 600X
The standard eyepiece magnification power is 10x. The common ocular, denoted as 10x, magnifies ten times. The usual objective lenses have magnifications of 4x, 10x, and 40x. The magnification would most likely be 100x if the microscope had a fourth objective lens, but for our instance, I operated with 10x.
Therefore, when using this new lens and one of our microscopes to examine bacterial cells, the overall magnification will be 600x.
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Compare the 3 types of worms: flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms. How are they all similar?
Answer:
They all have long, narrow bodies without legs. All worms also have tissues, organs, and organ systems
What is mitotic in biology?
Answer:
Mitosis is a process of cell duplication, in which one cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. In the various stages of mitosis, the cell's chromosomes are copied and then distributed equally between the two new nuclei of the daughter cells.
When a parent cell divides to create two identical daughter cells, the process of nuclear division known as mitosis takes place in eukaryotic cells. Mitosis refers particularly to the division of the duplicated genetic material contained in the nucleus during cell division.
What is Mitosis?
A cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells during the process of mitosis, which is also known as cell duplication or reproduction. When used strictly, the term "mitosis" refers to the duplication and distribution of chromosomes, the biological units that house genetic material.
Stages of mitosis:
Depending on how the chromosomes and spindle are physically, mitosis is thought to have five stages. Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase are these stages.
Hence Mitosis holds a huge importance in cell division.
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A known carcinogen, _____, is produced when carbohydrate-rich foods are fried at high temperatures for extended periods of time. Examples include french fries and potato chips.
Answer:
acrylamide (?)
Explanation:
"The carcinogen, acrylamide, is formed when carbohydrate-rich foods are exposed to high-temperature cooking such as deep frying,"
It would make sense in the context of french fries, I know the explanation is short but I hope it's helpful!
You are a molecule of phosphorus. Choose a starting point in the phosphorus cycle and describe the process you would go through to move through the entire cycle
Phosphorus is introduced into the ecosystem in the form of inorganic fertilizers or by detergents.
What is the biogeochemical cycles?The biogeochemical cycles has been refers to the cycles in nature that involves the movement of materials such as nutrients. Phosphorus has been introduced into the ecosystem in the form of inorganic fertilizers or by the detergents. These are taken up by plants and some may go off into the lakes by run off water.
When materials that has been contain phosphorus is burnt in air, some of the phosphorus may become oxidized as ash and these are taken up by plants and some may go off into the lakes by run off water.
Therefore, Phosphorus is introduced into the ecosystem in the form of inorganic fertilizers or by detergents.
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Protons moving across the thylakoid membrane participate in atp production by _______________________________________.
Through the process of passing through ATP synthase, protons flowing across the thylakoid membrane contribute to the synthesis of ATP and provide free energy.
What travels through the ATP synthase enzyme?The membrane protein ATP synthase spins (like a water wheel) and catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP as protons travel down their concentration gradient into the matrix through it.
What role does ATP synthase play in the availability of energy?How does ATP synthase contribute to the availability of energy for the cell? ADP is transformed into highly energetic ATP by ATP synthase, a large protein that allows hydrogen ions (H+) to flow through. Only ATP synthase, a membrane protein, allows hydrogen ions in the matrix space to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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Which of the following is not true about cerebrospinal fluid?a. It acts as a shock absorber for the brain.b .It is a medium for exchange of nutrients and wastes c. It may contain white blood cells d. It acts as neurotransmitter in the brain
Answer:
d. It acts as neurotransmitter in the brain
True or false? lipid-insoluble hormones affect their target cells by binding to receptors inside the cell.
False. Lipid-insoluble hormones bind to cell receptors to have an effect on their target cells.
Lipid-insoluble hormones must connect to receptors on the cell surface and send their signals through signal transduction pathways since they are unable to penetrate the plasma membrane and enter the cell.
How do lipid-insoluble hormones influence cell targets?Through plasma membrane hormone receptors, lipid-insoluble hormones bind to receptors on the plasma membrane's outer surface. Because they cannot enter the cell and interact with DNA directly, lipid insoluble hormones do not directly effect the target cell like steroid hormones do.
Which of the ensuing claims on lipid-soluble hormones is accurate?Lipid-soluble hormones work by influencing how genes are transcribed.
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if a fly that is homozygous dominant for both traits is crossed with a fly that is homozygous recessive for both traits, what is the predicted genotype of the offspring?
The predicted genotype of the offspring is GgNn.
When the fly that is homozygous dominant for both traits is crossed with a fly that is homozygous recessive for both traits, it contains two copies of the same allele for a gene. When two copies of the same dominant allele or two copies of the same recessive allele are present in an organism, it is said to be homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive so the predicted genotype of the offspring is GgNn
When an organism is heterozygous, it has two distinct alleles of the same gene. For instance, pea plants can have either homozygous dominant (red-red) or heterozygous red blooms (red-white). They are homozygous recessive if they have white blooms (white-white).
Heterozygous carriers are always present. Recessive homozygotes are those who have CF. People with Huntington's disease can either be homozygous dominant or heterozygous because the condition is autosomal dominant.
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What part of the nervous system is responsible for coming up with the program that tells the muscles what to do.
Neurons in the spinal cord transmit data from the brain. The neurons that send these signals to the muscles are known as motor neurons.
In what area of the nervous system does information processing take place?Receiving, analyzing, and reacting to sensory data are tasks carried out by the central nervous system. Responses, sensation, movement, emotions, communication, thought processing, and memory are all controlled by the nervous system, which is an organ of the brain.
What area of the neurological system enables you to contract and relax your muscles?Your somatic nervous system is a part of your peripheral nervous system, which is your whole nervous system with the exception of your brain and spinal cord. Your somatic nervous system enables you to move and regulate the muscles in every part of your body.
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What part of the cell cycle result in the splitting of the new cells?( it’s not mitosis btw)
During cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm), the splitting of the new daughter cells takes place. It occurs after karyokinesis, which results into equal division of nuclear material.
What is Cell division?
Cell division is the process of formation of new cells which are also called as daughter cells from the parent cell. It is a part of the cell cycle.
During cell division, two daughter cells are produced from a single parent cell. Cell division is of two types: Mitosis and Meiosis. Mitosis results into formation of daughter cells which are exactly similar to the parent cells. Meiosis is the cell division which occurs in gamete cells and produce cells which contain half of the original genetic material and are different from the parent cell due to recombination of chromosomes.
During cell division, two processes occur which are karyokinesis and cytokinesis. Karyokinesis is the division of nucleus and cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm which results into formation of daughter cells.
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what are the 6 steps to the sympathetic pathways
The preganglionic neurons, sympathetic ganglia, and postganglionic neurons are the sympathetic pathways.
What are the steps of the sympathetic pathway?Sympathetic pathways start with neurons in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the vertebral column. Efferent sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the ventral roots to make synaptic connections with neurons in sympathetic ganglia present in the abdomen region.
The sympathetic pathway is divided into three components i.e. the preganglionic neurons, sympathetic ganglia, and postganglionic neurons. The main functions of the sympathetic nervous system are to dilate blood arteries, increase blood pressure, and secrete sweat, and more oxygen exchange which helps the body to prepare for emergencies.
So we can conclude that sympathetic pathways are the preganglionic neurons, sympathetic ganglia, and postganglionic neurons.
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Which of the following is the most effective control for malaria?
A. Vaccination
B. Treating patients
C. Eliminate Anopheles
D. Eliminate the intermediate host
E. None of these is an effective control.
The correct answer is to get rid of the Anopheles mosquito. That is option C. As with all mosquitoes, you can reduce Anopheles mosquito breeding grounds by getting into the habit of clearing standing water from your garden and other areas of your property.
Changing the water in your bird bath weekly can reduce the chances of mosquito infestation. clothing, and use insect repellent on exposed skin. Take antimalarial drugs to kill parasites and prevent disease. Avoid mosquito bites, especially at night. Sleep under a repellent mosquito net, use insect repellent, and wear long sleeves outdoors at night.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease. It is secretly transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. The bite of this mosquito releases the parasite into the bloodstream. Once the parasite enters the body, it travels to the liver, matures, and invades red blood cells a few days later.
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nondisjunction occurs when group of answer choices members of a chromosome pair fail to separate. an entire pair of chromosomes is lost during meiosis i. a portion of a chromosome breaks off and is lost. chromosomes replicate too many times. two chromosomes fuse into one.
Nondisjunction occurs when members of a chromosome pair fail to separate.
In the field of biology, nondisjunction can be described as a disorder in which the homologous chromosomes do not separate from each other during the cell division process.
As a result of nondisjunction, one of the daughter cells will have both pairs of chromosomes. This means that it will have an extra chromosome. On the other hand, the other daughter cell will not have any of the homologous chromosomes hence decreasing the number of entire chromosomes in the cell.
The process of nondisjunction can lead to severe diseases and syndromes in the newborn child.
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A ______ is synthesized from cholesterol and can diffuse across the plasma membrane.
The steroid hormones synthesized within the adrenal cortex, the gonads, and the placenta are all derived from LDL cholesterol and plenty are of clinical importance.
Steroid hormones are derived from LDL cholesterol and consequently can readily diffuse via the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane to attain the intracellular receptor (determine 2).
All lessons of steroid hormones, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones, are derivatives of LDL cholesterol. Synthesis occurs within the placenta and ovaries (estrogens and progestins), testes (testosterone), and adrenal cortex cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.
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In dna replication, the strands on the original molecule are used as blank______ for the synthesis of new dna strands.
The DNA strands on the original molecule serve as a template for the creation of new DNA strands during DNA replication.
What name should be given to the original DNA strands during the replication process?In both instances, replication happens so quickly because multiple polymerases may create two new strands of DNA at once using a template made from each unwound strand of the original DNA double helix. These two initial strands are known as the leading strand and the lagging strand, respectively.
What elements are required to create a fresh strand of DNA?DNA synthesis must start with an RNA primer. It's a fresh thread. To start synthesizing their DNA, they require an RNA primer.
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which of the following may be used to remove biofilm from implants without abrading the surface of the titanium? 1. metal hand instruments 2. special plastic hand instruments 3. plastic sheaths for ultrasonic scalers 4. nonabrasive paste or tin oxide
Implant biofilm must be removed without scratching the titanium's surface. 4) Tin oxide or nonabrasive paste
How do you remove a biofilm?By consistently brushing your teeth, you can get rid of it. Otherwise, the biofilm will get more solidified by the bacteria in the plaque. You will eventually develop tooth cavities and gum irritation. You can maintain the health of your teeth by good oral hygiene practices and routine dental care. The mechanical techniques necessary to consistently and successfully disturb and eliminate the plaque biofilm include brushing your teeth, cleaning between your teeth, and getting expert scaling operations. Because they don't require surgery, tooth brushing and flossing are crucial for the prevention of dental biofilms.
How can biofilms be destroyed ?Building antimicrobial surfaces includes impregnating surfaces using antibiotics or disinfectants, primarily antibiotic-loaded polyurethane polymers. Antioxidant nanoparticle coating can be used to prevent the production of biofilms, as can coating with nanoparticles like silver nanoparticles. Due to their difficulty in removal and great resistance to common cleaning and sanitizing solutions, they provide a risk to the food sector. Biofilms may present a greater threat to the safety of food since they can be more difficult to eradicate then planktonic (cells suspended in media).
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what is the final outcome of impaired cellular metabolism? a. cellular alterations in the heart and brain b. buildup of cellular waste products c. cellular alterations in the vasculature structures and kidneys d. impairment of urine excretion
Cellular waste accumulates as a result of a compromised metabolic process.
Is a high metabolism beneficial?People with high metabolisms typically burn calories more quickly than those with low metabolisms, which is advantageous. On the other extreme, if your metabolism is quick, it could be hard to acquire weight or keep up a good diet.
Does it boost metabolism when you sleep?According to a typical circadian pattern, it is thought that adequate sleep causes a 15% reduction in metabolic rate, which drops to a minimum with in morning [8, 9]. It seems illogical considering the protracted condition of physical inactivity for only a 15% decrease in metabolic rate.
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What are the 10 characteristics of life in biology?
Answer:
Cells / Order.
Sensitivity or response to stimuli.
Reproduction.
Adaptation.
Growth and development.
Regulation.
Homeostasis.
Metabolism.
The 10 characteristics of life include cells, sensitivity, reproduction, adaptation, growth/development, regulation, homeostasis, metabolism, evolution, and hereditary.
What exactly are these characteristics of life?
Characteristics of life are certain functions or traits that characterize a living being. These traits/ functions are what separate living things from non living things.
Growth/development: human or animals, all young living beings eventually grow and develop.
Reproduction: The process by which new organisms are created.
Sensitivity: All living things respond to their environment, like light, heat, etc.
Adaptation: This refers to the changes that an organism undergoes to survive in a given habitat.
Therefore, Cells, sensitivity, reproduction, adaptation, growth/development, regulation, homeostasis, metabolism, evolution, and hereditary are the characteristics of life.
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Fishing the food is the fishing practice of first removing the largest fish, the apex predators, and then when those are gone, targeting the next largest fish, and so on.
Fishing for food involves removing the largest fish first, then apex predators after those are gone, then the next largest fish, and so on.
Are fish or other marine organisms that weren't intended fishing targets being removed?Bycatch is the unintentional capture of non-target species like dolphins, seabirds, and marine turtles wherever there is fishing. Each day, tens of thousands of miles of nets and lines are deployed in the oceans.
What is the name of the waste that kills and sickens marine life?Marine pollution occurs when human-made substances, such as waste from industry, agriculture, and residences, too much carbon dioxide, or invasive organisms, enter the ocean and have a negative impact.
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In a lewis structure involving bromine and chlorine, if a central bromine atom has two lone pairs, how many chlorine atoms must be present?.
The number of Chlorine atoms present will be 3.
Lewis structure may be defined as the representation of molecule in which all the electrons of the valence shell of atoms within the molecule are shown with the help of a diagram. The bonds between the atoms of the molecule are shown by a solid dashed line and the valence shell electrons are shown by solid black dots. Both Bromine and Chlorine have seven valence shell electrons in their Lewis structure. Now, if central bromine atom has two lone pair of electrons that means four of electrons are occupied out of the seven that means three valence shell electrons are left which will make covalent bonds with the three chlorine atoms out of the seven valence shell electrons of chlorine.
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This animal has a pseudocoelom, a cuticle and longitudinal muscles but not circular muscles. Based on that information, you would conclude that it is.. *) an annelid *) a nematode *) a slug *) an annelid or a nematode, depending whether it has a complete digestive tract or not *) a flatworm
Based on the information, we would conclude A nematode.
What is called pseudocoelom ?
The term "pseudocoelom" (sometimes called "paracoelom") refers to the hollow filled with fluid that is situated between the external wall and the digestive system. Both mesentaries and peritoneum are absent from it. It appears that the pseudocoelom is a persistent blastocoel.The several body forms found in triploblastic animals. The pseudocoelom is a persistent blastocoel that does not attach to the body wall or the stomach. Similar to the pseudocoelom, the acoelom has a hollow filled with parenchyma. The Eucoelom (coelomate condition) has a body cavity that develops secondarily during development, along with mesenteries that connect all of the organs in the coelom and an internal cell layer known as the peritoneum.Learn more about Pseudocoelom refer :
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The results of the hershey and chase experiments suggested that dna was the genetic material because.
The outcomes of the Hershey and chase experiments recommended that DNA turned into genetic material because radioactive bacteriophage DNA turned into observed inside the cytoplasm of bacterial cells.
Resultant radioactive and non-radioactive bacteria infer that the viruses that had radioactive DNA transferred their DNA to the bacteria but viruses that had radioactive protein didn't get transferred to the bacteria. Hence, DNA is the genetic material and not the protein.
Hershey and Chase concluded that protein was not genetic material, and that DNA was the genetic material. Unlike Avery's experiments on bacterial transformations, the Hershey-Chase experiments were more widely and immediately accepted among scientists.
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Which of the following statements regarding mutation rates is correct?
A. Mutation rates for all genes of an organism are approximately the same.
B. Mutation rates are independent of exposure to external agents such as UV radiation.
C. Average mutation rates vary among taxonomic groups.
D. Mutation rates are independent of gene size
Average mutation rates vary among taxonomic groups.
The mutation rate is the probability of a mutation occurring during cellular division. The spontaneous mutation rate in bacteria is about one in a billion reproductions. This factor implies that there is at least one mutant in every billion cell population.
The more variable an organism's environment and the lower fitness of the organism in those environments, the more an increased mutation rate would be favored because there is a greater chance per mutation of a beneficial mutation. The rate of population mutation can have a significant impact on average population fitness. For example, as the rate of mutation increases, the average population fitness decreases due to a higher incidence of harmful mutations.
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