There are no chloroplasts in onions since they do not photosynthesize. The central vacuole houses the purple pigment (anthocyanin) that gives red onions their distinctive color, making it simple to identify.
What is Plasmolysis?The goal of this experiment is to better understand plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in red onion cells by observing water transport into and out of cells. Plasmolysis takes place when the environment of epidermal red onion cells is changed by the addition of concentrated sucrose solution, which has less water potential than onion cells. Deplasmolysis is the name given to the process if it is reversed. By putting pure water in the onion cells' exterior environment, deplasmolysis can be seen. The protoplast inside the cell enlarges to its original size during deplasmolysis as water is absorbed into the cells. The mechanisms in different plant cells can be compared using these observations.
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many of the coal deposits we have today date to the carboniferous period and were formed from great forests that thrived at that time. which of the following characteristics would you be least likely to find among the plants in those forests? group of answer choices
Pollen
Late in the Paleozoic Era, from 359.2 to 299 million years ago*was the Carboniferous Period. England is where the word "Carboniferous" first appeared, in reference to the country's abundant coal resources. These coal resources can be found in eastern and southeastern North America, as well as northern Europe and Asia.
These comprised sponges, rugose corals, and trilobites, which went extinct at the end of the Permian period. There were numerous cephalopods living in the pelagic, or water column, habitat.
Earth's climate was warm at the beginning of the Carboniferous Period. Later, the equatorial regions were frequently warm and humid while glaciers formed at the poles. As the planet transitioned between glacial and interglacial periods, its climate.
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Which of the following statements apply to the variation in human skin color
a. Human skin color variation is primarily determined by the type and amount of melanin pigment in the skin.
b. Human skin color variation evolved recently in hominid evolution, once some populations of our human ancestors migrated out of Africa.
c. Human skin color variation likely evolved in response to differences in the intensity of sunlight around the world
B. Human skin color variation is primarily determined by the type and amount of melanin pigment in the skin.
D. Human skin color variation likely evolved in response to differences in the intensity of sunlight around the world.
E. Human skin color variation evolved recently in hominid evolution, once some populations of our human ancestors migrated out of Africa.
The cause of skin color variation in humans are melanin in the skin, amount of UV exposure, genetics, the quality of melanosomes, and pigments present in the skin they all play vital role in skin variation. Colors present in human skin are caused by 4 chromophores carotenoids, hemoglobin, melanin, and oxyhemoglobin.
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The above question is incomplete
Which of the following statements apply to the variation in human skin color?
a) The color of human skin and the skin of our closest primate relative exhibits a similar range in variability.
b) Human skin color variation is primarily determined by the type and amount of melanin pigment in the skin.
c) Variability in human skin color can be explained by the activity of a single gene.
d) Human skin color variation likely evolved in response to differences in the intensity of sunlight around the world.
e) Human skin color variation evolved recently in hominid evolution, once some populations of our human ancestors migrated out of Africa.
an autoradiogram was generated by the dideoxy sequencing method. reading from bottom to top gives you the sequence of the synthesized strand in the 5 to 3 direction. it is 'tgaacggt'. what would the sequence of template strand be from the 5 to the 3 end?
The template strand is complementary and runs in the opposite direction because the synth strand is 5' - TGAACGGT - 3'. ACTTGCCA - 3' - 5'
In the fundamental dideoxy sequencing reaction, an oligonucleotide primer is annealed to a single-stranded DNA template and expanded by DNA polymerase. Four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), one of which is 35S-labeled, are present while this is being done. Additionally, one of the four ddNTPs, which block elongation when incorporated into the lengthening DNA strand, is present in the reaction. Following the sequencing operations, the results are electrophoresed on a high-resolution denaturing polyacrylamide gel, and the DNA sequence is then visible via autoradiography.
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Please help me with #5, I GIVE THANKS AND MARK BRAINLIEST!
Answer:
1. Isoleucine, Glycine, Leucine, Glycine, Valine, Alanine2. Glycine, Leucine, Alanine, Valine, Isoleucine, IsoleucineExplanation:If you do the example given backward, you get one of the different sequences. As you can see on the diagrams, they are listed from small to big to small to big and continued, so you just do a small, big, small, big pattern until you use all of the amino acids.You're welcome!! :)Define senescent. What cells put off senescence?
A channel opens on a postsynaptic membrane that causes a negative ion to enter the cell. What type of graded potential is this?.
This is the hyperpolarising graded potential that opens on a postsynaptic membrane and causes a negative ion to enter the cell.
A channel on a postsynaptic membrane opens as a result of the hyperpolarizing graded potential, allowing a negatively charged ion to enter the cell. Graded potentials that are hyperpolarizing can be brought on by either positive ions leaving the cell or negative ions entering the cell. A cell becomes more negative when a positive charge leaves it; the opposite is true when a negative charge enters the cell.
The features of graded potentials, which are transient changes in membrane voltage, depend on the magnitude of the stimulus. Some stimuli depolarize the membrane, while others cause it to become hyperpolarized. It depends on the particular ion channels the cell membrane's activation.
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which of the following are similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic dna replication? multiple select question. both are semiconservative both happen from the 5' to 3' direction both have several origins of replication both result in 2 copies from one parent molecule both involve dna polymerase
Similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic dna replication both involve dna polymerase .
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic dna replication processes occur before nuclear division. The DNA involved in both processes are double-stranded. The replication occurs in 5' to 3' direction. The single-strand binding proteins stabilizes the unwound DNA.
Major difference found between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication is that prokaryotic DNA replication occurs through a single origin of replication whereas eukaryotic DNA replication occurs through multiple replication origins .
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what is systolic pressure? multiple choice the maximum pressure achieved during ventricular contraction the bottom number in a blood pressure reading the maximum pressure achieved during ventricular relaxation the average pressure in the arteries during a heart beat
Systolic pressure is the maximum pressure achieved during ventricular contraction
Systolic pressure The top number, systolic blood pressure, measures the force the heart exerts on the artery walls with each beat. The bottom number, diastolic pressure, measures the force the heart exerts on the artery walls during the beat. Blood pressure readings are indicated by two numbers. The top number is the maximum pressure your heart exerts when it beats (systolic pressure). The bottom number is the arterial pressure between beats (diastolic pressure). In adults, systolic blood pressure less than 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg are considered normal.
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which of the following defense systems would be involved in eliminating virally-infected cells? which of the following defense systems would be involved in eliminating virally-infected cells? humoral immunity phagocytosis t lymphocytes complement system
The defense system involved in eliminating virally infected cells will be T lymphocytes that is option C is correct.
The defense system responsible for protecting the body from various diseases is the Immune system of the body. This system attacks the infections as well as prevent them from affecting the body of the individual. It consists of the two kinds of Lymphocytes namely B lymphocytes and T Lymphocytes. The lymphocytes are the main components protecting the body and they are generated within the bone marrow of the individual. They can work in two ways. They become either B cells and work as the main system by locating all the infections within the body or they become T cells and attack the infection as located by the B cells. The B cells are B lymphocytes and T cells are T lymphocytes.
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A sarcomere that is at a resting length of 1. 7um will generate __________________ force compared to a sarcomere at 2. 15um.
A sarcomere that is at a resting length of 1. 7um will generate less force when compared to a sarcomere at 2. 15um.
As the actin and myosin filaments are best aligned when sarcomeres are at their resting length, this produces peak tension. As sarcomere length decreases, actin filaments are drawn along myosin filaments, which in turn draws the z-lines nearer to the myosin filaments. In the formula, 2T represents the separation between bands 1 and 2. T is the halfway point between 1 and 2.
Divide the measurement from 1 to 2 in mm by 2. Frequently, the ideal muscle length is the length at which it can produce the most active force. If the muscle length doesn't change but the muscle tension does, then the contraction is said to be isometric.
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PLEASE HELP!!!!!!!!!
There is growing concern over the decline in the U.S. honeybee population due to the use of pesticides. How could this affect biodiversity and ecosystem services? Suggest a solution for this problem.
why can you taste cold?
label the following characteristics as either belonging to centipedes or millipedes, using the following key
Centipedes have one pair of legs per segment. Millipedes have dome-shaped body. Millipedes possess two pairs of legs per segment. Centipede have flattened elongate body. Millipedes are herbivorous or detritivores. Centipedes possess pair of venom claws to capture and kill prey.
What distinguishes a millipede from a centipede?The two sets of legs that each segment of a millipede has are located directly beneath its body. On either side of their bodies, centipedes have one set of legs per segment. After killing insects with their venom, centipedes primarily consume the corpses.
The general public frequently wonders what distinguishes millipedes from centipedes. Each group of myriapods has a single pair of antennae, a long, multi-segmented body, numerous legs, and postantennal organs. While millipedes have two pairs of legs per segment, centipedes only have one pair.
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What kind of change results from the breakdown of starch into glucose by saliva?.
Saliva in the mouth changes starch into maltose.
Saliva is capable of breaking down starch into less complex sugars such as maltose and dextrin. In maltose two glucose molecules are linked together to form this structure.
Saliva consists of many enzymes, that have ability of breaking down complex sugars like starch into simpler sugars(glucose). Saliva also have an enzyme named amylase which can break starch down into smaller sugars, such as disaccharides. Amylases is responsible for digesting starch into smaller molecules, that yield maltose, which in turn is break into two glucose molecules by maltase.
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Which membrane protein allows water, but not solutes to diffuse across a lipid bilayer?.
Aquaporins are innate membrane proteins that selectively allow water or other small uncharged molecules to pass through a lipid bilayer.
What proteins allow water to cross the cell membrane?Aquaporins are the transmembrane proteins that control the flow of water into and out of cells. For many years, it was the notion that water movement into and out of the cell was not regulated in any way and could be accounted for by simple diffusion across the cell membrane. smooth diffusion through the cell membrane. Channel proteins and carrier proteins are pore-forming proteins, generating water-filled necks that allow selected hydrophilic solutes to cross the lipid bilayer of the bacterial outer there Are Two Main Classes of Membrane Transport Proteins: bearer and narrow. Like synthetic lipid bilayers, cell membranes allow water.
So we can conclude that Some integral membrane proteins use β-barrels to cross the membrane. These structures are typically large and form water-filled channels.
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The host cell is LEAST likely to contribute which of the following enzymes or
enzymatic complex3s to the retroviral life cycle?
A. Ribosomes
B. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
C. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
D. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase
Option C. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase is the right answer.
Retroviruses contain RNA as their genetic material rather than DNA. Inside the host cell, they always go through reverse transcription. For this, they need a key enzyme called reverse transcriptase, also known as RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. This enzyme is not present in host cells. For the host cell's DNA replication, which employs DNA as a template strand, enzymes like DNA-dependent DNA polymerase are required. Additionally, transcription requires the other enzyme RNA polymerase, which is dependent on DNA. In order to produce the final expression of genes as proteins, translation is ultimately carried out within the ribosomal protein complex. Therefore, we can draw the conclusion that the host will provide a significant amount of the enzymes required for cellular activities in the host cells. The host will then supply the least amount of enzyme to retroviruses that are not related to their main dogma. The virus itself must therefore contain this enzyme since it uses RNA as a template strand to create DNA at first. Later, this DNA is translated and transcribed in order to create the essential viral proteins.
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Water that is in a condensed form can be absorbed through leaves.
False
True
Answer: Yes it is true
Answer:
TRUE
Explanation:
It is called Transpiration
enhancers can act over long stretches of dna, but are specific about which genes they affect. how do eukaryotic cells prevent these transcription regulators from looping in the wrong direction and inappropriately turning on the transcription of a neighboring gene?
The arrangement of DNA into topologically connected domains by chromosomal loop-forming proteins results in the grouping of certain genes and the associated enhancer binding regions.
A process related to RNA 3′-end processing ends transcription. Most eukaryotic mRNA precursors are cut at a certain location in the 3′-untranslated region, and the upstream cleavage result is polyadenylated. These reactions include a huge number of proteins.
Transcriptional activators and repressors both control gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Like their prokaryotic counterparts, eukaryotic repressors bind to certain DNA sequences and block transcription.
Eukaryotic organisms only express a small part of the DNA that is encoded in each given cell. The amount and kind of protein generated by each type of cell is influenced by gene expression regulation. When a protein's DNA gets translated into RNA and then into proteins, it is said to be expressed.
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A mutation could naturally remove the beak of a chicken. If mutations can change an animals traits why aren’t animals born with new traits all the time
Mutations can change an animal's traits but animals are not born with new traits all the time because the process of DNA replication and cell division is highly regulated where the DNA polymerase enzyme exhibits the proofreading activity that prevents the addition of any mismatched nucleotide and similarly there are cell cycle regulators during the cell division that do not let any damaged protein or other compound participate in cell division.
Mutations are the genetic changes in the sequences of DNA. This can be a change of single nucleotide or a stretch of nucleotides can be mutated. Some mutations called silent mutations do not cause any changes in the overall product.
DNA replication is the duplication of DNA where new daughter strands are synthesized from the existing ones.
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phenolics typically kill microbes by
Phenolics typically kill microbes by denaturing proteins and disrupting membranes.
In organic chemistry, phenols, every now and then known as phenolics, are a category of chemicals consisting of 1 or greater hydroxyl groups bonded without delay to a fragrant hydrocarbon group. The handiest is phenol, C ₆H ₅OH.
Phenolic acids, effectively absorbed thru intestinal tract partitions, are useful to human fitness due to their potential antioxidants and ward off the harm of cells resulting from loose-radical oxidation reactions. On everyday consumption, phenolic acids additionally promote the anti-infection capability of humans.
They'll be beneficial to our fitness because they paint as antioxidants that prevent cellular harm because of loose-radical oxidation reactions.
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Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu.
in the body. A particular cell belonging to this category recognizes
Specialized cells such as white blood cells interact with foreign particles in the bady. À particular
bacteria and forms a covering around it, pinching off the vacuole. The cell then performs
v The foreign particles recognized
by the particular type of cells differ from the ones recognized by another type of white blood cell. This situation indicates that the receptors
are
This situation indicates that the receptors are (a) endocytosis 2. b) specific for the cells
The immune system is composed of white blood cells. They support the body's defenses against bacteria and other pathogens that may otherwise be harmful. They take the bacteria into them as vesicles to do this. The term "endocytosis" refers to this process.
White blood cells have very unique receptors that they may bind to. They may distinguish certain foreign particles as a result. An illustration of an adaptive immune system cell with a preference for foreign particles is the B and T cell. Or, to put it another way, particular white blood cells are able to identify particular alien objects. As a result, it is possible that these cells have highly specialized receptors.
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base excision repair is particularly useful for removing bases from dna that have spontaneously . . . choose one:a. alkylated.b. dimerized.c. deaminated.d. phosphorylated.e. methylated.
Naturally occurring methylation of DNA nucleotides. (Select e).
What is DNA, in a nutshell?DNA, commonly referred to as deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic material carried by humans & nearly all other organisms. Nearly all of an individual's cells have their DNA.
What does DNA actually do?DNA is the molecule of information. It provides the knowledge required to produce proteins, another type of substantial molecule. Each of your cells contains 46 substantial structures set of chromosomes that are distributed throughout these instructions. These chromosomes are made up of numerous smaller segments of DNA, called genes.
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the lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by the lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by gram-negative cell walls. mannose on the surface of microbes. lectins of the microbe. mannose on host membranes. gram-positive cell walls.
The pathway of lectin is initiated by mannose on the surface of the microbes.
The lectin pathway is one of three pathways that can activate the complement system. This pathway binds mannose-binding lectin (MBL), collectin 11 (CL-K1), and ficolin (ficolin-1, ficolin-2, and ficolin-3) to oligosaccharides and acetylated residues on the microbial surface, respectively. is started by
The lectin pathway plays an important protective role during the susceptibility window that infants experience between the breakdown of maternal antibodies and the establishment of an effective adaptive immune system. Activation of the proenzyme form of MASP leads to complement activation via the lectin pathway.
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Use the template to make a concept map on microorganisms. Give the different types with examples.
The concept map on microorganisms along with its types is given in the image attached.
What does a concept map serve as?A idea map is a specific type of online graphic used for information gathering, sharing, and knowledge exploration. The method used to create a concept map is called concept mapping. which presents thoughts, ideas, hypotheses, or questions in a visual manner. Concept maps can display new or existing relationships.
Note that A microorganism, often known as a microbe, is a microscopic organism that can be a single cell or a colony of cells. - an organism that is microscopic, particularly a bacterium.
Therefore, Micro-organisms types includes
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a researcher examining a root tip observes a plant cell with condensed sister chromatids, kinetochores with attached microtubules, and individual chromosomes that are aligned at the equatorial plate of the cell. which of the following best describes what the next process will be in the cell? responses homologous chromosomes (each with two sister chromatids) will move toward opposite poles of the cell. homologous chromosomes (each with two sister chromatids) will move toward opposite poles of the cell. paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell. paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell. the nuclear envelope will break down, and the spindle will begin to form. the nuclear envelope will break down, and the spindle will begin to form. the chromatin will decondense, and the daughter cell will enter interphase.
Paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell.
What are chromosomes?DNA is tightly bundled into thread-like structures called chromosomes within the nucleus. Histone proteins, which give the structural support, are wrapped around the DNA. During cell division, chromosomes aid in ensuring proper DNA replication and distribution. The centromere, which separates the p (short) arm and the q (long) arm of each chromosome, is known as the centromere. The constriction point of the cell, which may or may not be the chromosome's center, is where the centromere is found.
A repetitive nucleotide sequence cap known as a telomere is located at the end of each chromosome. The telomere in vertebrates is made up of a TTAGGG sequence that is repeated for about 15,000 base pairs.
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Paired chromatids will split apart, and the resulting daughter chromosomes will migrate to the cell's opposite poles.
What exactly are the human chromosomes?Long stretches of DNA are transported by chromosomes, which are organelles located in the nucleus of cells. The substance containing genes is called DNA. The human body's foundation is made up of it. Proteins found on chromosomes also aid in the appropriate structure of DNA.
What is a chromosome, and what does it do?In terms of DNA and protein arrangement, chromosomes are the highest level. The primary role of chromosomes is to transport DNA and pass genetic material from one set of parents to another. In the process of cell division, chromosomes are crucial. The DNA is shielded against tangles and damage by them.
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The graph on the right is the blood oxygen graph. Using that and your knowledge of cellular respiration and the relationship between oxygen and carbon dioxide, what can you say about the rate of carbon dioxide production when you exercise?(did it increase or decrease? Did it stay the same? Did it change quickly? Did it change very slowly?)why do you think this happens?
The pace at which carbon dioxide is produced due to the process of cellular respiration, when you exercise.
The definition of cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which glucose reacts with oxygen to produce waste materials like carbon dioxide and water as well as the energy in the form of ATP molecules that the cell needs to function.
We are aware that each cell needs energy to function and that each cell is the basic building block of all life. Respiration occurs at the cellular level, which is the lowest level of our body. The opposite of photosynthesis is respiration. Food is made during photosynthesis when water and carbon dioxide are combined with light.
Therefore, we can draw the conclusion that exercise causes a rise in carbon dioxide generation due to the process of cellular respiration.
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In dna replication, the strands on the original molecule are used as blank______ for the synthesis of new dna strands.
The strands on the original DNA molecule serve as templates for the creation of new DNA strands during DNA replication.
What is DNA templates?Because it includes the instructions a cell needs to survive, the genetic code is commonly referred to as a "blueprint." However, we now understand that these instructions are more complex than just the arrangement of the letters in the nucleotide code. For instance, copious evidence suggests that this code serves as the blueprint for the synthesis of numerous substances, including RNA and protein.
Additionally, studies have demonstrated that transcription and translation take place in order to "read" the DNA instructions that are stored there. A single-stranded RNA molecule is created during transcription from a piece of the double-stranded DNA template. In some instances, the RNA molecule is a "finished product" that performs a crucial task for the cell.
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What is the name given to the process by which a parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells?.
Mitosis is the process by which a parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells.
What is mitosis?The process of cell duplication, or reproduction, is called mitosis. where two genetically identical daughter cells are produced from one parent cell. The process of mitosis involves the duplication and distribution of the chromosomes, which contain the genetic code.
As the means of asexual reproduction in single-celled eukaryotes, it is a crucial process. Mitosis' primary purpose is to multiply cells.
In a multicellular creature, which is created from two gametes, life begins with a single cell. As this single celled multicellular organism only carries genetic information in the form of DNA and lacks sufficient cells, mitosis occurs, dividing one cell into two. These two cells divide again via mitosis to produce four, eight, sixteen, and finally thirty-two cells.
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What step of the carbon cycle is occurring when a plant absorbs carbon dioxide for photosynthesis?.
The step of the carbon cycle is when a plant absorbs carbon dioxide for photosynthesis Assimilation.
It describes the mechanisms of photosynthesis and raw material absorption that plants use to obtain sustenance. Photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and the absorption of nutrients into living tissue following digestion are a few examples of assimilation.
Plants absorb water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the soil and atmosphere during photosynthesis. Water is oxidized, which means it loses electrons, while carbon dioxide is reduced, which means it receives electrons, inside the plant cell. Water is converted into oxygen and carbon dioxide into glucose as a result.
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Special proteins that direct immune and inflammatory responses are known as ____.
Special proteins that direct immune and inflammatory responses are known as Cytokines.
Cytokines inflect the immune response to infection or inflammation and regulate inflammation itself through complex network of interactions.
Cytokines are type of protein that is made by certain immune and non-immune cells and has an effect on the immune system. cytokines stimulate the immune system . They can be manufactured in the laboratory and used to help the body fight cancer, infections, and other diseases. Cytokines includes interleukins (IL), chemokines, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors (TNF).
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