How did Romans view laws?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

The Romans divided their laww into jus scriptum and jus non scriptum. jus scriptum is written law and non jus scriptum is non written law.

Explanation:

laws based on any written source.

I hope this helped!!

Answer 2
The Romans divided their law into jus scriptum (written law) and jus non scriptum (unwritten law). By “unwritten law” they meant custom; by “written law” they meant not only the laws derived from legislation but, literally, laws based on any written source.

Related Questions

What obligations did Master Robert Livingston owe to servant John Reid?

Answers

Answer:

Robert Livingston, as a teacher, had an obligation to use the best and best applied means to teach or allow someone to teach his apprentice the Art and Mystery of a Marchent. In addition, the master should be responsible for hosting and feeding the apprentice, allowing him to have access to sufficient meat and drink.

Explanation:

During the colonial period, it was common in America for adolescents and children to be handed over to a "master" to learn a professional trade. This was an inexpensive way that some men adopted to have employees and that some families adopted so that their children learned a profession and to reduce the domestic expenses.

The relationship between master and apprentice was established by a contract called "indentures". An example of this contract is what was formed between apprentice John Reid Jr. and master Robert Livingston Jr. This contract lasted for 5 years and in addition to informing the apprentice's obligations, he informed that Livingston, as a master, should provide shelter, food and drink, as well as teaching the Art and Mystery of a merchant in the best possible way.

What country was the main country of the holy roman empire?

Answers

Answer:

Germany

Explanation:

Germany was the main country in the Holy Roman Empire (First German Reich).

What makes Poverty Point’s location important?

Answers

Answer:

Close to the Mississippi River , because you can travel and it provides food and water.

Explanation:

At Sand Creek, __________​

Answers

Answer:

Colorando

Explanation:

On November 29, 1864, peaceful Southern Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians are massacred by a band of Colonel John Chivington’s Colorado volunteers at Sand Creek, Colorado.

The first test case for Reconstruction took place on _____ Island in South Carolina in 1861, where the Union Army tried to redistribute land to the freedmen.

Answers

The correct answer to this open question is the following.

Although there are no options attached, we can say the following.

The first test case for Reconstruction took place on Sea Island or Port Royal in South Carolina in 1861, where the Union Army tried to redistribute land to the freedmen.

We are talking about a moment in the history of the United States in 1861, when the Union Army invaded and capture Sea Island, in South Carolina. There they established a project called "Port Royal Experiment." The Union made this place a work center for former slaves that worked the farm fields that had been left behind by southern landlords. Historians think that 9000 to 10,000 black people stayed on the island when white people abandon it due to the Civil War.

     The first test cast for reconstruction took place on Port Royal island in South Carolina in 1861. This event was marked by the union army redistributing land to freed slaves.

The Port Royal Experiment

     The Port Royal experiment describes the  first major effort by Northerners to reconstruct the Southern political and economic system.

    This effort began  seven months after the firing on Fort Sumter. The Union army which occupied the sea islands of south Carolina freed an estimated 10,000 slaves.

   These former slaves successfully worked on the land abandoned by planters.

Learn more about the Port Royal experiment at https://brainly.com/question/1020924

What do you feel? What do you think was the point of Catching, Checking and Changing your feelings?

Answers

I think growth within yourself

The point of "Catching, Checking and Changing your feelings" is for a person to be assured regarding the decision that they want to make.

Sometimes, when we are in a haste and rush to make decisions, we end up making the wrong decisions. Therefore, it's important that we think properly and be certain that we're moving in the right direction regarding the decision that we want to take.

In conclusion, knowing our feelings help us relate well with others and make choices that affect us. Recognizing our emotions is an important skill.

Read related link on:

https://brainly.com/question/17221143

Which colonial settlement is correctly paired with the reason it was founded? Question 5 options: Georgia- a place for imprisoned debtors and convicts Pennsylvania- a refuge for English Catholics Maryland- a refuge for Quakers North Carolina- a haven for Pilgrims and Puritans

Answers

Answer:

Option: Georgia- a place for imprisoned debtors and convicts

Explanation:

Georgia was founded in 1732, when General James Edward Oglethorpe, an English general, created a charter to establish a new colony named Georgia. The settlers in Georgia colony were English debtors from England. It was an alternative to English debtors' for prison or colony in America. The colony named after King George II of England, who gave the Royal Charter for Georgia to be settle. Many of English debtors decided to settle in a new colony. They were given land to cultivate and to start a new life in the colony. The British interest in the colony was to increase trade and wealth for England.

The Manchu Dynasty and the Mughal Empire were similar in which of the following ways? * Both were fearful of advancing Clown Hordes from Atlantis and were able to repel them with advances in water balloon technology. Both governments relied heavily on Buddhism in order manage their respective societies Both were minority groups ruling large majority groups Both were able to successfully isolate themselves from European intrusion.

Answers

Answer: Both were minority groups ruling large majority groups

Explanation:

Both the Mughal Empire of India and the Manchu Dynasty of China were minority groups ruling over subjects of the majority group.

In the case of the Mughal empire which ruled India for most of the 16th and 17th centuries, the rulers were Muslims and yet presided over the affairs of a large Hindu majority constantly having to find a balance between these two main religions in order to maintain peace.

The Manchu dynasty was the last dynasty of China and ruled from the 17th till the early 20th century. The Manchu people are an ethnic minority in China who during the Manchu dynasty ruled over the more major Han Chinese.

Why did Mongols have a more egalitarian culture?

Answers

Answer:

In Mongol society, men were dominant. The society was patriarchal and patrilineal. However, Mongol women had far more freedom and power than women in other patriarchal cultures such as Persia and China. While the Chinese were binding women’s feet, Mongol women were riding horseback, fighting in battles, tending their herds and influencing their men on important decisions for the Mongolian Empire.

Still, while women were highly valued participants in Mongol society, they still held less rank than their fathers, husbands and brothers. Work was divided between men and women; the men handled the herds and went to battle, and women raised the gers, made the clothes, milked the animals, made cheese and cooked the food. Men and women raised their children together. Children of the Mongols did not attend a school; rather they learned from their families the roles and work of men and women. Mongol children had toys and played games, much as children of any culture.

Explanation:

According to John Locke, what is the primary purpose
of laws?
O to abolish unfair practices
to preserve liberty and freedom
O to assist the nation in times of war
O to restrain those who would do harm

Answers

Answer:

to ensure respect for the natural rights of the citizen.

In his work, he stated that the organization of laws and the state must be done in order to ensure respect for natural rights.

Answer:

to preserve liberty and freedom

Explanation:

What conflicts were at the heart of constitutional debates between federalists and anti-federalists?

Answers

Answer:

There were quite a few conflicts at the heart of constitutional debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. The ten constitutional amendments and the Bill or Rights caused many arguments between the two. Federalists supported a central government, which would keep order easier. They claimed the Union was in danger of falling apart, that constitutions checks and balanced would preserve the states rights. Federalists endorsed the common law system, which was described by Blackstone. Anti-Federalist's supported the state governments, instead of a central one. A limited, streamlined government was preferred. They claimed the Constitution gave the government way too much power. They also claimed that the Articles of Confederation could be updated. Anti-Federalists opposed to the quartering of federal troops in civilian homes.

The battle consists of two sorts of conflict, such as Federalists and Anti-Federalists. The federalists were supposed to identify the constitution and ratify it. The inclusion of the Bill of Rights was one of the primary topics raised throughout these negotiations.

What is conflict?

Conflict refers to a disagreement between two or more parties. Conflicts serve to reinforce one's belief in the veracity of a statement. The word “conflict” hinders communication. There are times when two people or nations quarrel about a confrontation due to misunderstandings, false perceptions, or both.

During the disputes between federalists and anti-federalists in 1787 and 1788, The key topic was the Bill of Rights. The Federalists backed the Constitution and hoped for a more powerful national government. The constitution was challenged by antifederalists, who wanted more power to be retained by the states.

Learn more about on conflict, here:

https://brainly.com/question/17085630

#SPJ2

The American colonies said there should be no taxation without representation. In 1766, Parliament responded by passing the
Declaratory Act.
Stamp Act.
Sugar Act.
Townshend Acts.

Answers

Answer:

A: Declaratory Act

Explanation:

Answer:

A

the answer will be the first choice

Explanation:

good luck :P

How did India’s geographic location impact the success of the Gupta Empire?

Answers

Answer:While climate and geography impacted ancient people in many ways, the people of the Gupta Empire were particularly impacted by monsoons.

Explanation:

Which of the following is in the correct sequence? (What came first)

1. empires
2. nomadic tribes
3. farming villages
1. empires
2. farming villages
3. nomadic tribes
1. nomadic tribes
2. farming villages
3. empires
1. farming villages
2. nomadic tribes
3. empires

Answers

Answer:

2 and 1

Explanation:i took the quiz

\

Answer:

nomadic tribes

farming villages

empires

Explanation:

Human used to move around following animals before the discovery of agriculture once agriculture was a thing it allowed for the first settlements to be build and over time those settlements will grow to empires .

documents was important to convincing the American colonists to break away from Britain?

Answers

Answer:

I believe it was the United States Declaration of Independence

Which action did the U.S. government take in 1924 to expand the rights of American Indians? Group of answer choices Guaranteeing jobs for American Indians in urban areas Providing retirement benefits to American Indians Granting citizenship to American Indians Establishing private schools for American Indian children

Answers

Answer:

Establishing private schools for American Indian children

Explanation:

The schools were used to basically beat the natives into modern day life. There land was then sold off to non-natives

The exploration of the Oregon trail and the Wild West are actually split in time by what major event

Answers

It was split in time by the Civil War.

Which statement best describes the relationship between resources and military conquest in the ancient world?

-Wealthy civilizations suffered fewer invasions.
-Wealthy civilizations conquered neighboring areas.
-Poor civilizations aggressively expanded into nearby lands.
-Poor civilizations were less tempting targets for aggressive neighbors.

Answers

Answer: Wealthy civilizations conquered neighboring areas.

Explanation:

Military conquests have always been an expensive undertaking and this was no different in the ancient world. Wealthier nations were able to field stronger armies as they had the resources to do so.

They would then invade and conquer their neighbours so that they would increase in both power and influence which would enable them gain even more wealth. This is how the empires that controlled the ancient world were born and sustained.

Answer:

It’s B

Explanation:

where were the dead sea scrolls found?

Answers

The Dead Sea scrolls were found in Qumran

How does Washington’s greatest fear -that he would die in office- evidence is putting the public good ahead of his own interests?

Answers

COE - COL PICTURES : One Jump Ahead , Golden Link , The Hornet's Nest , Behind the Headlines , Murder Reported , There's Always ... v.p. , advertising , Revlon , 1986-89 , during which time Revlon restored its consumer image to record highs . Currently president , Worldwide Mktg . , Paramount Pictures Motion Picture Grp . ( since 1989 ) , where he is responsible ... Public Interest for NYC ; Natl . ... Member of Motion Picture Pioneers , Will Rogers Hospital , and various other orgs .

2003 - ‎Snippet view

Which Mesopotamia empire brought lasting peace and was tolerant of other religions

Answers

Answer: the Achaemenid Empire

This religious tolerance proved to strengthen the political stability and success of the Achaemenid Empire.

Explanation: hope this helps!

Question Drag each label to the correct location. Match each type of cause with the source that could shed light on that cause. Economic Causes Social Causes Cultural Causes​

Answers

The cause that will shed light on the matter are:

The records related to the and export of goods - Economic cause

The population records related to births and deaths - Social cause

The records related to the use of certain words - Cultural causeThe records related to use paintings, photographs, and filmsletters - Cultural causeThe records related to ordinary people - Cultural causeThe records related to banks and financial transactions - Cultural cause

What is an economic cause?

This refers to a situation that is caused by by an economic phenomenon.

What is a social causes?

This refers to a situation that is caused by by an social phenomenon.

What is a cultural causes?

This refers to a situation that is caused by by an cultural phenomenon.

Read more about causes

brainly.com/question/305041

#SPJ6

1. Why do active citizens attend civic meetings, like town halls or PTA meetings?

Answers

Answer:

REEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

Explanation:

Liberalism promotes all the following EXCEPT
1. Individualism
2. Rights of man
3. Pursuit of property
4. Strong central government

Answers

Answer:

lineralism promotes everything except pursuit of property

The first of the Four Noble Truths states that suffering is caused by greed. ending worldly desires will end suffering. life is either physical or emotional suffering. enlightenment is attained through the Eightfold Path.

Answers

Answer: Life is either physical or emotional suffering.

Explanation:

The Four Noble Truths are the foundations of the teachings of the founder of the Buddhist religion, the Buddha.

In these he talks about what suffering is and how to end it.

The First Noble Truth is known as Dukkha and it explains the Truth of Suffering.

Suffering according to The Buddha, is the pain and discomfort that all humans feel in their lives and they are either physical or emotional.

All existence is filled with misery, or dukkha, according to the first of the Four Noble Truths. This encompasses both physical and psychological anguish as well as the transience of everything.

They provide a means of comprehending the nature of pain and the means of overcoming it. All existence is filled with pain, according to the First Noble Truth. The second Noble Truth asserts that desire is the root of suffering. The third noble truth declares that it is possible to end suffering. The Eightfold Path, according to the Fourth Noble Truth, is the way to end suffering.

Hence, The quest for the Four Noble Truths lasts a lifetime. There is no finish line, and we never stop developing and learning.

Learn more about First Noble, here:

https://brainly.com/question/17196727

#SPJ6

Which elected position requires the candidate to be the oldest?
Representatives
Senators
President
Justices

Answers

I think president pretty sure
Representatives require 25 years of age, senators require 30, and Supreme Court justices have no age requirement. This leaves President with the oldest age requirement at 35 years old.

In an attempt to co-exist with the Americans, the ________ tribe gave up their concept of common property. a. Cherokee b. Chickasaw c. Creek d. Seminole Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D

Answers

Answer:

The Cherokee

Explanation:

Answer:Cherokee

Explanation:

3. of the seven features of democracy, which one was failed to be met in the 1789
presidential election because the president ran unopposed?

Answers

Answer:this is a hard one dood

Explanation:

What time period do the “foundational documents” come from?

Answers

Answer:

Between the year 1215 - 1791

Explanation:

The time period the “foundational documents” come from was between the year 1215 - 1791

The documents that form the "foundational documents" with their years are the following in chronological order:

1. Magna Carta - 1215

2. Mayflower Compact - 1620

3. Declaration of Independence - 1776

4. Articles of Confederation - 1777

5. Treaty of Paris - 1783

6. Northwest Ordinance - 1787

7. Constitution of the United States - 1787

8. Bill of Rights - 1791

Answer:

Between the year 1215 - 1791

Explanation:

Why did the Pueblo Indians divid in the 16th century

Answers

Answer:

North American Indian people's known for living compact permanent settlement known as pueblos. Representative of the southwest Indian culture area, most live in northern eastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico. Early 21st century population estimates approximately 72,000 individuals of pueblo descent. so when the news of the killings and public humiliation reached pueblo they moved in force to Santa Fe where away fighting the Apache Governor Trevino was forced to release the prisoners

Answer:

North American Indian people's known for living compact permanent settlement known as pueblos. Representative of the southwest Indian culture area, most live in northern eastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico. Early 21st century population estimates approximately 72,000 individuals of pueblo descent. so when the news of the killings and public humiliation reached pueblo they moved in force to Santa Fe where away fighting the Apache Governor Trevino was forced to release the prisonersExplanation:

Other Questions
An igneous rock is light in color and has extremely coarse grains. What is the most likely origin of the rock?A a magma chamberB the bottom of the ocean C an outer slope of a volcanoD the shore of a volcanic island Sally identified the terms of the expression 9a + 4b - 18 as 9, 4, and 18. Explain her error. How effective is public shaming?Can some help me out with this please A firm has a current price of $40 a share, an expected growth rate of 11 percent and expected dividend per share (D1) of $2. Given its risk, you have a required rate of return for it of 12%. Your expected rate of return and investment decision is as follows:a. 10% - do not buy.b. 12% - do not buy.c. 14% - buy.d. 16% - buy.e. 18% - buy. There was much _____________ used in the ancient writings, to produce a visual narrative of what had happened. What principles inspired the development of the Declaration of Independence and the articles of confederation? Having shown us Africa in the mass, Conrad then zeros in, half a page later, on a specific example, giving us one of his rare descriptions of an African who is not just limbs or rolling eyes: And between whiles I had to look after the savage who was fireman. He was an improved specimen; he could fire up a vertical boiler. He was there below me, and, upon my word, to look at him was as edifying as seeing a dog in a parody of breeches and a feather hat, walking on his hind legs. A few months of training had done for that really fine chap. He squinted at the steam gauge and at the water gauge with an evident effort of intrepidityand he had filed his teeth, too, the poor devil, and the wool of his pate shaved into queer patterns, and three ornamental scars on each of his cheeks. He ought to have been clapping his hands and stamping his feet on the bank, instead of which he was hard at work, a thrall to strange witchcraft, full of improving knowledge. An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness," Chinua Achebe In this passage, Achebe includes a quotation from Heart of Darkness. Why is it effective as evidence that Conrad has racist views? It shows that Conrad saw Africans as being inferior to Europeans. It shows that Conrad saw Africans as being superior to Europeans. It shows how Conrads views evolved over time and became more biased. It shows that Conrad believed that people of different cultures should not interact. 1The center of a sunflower is a spiral composed of small triangles. This means these areshapes.(blank)edout ofonSelect one:a. Organicb. Impliedc. NegativeCd. Geometriction 2Along with making figures smaller, what is another way to show them at a distance?retseredts out of0 What is $12.78 rounded to the nearest dollar? "because they saw no fairies" what is the error in this sentenceplease someone answer asap Evaluate the expression when c=-6.c? +6c+5 Describe what the processes of the brain allow us to analyze and interact with, and identify the three main functionsof the brain. Which of the following is not an important difference between the Mauryan and Gupta Empires? Question 21 options: The Gupta Empire produced more extant (still existing) art and literature. The Mauryan Empire did not last as long as the Gupta Empire did. One of the Mauryan rulers kingly dharma was most heavily influenced by Buddhist principles. Where is the point of intersection? x 2y + 2 = 3 and x y = 3 Which activity was common to both the Dutch and the French settlers? Gold miningFur tradingTobacco farmingFabric manufacturing PLEASE HELP U CAN TAKE ALL MY POINTS pls help ALSO HAVE A GAME FOR U WHO EVER ANSWERS IT FIRST GET A THANK U AND 5 STAR RATING :) Ajar contains 6 pennies, 14 nickels, 16 dimes and 4 quarters. If one coin ischosen at random, find P(nickel or dime) as a simplified fraction. You mayuse the standard keyboard or Equatio to type the fraction. * If a reaction occurs and there were 10 g of Careacting with 20 grams of water, and 5 grams of H2was produced, how much Ca(OH)2 was produced?Show your work.Ca + H2O - Ca(OH)2 + H2 Why are theories and hypothesis important in pcychology? Why do we need replicate studies that have been conducted?