Traditionally, chromosomes are represented in binary as strings of 0s and 1s, however other encodings are also possible; almost any representation which allows the solution to be represented as a finite-length string can be used.
☆...hope this helps...☆
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Explanation:
All chromosomes must be completely replicated prior to cell division, a requirement that demands the activation of a sufficient number of appropriately distributed DNA replication origins. Here we investigate how the activity of multiple origins on each chromosome is coordinated to ensure successful replication. We present a stochastic model for whole chromosome replication where the dynamics are based upon the parameters of individual origins. Using this model we demonstrate that mean replication time at any given chromosome position is determined collectively by the parameters of all origins. Combining parameter estimation with extensive simulations we show that there is a range of model parameters consistent with mean replication data, emphasising the need for caution in interpreting such data. In contrast, the replicated-fraction at time points through S phase contains more information than mean replication time data and allowed us to use our model to uniquely estimate many origin parameters. These estimated parameters enable us to make a number of predictions that showed agreement with independent experimental data, confirming that our model has predictive power. In summary, we demonstrate that a stochastic model can recapitulate experimental observations, including those that might be interpreted as deterministic such as ordered origin activation times
Which of the following creates variation through and random combining of genetic information?
A. evolution
B. mutations
C. lateral gene transfer
D. reproduction
Answer:
B. mutations
Explanation
I believe this is the answer because even though mutations can be bad, there are also good as they can provide genetic variation to a population, which can result in the trait being passed to the offspring.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Read the article to learn more about the human
chromosomes. Use chromosomes 11 and 17 to
answer the following questions.
Chromosome Map
Chromosome 11 is made of over million base
pairs.
Approximately how many genes are found on
chromosome 11?
DONE
List the genetic disorders found on chromosome
11.
DONE
What do you know about any of those disorders?
DONE
Chromosome 11 in humans is made up of over approximately 135 million base pairs. It represents about 4-5% of the total DNA in cells.
What do you mean by Chromosomes?Chromosomes may be defined as a thin-thread-like structure that is present in the nucleus of the cells that contains genetic information.
Chromosome 11 contains about 1300-1400 genes that furnish instructions for the cells to make proteins for metabolic activities.
The genetic disorders that are associated with the chromosome 11 are:
AlbinismThalassemiaAutismJacobsen syndromeBeta-Ketothiolase deficiency and many more.Each of the above genetic disorders has its own specific modes of causing symptoms and infections in the human body.
Therefore, it is well described above.
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Answer:
A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell.
Explanation:
How are water molecules able to bond to each other?
Water has a remarkable ability to cling to itself and other substances. The propensity of water molecules to be attracted to other water molecules, allowing water to be a "sticky" liquid, is described by the property of cohesion.
Which bond is present between water?The difference in charge between slightly positive hydrogen ions and other, slightly negative ions causes hydrogen bonds, which are electrostatic forces.
Hydrogen bonds form between adjoining hydrogen and oxygen atoms of adjacent water molecules in the case of water. A hydrogen bond is formed when individual water molecules attract each other.
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A cross is performed between a bird that is homozygous for red feathers and a bird that is homozygous for blue feathers. purple offspring result due to incomplete dominance. then, two of the purple offspring are crossed. what proportion of the offspring from the second cross will be purple? 1 in 4 2 in 4 3 in 4 4 in 4
The expected proportion of purples individuals in the F2 of a heterozygous cross (purple phenotype) is equal to 2 in 4.
What is a Punnett square?A Punett square is a diagram used to estimate the genotypic and phenotypic proportions in a given cross.
In this case, purple individuals (Aa genotype) will be:
A a
A AA Aa
a Aa aa
In conclusion, the expected proportion of purples individuals in the F2 of a heterozygous cross (purple phenotype) is equal to 2 in 4.
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Answer:2 in 4
Explanation:
I got it right on edge
Muscle and nerve cells have developed which characteristic more than other cells?.
How can these chemicals harm people? Which people are most at risk and why?
Chemicals such as concentrated acids and bases are harmful when they are consumed or come in contact with the skin.
What are chemicals?A chemical is a substance which can take part in chemical reactions and which possesses chemical properties.
Chemicals can be harmful or harmless.
Chemicals can cause harm to people when consumed or when they come in contact with the skin.
Chemicals such as acids and bases in their concentrated forms cause burns to the skin and the internal organs and mat lead to death.
Chemists who work with chemicals are most at risk to harm from chemicals.
Therefore, chemicals such as acids and bases in their concentrated forms are harmful when they are consumed or come in contact with the skin.
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You look in the microscope and see sister chromatids moving to opposite sides of the cell. You conclude the cell is in:
Answer:
Anaphase is the right answer
Explanation:
WILL MARK BRAINLIST!! you can only answer one part if you don't feel up to it all
Answer to b
"Upon exposure to insecticides, insects that do not carry the resistance genes die, thus allowing the individuals with the resistance genes to survive and reproduce, creating more resistant insects."
The difference in an area with high concentration and an area with low concentration is called:.
The difference in an area with high concentration and an area with low concentration is called concentration gradient.
What is concentration gradient?Concentration gradient refers to the difference between the concentrations of two solutes in a solution.
A solution usually contains an area or region with higher concentration and an area with lower concentration.
The difference between these two areas of different concentrations is referred to as a concentration gradient.
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A monohybrid cross compares alleles for how
many traits?
A. 1
B. 4
C. 8
D. 16
A monohybrid cross compares alleles for A. 1 trait in any od=f the alleles.
What is the widest variety of allele that monohybrid move can consider?If a gene is it'll have specific alleles for the equal gene, as a result in case of a monohybrid move wherein most effective a single gene is taken into consideration most alleles are below consideration. A monohybrid move is one wherein each dad and mom are heterozygous (or a hybrid) for a single (mono) trait.
A cross among 2 people that vary via way of means of 1 trait. regulation of segregation. states that 2 alleles for every trait separate whilst gametes form. regulation of dominance.
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What law of energy can be applied to food processing?
The first law of energy can be applied in food processing whereby foods are converted from one form to another.
What is food processing?Food processing is the process by which food is converted from its natural state obtained from plants to a more edible and palatable state for consumption by humans.
The first law of energy states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be converted to other forms.
Therefore, the first law of energy can be applied in food processing whereby foods are converted from one form to another.
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The punnett square illustrates a cross for color of the flower. based on the phenotypes and genotypes of these offspring, it is clear that purple flower color allele is and the parents are .
In the given situation, purple color allele is heterozygous and the parents are homozygous.
What are genotypes?The term "genotype" refers to an the genetic makeup of an organism in other words, it describes an organism's entire set of genes.
In a narrower sense, the term can refer to the alleles, or variant forms of a gene, that an organism carries.
In the given situation, purple color allele is heterozygous and the parents are homozygous.
Thus, the answer is heterozygous and homozygous respectively.
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If a disease wiped out the hare population, which of the following best describes what would happen to this ecosystem?
The population of voles and lemmings would decrease because the arctic fox would rely on them for more food
The arctic fox population could decrease because they would lose a food source
The lemming population would increase because the hares would no longer be eating them
Both A and B
Answer:
B
Explanation:
If a disease wiped out the hare population, then result would be :
The arctic fox population could decrease because they would lose a food source.
It cannot be A because although the arctic fox population might decrease, it would only cause an increase in its prey's population as there are less predators (arctic fox) to consume it.
Students were learning about photosynthesis in science class. the teacher asked the class why photosynthesis was important. which student responses were correct about the importance of photosynthesis?.
Answer:
I have no idea
Explanation:
the app is making me write this sorry
The phosphorus cycle differs from the biogeochemical cycles in that
it does not have an atmospheric reservoir.
it does not have an oceanic reservoir.
there is no assimilation of phosphorus.
there is no decomposition of phosphorus.
The phosphorus cycle differs from the biogeochemical cycles because it does not have an atmospheric reservoir.
Why phosphorus cycle differs from the biogeochemical cycles?
Phosphorous cycles move through several components of the biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere but not atmosphere whereas the biochemical cycle moves through all sphere.
So we can conclude that the phosphorus cycle differs from the biogeochemical cycles because it does not have an atmospheric reservoir.
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The phosphorus cycle differs from the biogeochemical cycles in that it does not have an atmospheric reservoir. Option A, This is further explained below.
What is the phosphorus cycle?Generally, the phosphorus cycle is simply defined as the planet's phosphorus being locked up in rocks and sediments and must be extracted by processes like weathering.
In conclusion, In contrast to biogeochemical cycles, the phosphorus cycle does not include an atmospheric reservoir.
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Describe the structure and function of the nephron, including an explanation of the processes of secretion, filtration, and reabsorption. Indicate the primary location in the nephron where each process occurs and explain how, in total, these processes coordinate with the cardiovascular system to help the body maintain homeostasis.
The nephron is the filtration unit of the kidney.
It consists of a tubule that is connected with collecting duct at one end and a cup-shaped structure at the other end. This cup-shaped structure is called ‘Bowman’s capsule’. Every Bowman’s capsule contains a cluster of capillaries, called ‘Glomerulus’, within the cup-shaped structure. The blood enters into Glomerulus through afferent arteriole of the renal artery and leaves it through the efferent arteriole. Together, the glomerulus and its surrounding Bowman's capsule are called a renal corpuscle.
Blood enters the glomerulus through a small artery supplying the glomerulus with unfiltered blood called the afferent arteriole. Another vessel, a small artery carrying filtered blood away from the glomerulus, is called the efferent arteriole. These two arterioles play a key role in helping the glomeruli's capillaries perform the process of ultrafiltration.
Nephron starts from Bowman’s capsule and consists of the following parts: proximal convoluted tubule (in the renal cortex), the loop of Henle (in the renal medulla), and distal convoluted tubule (in the renal cortex).
i) proximal convoluted tubules (PCT): it is a proximal part of renal tubules next to Bowman’s capsule. It is lined with microvilli. Maximum reabsorption of water, glucose, amino acids and electrolytes takes place here.
ii) The loop of Henle: It is U shaped middle portion of renal tubules. It is composed of ascending and descending loop. Ascending loop is thick-walled and impermeable to water while the descending loop is thin-walled and permeable to water. The countercurrent mechanism is a crucial role of the loop of Henle.
iii) Distal convoluted tubules (DCT): It is the distal part of renal tubules that lead to collecting ducts. It is similar in structure and function with PCT. Functioning of Nephron:-
1. Filtration: Filtration of blood takes place in Bowman’s capsule from the capillaries of the glomerulus. The filtrate passes into the tubular part of the nephron. This filtrate contains glucose, amino acids, urea, uric acid, salts and a major amount of water.
2. Re-absorption: As the filtrate flows along the nephrons, substances such as glucose, amino acids, salts, and water are selectively re-absorbed into the blood by capillaries surrounding the nephron tube the leadule.
The amount of water re-absorbed depends on the need of the body and also on the amount of wastes to be excreted.
3. Urine: The filtrate which remains after re-absorption is called urine. Urine contains dissolved nitrogenous waste, i.e. urea and uric acid, excess salts and water. Urine is collected from nephrons by the collecting duct to carry it to the ureter.
The nephron is the filtration unit of the kidney.
It consists of a tubule that is connected with collecting duct at one end and a cup-shaped structure at the other end. This cup-shaped structure is called ‘Bowman’s capsule’. Every Bowman’s capsule contains a cluster of capillaries, called ‘Glomerulus’, within the cup-shaped structure. The blood enters into Glomerulus through afferent arteriole of the renal artery and leaves it through the efferent arteriole. Together, the glomerulus and its surrounding Bowman's capsule are called a renal corpuscle.
Blood enters the glomerulus through a small artery supplying the glomerulus with unfiltered blood called the afferent arteriole. Another vessel, a small artery carrying filtered blood away from the glomerulus, is called the efferent arteriole. These two arterioles play a key role in helping the glomeruli's capillaries perform the process of ultrafiltration.
Nephron starts from Bowman’s capsule and consists of the following parts: proximal convoluted tubule (in the renal cortex), the loop of Henle (in the renal medulla), and distal convoluted tubule (in the renal cortex).
i) proximal convoluted tubules (PCT): it is a proximal part of renal tubules next to Bowman’s capsule. It is lined with microvilli. Maximum reabsorption of water, glucose, amino acids and electrolytes takes place here.
ii) The loop of Henle: It is U shaped middle portion of renal tubules. It is composed of ascending and descending loop. Ascending loop is thick-walled and impermeable to water while the descending loop is thin-walled and permeable to water. The countercurrent mechanism is a crucial role of the loop of Henle.
iii) Distal convoluted tubules (DCT): It is the distal part of renal tubules that lead to collecting ducts. It is similar in structure and function with PCT.
The filtration unit of the kidney is known as the nephron. It is consisting of tubule that is linked with a collecting duct at one side and a cup-shaped structure at the other side. This cup-shaped structure is known as‘Bowman’s capsule’.
What is nephron?It is the functional and structural unit of the kidney, it is a filtration unit of the kidney having glomerulus, and a tubule.
Filtration: Blood filtration is takes place in Bowman’s capsule from the capillaries of the glomerulus.
Reabsorption: When blood filtrate flows along the nephrons, molecules of amino acids, salts, glucose, and water are by selection re-absorbed into the blood by capillaries.
Secretion: hydrogen ions and waste ions flows from the capillaries into the renal tubule, this process is known as secretion.
Therefore, nephron is the filtration unit of the kidney.
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All of the following are factors in natural selection except…
A.) Competition with other organisms
B.) Environmental changes such as climate shifts.
C.) Technological advances in food production
D.) Organisms selecting advantageous trays among their mates to pass along traits to their offspring.
Answer:
C.) Technological advances in food production
Explanation:
All of the following are ways in which DNA technology plays a role in medicine except
All of the following are ways in which DNA technology plays a role in medicine except examining paternity.
What is DNA?
This is referred to as deoxyribonucleic acid and contains genetic instructions in organisms.
DNA technology plays a role in medicine such as formulation of drugs, high yield crops etc.
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What is one condition that is necessary for a hurricane to form
Answer:
humid air
Explanation:
For one to form, there needs to be warm ocean water and moist, humid air in the region. When humid air is flowing upward at a zone of low pressure over warm ocean water, the water is released from the air as creating the clouds of the storm. As it rises, the air in a hurricane rotates.
Spongiforma squarepantsii is what kind of organism?.
spongiforma squarepantsii is a Fungus
The mushroom, a native of Borneo, is Spongiforma squarepantsii, one of only two known members of the Spongiforma genus.
Explanation:
Spongiforma squarepantsii is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae, genus Spongiforma.
About how long does it take for an egg to move down from the oviduct to the cloaca/vent?
Answer:
Explanation:
Egg transport refers to the movement of the oocyte from the moment of expulsion from the ovarian follicle to entry into the distal segment of the fallopian tube before fertilization takes place
Drag each characteristic to the correct category.
viruses do not possess all the characteristics of life. identify those characteristics that viruses display and those they don't display.
made up of one or more cells
has a defined boundary
uses energy
exhibits growth and development
possesses internal organization
eliminates waste
characteristics of life
present in viruses
characteristics of life absent
in viruses
Viruses are organisms that share traits with both living and non-living organisms. The virus' genetic material is made up of both DNA and RNA.
What are the characteristics of virus?Viruses have an exterior capsule layer and a specified boundary. Only the host cells provide energy to the virus. They thrive and mature, multiplying their numbers solely within the host cells.
Characteristics which virus do not display:A virus is a single-celled with no more than one cell. In the virus, there is no internal organization. If a virus is present outside of the host environment, it does not grow, develop, or require energy. Viruses do not remove trash.
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1 2 3 or 4 pls I’m not sure
Answer:
the answer of this question in my opinion is 3
Technology and society in the industrial age
assignment
active
madam c. j. walker
madam cj walker built a multimillion dollar
business by selling her innovative products in the
how did companies tell the public about new
products?
transportation industry
beauty industry
communications industry
by hiring door-to-door salespeople
o by posting flyers in neighborhoods
by advertising in newspapers and magazines
done
complete
Answer: The answer is C "by advertising in newspapers and magazines
"
Explanation: On edg 2022
Widow's peak is dominant to straight hairline, and freckles are dominant to no freckles.
One parent is heterozygous for both traits and one parent has a straight hairline and
no freckles. Use H for hair, and F for freckles. List the genotypes of the parents and
then complete a dihybrid cross for their potential offspring. List the phenotypic ratio
of the offspring once you have completed the cross.
The phenotype ratio would be 25% each for widow's peak and freckles, widow's peak without freckles, straight hairline with freckles, and straight hairline without freckles.
Dihybrid crossingGenotype of the heterozygous parent: HhFf
Genotype of the other parent = hhff
Crossing the two parents:
HhFf = 1/4 = Widow's peak, freckles
Hhff = 1/4 = Widow's peak, no freckles
hhFf = 1/4 = straight hairline, freckles
hhff = 1/4 = straight hairline, no freckles.
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Analyzing and Interpreting Data: Data analysis uses tools, technologies, and/or models (e.g. computational, mathematical) in order to make a valid and reliable scientific claim.
Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions: Explanation is based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from a variety of sources (including students’ own investigations, models, theories, simulations, peer review). Scientific reasoning links evidence to the claim.
Construct an explanation answering your research question, In what ways can we change the community to reduce runoff? Be sure to include a scientific claim answering your research question along with evidence to support your claim. Use scientific reasoning to link the evidence to your claim.
The reduction of runoff will change the community by providing a clean environment and will enhance the quality of life.
What is a scientific claim?A scientific claim is a well-recognized fact about the real world that is supported by scientific evidence.
Scientific evidence in regard to the reduction of runoff shows that it increases the quality of life in society.
In conclusion, the reduction of runoff will change the community by providing a clean environment and will enhance the quality of life.
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Why can't populations continue to keep growing and growing?
Answer:
That would lead to overpopulation.
Explanation:
If overpopulation became severe, it could lead to increased homelessness, famine, and poverty. These things are already an issue in our world and overpopulation would make it even worse. :( I hope this helps! :)
What are the advantages and disadvantages of humoral
response ?
Please help thank you
The immune response involving the transformation of B - cells into plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies to a specific antigen. It develops in bone marrow.
Advantages of Humoral response
Humoral immunity develops quickly than cell mediated immunity.Extracellular microorganisms and there poisons are targeted by humoral immunity.Humoral immunity is considered to play an important role in MS pathogenesis.Disadvantages of Humoral response
humoral immunity involves a set of molecular components and processes that differ from cell-mediated immunity.Requires expensive robotics for printing arrays.Learn more about Humoral immunity here:
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Which step comes between identifying a need and generating ideas in the technological design process?
The step that comes between identifying a need and generating ideas in the technological design process is identify a problem.
What is technological design?Technological design is the process in which several techniques are used to developed new ideas or technology for efficiency.
Therefore, The step that comes between identifying a need and generating ideas in the technological design process is identify a problem.
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what are the characteristics of kingdom monera
see the attached file!!!