The amount of material must also fall to [1%] of its initial amount for the activity of the supplied radioactive isotope to decrease to [1%] of its initial level. As a result, it will take the radioactive isotope [6.645T] years to decay to around [1%] of its original value.
How much of a radioactive element remains after one half-life?As a result, 50% of the original parent nuclei are still present after one half-life, 25% after two half-lives, etc. The half-life and the initial quantity of radioactive atoms present both affect how much radiation is produced by a radioactive source.
How much would still be radioactive after six days?So after 3 half lives, or 6 days, around 12.5% of the total radioactive material will still be present.
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What does N solve mean?
The function NSolve("Equation", "Variable = starting value") generates a list of numerical solutions for the given equation for the specified unknown variable and its starting value.
What accomplishes N solve?Searches for solutions over the domain of real numbers in an effort to obtain numerical approximations to the solutions of the system of equations or inequalities for the variables vars.
Is there an infinite number of solutions?There are some equations that have infinitely many or no solutions. When simplified, equations without solutions won't have the same value. The same constant will be used on both sides to simplify equations having infinite solutions. An inconsistent system is a set of equations that cannot be solved.
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Can solar and wind work together?
Yes! As long as both receive enough sun or wind to create electricity, you can use both solar panels and wind turbines to charge your battery bank by running through a hybrid charge controller.
Can solar and wind energy be combined?Many renewable energy specialists believe that a tiny "hybrid" electric system that combines home wind and home solar (photovoltaic or PV) technology offers significant benefits over either one alone.
Which two issues do wind and solar energy have?Wind and sunlight are inherently unreliable and energy inefficient. As a result, installing a lot of solar and wind energy equipment on the grid raises the price of electricity production, locks in the price of fossil fuels, and has a negative impact on the environment.
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Dominance hierarchies are uncommon among folivores because Group of answer choicesleaves tend to be evenly distributed.individuals must travel far for food sources.one individual monopolizes leaves for feeding.food is clumped together.
Due to the uniform distribution of leaves, folivores rarely exhibit dominance hierarchies.
What is dominance hierarchies?A dominance hierarchy is a type of social hierarchy that arises when members of a social group interact, to create a ranking system. In social living groups, members are likely to compete for access to limited resources and mating opportunities. Rather than fighting each time they meet, relative rank is established between members of the same se x. Based on repetitive interactions a social order is created that is subject to change each time a dominant animal is challenged by a subordinate one. This hierarchical structure can be observed in many species, including humans.
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A group of scientists is studying the effect of a particular herbicide on the activity of plant cells. they want to observe the impact of the chemicals on the molecular structures inside the cell. which microscope would be the best tool for this research?
To observe the impact of the herbicide on the molecular structures inside plant cells, a microscope with high resolution and the ability to visualize small structures would be the best tool for this research. One option that could be suitable for this purpose is a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
A transmission electron microscope uses a beam of electrons to produce an image of the sample being studied. It has a higher resolution than a light microscope, and it is able to visualize structures as small as 0.2 nanometers in size. This makes it an ideal tool for studying the molecular structures inside cells, including proteins, DNA, and other cellular components.
Another option that could be used for this research is a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A scanning electron microscope uses a beam of electrons to produce a detailed, three-dimensional image of the surface of a sample. It has a lower resolution than a TEM, but it is able to visualize larger structures and features on the surface of cells.
Both TEMs and SEMs are powerful tools for studying the structures and functions of cells and molecular processes, and they are commonly used in scientific research and other applications.
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If you accept the cosmological principle, how can earth be located at the center of the observable universe?
The Philosophize Naturalis Principia Mathematica by Isaac Newton (1687) is the first work to explicitly state the cosmological principle.
Newton envisioned the Earth as a sphere in orbital motion around the Sun within an empty space that extended equally in all directions to impossibly enormous distances, in contrast to preceding classical or mediaeval cosmologies that saw the Earth as resting at the center of the universe.
The formal definition of the cosmological principle is "Viewed on a sufficiently wide scale, the properties of the cosmos are the same for all observers". This amounts to the firmly philosophical assertion that the cosmos as a whole, and not just the bit we can see, is governed by the same physical rules. In essence, this implies that the universe can be understood and is on scientists' side.
The cosmological principle has two testable consequences, an implicit qualification, and depends on a definition of "observer."
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What is the formula used to calculate energy using frequency?
E = hv is the energy equation. In the formula, E stands for energy, h for Planck's constant (6.626 x 10 -34 J s), and v for frequency. Since frequency rises as energy falls, frequency and energy are related directly in the energy equation. Because h is a constant, this is conceivable.
What is the energy and frequency relation?Each quantum's energy content is directly influenced by the radiation's frequency. Since the relationship between frequency and wavelength is inverse, the amount of energy carried is also inversely proportional to wavelength.
The link between the energy E and frequency v of a photon is expressed by the equation E=hv, where h is Planck's constant.
In essence, energy is directly proportional to radiation frequency but inversely proportional to wavelength. As a result, energy increases when frequency or wavelength decreases and decreases when frequency or wavelength increases.
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Exercise III-
Given the point M moving such that its coordinates at any instant t are:
x = 2t; y = 5t² +4t where t is in second and x and y are in meters.
1-Find the equation of the trajectory of the point M. What is the nature of this motion?
2- Find the position vector of point M at time t.
3- Find the position of point M at t = 3 s.
4- Determine the velocity vector of point M at any time t. Verify that the magnitude of|||= 2√√25t+20t+5.
5- Find the acceleration vector a and deduce that its magnitude=10m/s².
1. The equation of trajectory is: y = 5x²/4 +2x; it is equation of parabola.
2. The position vector = 2ti + (5t² +4t) j
3. The position of point M at t = 3 s is: ( 6,57).
4. The magnitude of velocity of point M at any time t is 2√(25t²+20t+5).
5. The magnitude of acceleration is 10m/s².
What is velocity?The rate at which a body's displacement changes in relation to time is known as its velocity. Velocity is a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction. SI unit of velocity is meter/second.
coordinates at any instant t are:
x = 2t; y = 5t² +4t
1. equation of trajectory is:
y = 5x²/4 +2x; it is equation of parabola.
2. position vector = 2ti + (5t² +4t) j
3. the position of point M at t = 3 s is: x = 2×3 = 6; y = 5×3² +4×3 = 57; i.e., ( 6,57)
4. the velocity vector of point M at any time t is = 2i + ( 10t +4) j
magnitude of velocity = √( 2² + (10t +4)² = 2√(25t²+20t+5).
5. the acceleration vector is = 10j m/s²
Hence, its magnitude is =10m/s².
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Researchers are completely certain that which of the following facial expressions is recognised by people of all cultures?
A. Interest
B. Guilt
C. Contempt
D. Surprise
Surprise is the facial expressions is recognized by people of all cultures.
What is meant by facial expression?A facial expression is made up of one or more movements or facial muscle postures. One disputed theory claims that these motions reveal an individual's emotional condition to onlookers. Nonverbal communication can also take the shape of facial expressions.In addition to humans, most other mammals and several other animal species also use them as a key method of social communication.Humans may express themselves on their faces willingly or involuntarily, and the neurological systems that regulate the expression vary depending on the situation. Voluntary facial expressions frequently have a cortical pathway in the brain and are socially conditioned. On the other hand, it is thought that involuntary facial expressions are intrinsic and go through the subcortical region of the brain.Learn more about facial expression refer to :
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Can ballistic stretching be harmful?
Yes, Ballistic stretching can be harmful if it is not performed properly.
This type of stretching involves bouncing movements, which can place excessive strain on the muscles and connective tissues. This can lead to muscle strains or tears, as well as other injuries. It is important to use caution when performing ballistic stretches and to stop if any pain or discomfort is experienced. It is also recommended to warm up before stretching and to stretch slowly and smoothly, rather than using ballistic movements.
Ballistic stretching can also increase the risk of muscle imbalances and poor posture if it is not balanced with other types of stretching, such as static stretching. It is generally more effective and safer to gradually increase flexibility through regular, consistent stretching rather than trying to force the body to stretch too quickly or aggressively.
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Part A - Prefixes, Roots, and Suffixes Match these prefixes and suffixes to their meanings. Reset Help oste- The word root means bone. peri- The word root means one that breaks or destroys. hema- The word root means blood. means blood. -clast -blast The word root means around or enclosing. The word root means embryonic or formative cell. Submit Request Answer Part B - Vocabulary Terms Match these vocabulary terms to their meanings. Reset Help hematopoiesis The connective tissue membrane that encloses a bone is the osteoporosis is a disease in which bones lose mass and strength, becoming brittle. osteoblasts Blood cells are formed by the process of periosteum osteoclasts Calcium is released by the action of ,which break down bone matrix. are cells that build bone matrix. Submit Request Answer
Calcium is released by the action of osteoclasts which break down bone matrix.
The cells known as osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down bone to start the process of normal bone remodeling and for mediating bone loss in pathologic situations by escalating their resorptive activity. They develop in the bone marrow from progenitors in the myeloid/monocyte lineage, which then circulate in the blood. The Howship lacunae, which osteoclasts occupy on the surface of the bone, are assumed to be the result of the osteoclasts' enzymes eroding the bone. The union of many cells produced from blood-circulating monocytes results in osteoclasts. These are derived from the bone marrow in turn.
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Another piece of copper has a volume of 7 cm3 what is its mass?
The mass of a piece of copper that has volume of 7[tex]cm^{3}[/tex] is 62.58g.
A piece of copper has a volume of 7 [tex]cm^{3}[/tex], find what is its mass?The element copper (Cu) is a reddish, very ductile metal belonging to Periodic Group 11 that has an exceptional ability to conduct heat and electricity. In nature, copper can be found in its free metallic state.
Given,
Volume = 7 cm^3
we know that,
The density of copper is 8.960g/cm^3 in room temperature.
Density = mass / volume
Mass = Density x Volume
Mass = 8.960 x 7
Mass = 62.72 g
Mass of copper has a volume of 7 cm^3 is 62.72g.
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Identify the highlighted vessel. left coronary artery Oright coronary artery great cardiac vein anterior interventricular artery
The highlighted vessel given below in the image attached:
left coronary artery right coronary artery great cardiac vein anterior interventricular arteryWhat is the function of the coronary arteries and cardiac veins?
The movement of blood through the blood arteries that nourish the heart muscle is known as coronary circulation (myocardium). The heart muscle receives oxygenated blood from the coronary arteries. After the blood has been deoxygenated, cardiac veins remove it.
The heart muscle receives blood from coronary arteries. The heart muscle need oxygen-rich blood in order to operate, just like all other bodily components do. Blood that lacks oxygen must also be transported away. Outside of the heart, the coronary arteries encircle the organ.
Therefore, Your heart receives blood through the coronary arteries and their branches. In order to pump blood through your heart and the rest of your body, your heart muscles require the oxygen and nutrients found in blood.
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What is n defined as?
The Standard International (SI) unit of force is the newton. The letter N is frequently used to shorten the phrase "newton" in physics and engineering documents.
How is N defined mathematically?N, the collection of natural numbers, can be defined in one of two ways: N = {0, 1, 2...} N = (1, 2,...} Unknown or undefined natural numbers are represented by lowercase letters in mathematical equations.
What does algebra's N stand for?N in an equation stands for a particular number, not just any integer. N + 9 = 12, which denotes that N is a number that, when added to 9, must result in the number 12.
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Suppoe you are in a dark room. Can you ee object in the room? Can you ee object outide the room?
I may or may not see object in the dark room or outside the room because it all depends on the presence of light.
We realize that we can see an item when light reflected from its surface enter our eyes.There is no light in obscurity room .As there will be no light in obscurity room there will be no reflection. So we can not see any item in the room, In the event that there is light external the room, we will actually want to see object outside the room. This is on the grounds that the light reflected from object make picture in our eyes. So on the off chance that there is no light we will not ready to see, assuming there is light we will ready to see.
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16. Two aircraft P and Q are flying at the same speed, 300 m s¯¹. The direction along which P is flying is at right angles to the direction along which Q is flying. a) Find the magnitude of the velocity of the aircraft P relative to aircraft Q. b) Find the direction of the velocity?
a) The magnitude of the velocity of the aircraft P relative to aircraft Q is 424 m/s
b) The direction of the velocity is 45 degrees.
What is the relative velocity?We know that the relative velocity has to do with the velocity of the object that is the same in magnitude and direction as the velocities of two or more objects together.
As such we have the velocities of the objects as;
P = 300 m s¯¹
Q = 300 m s¯¹
Since they are at right angles, the resultant is;
R = √(300)^2 + (300)^2
R = 424 m/s
b) The direction of the velocity is obtained as;
tan-1 = (300/300)
= 45 degrees
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When wood burns, a small amount of ashes is produced and gas is given off. How does this reaction demonstrate the law of conservation of mass?.
The law of conservation of mass states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. When wood burns, the mass of the wood is converted into a small amount of ashes and gas. The total mass of the ashes and gas is equal to the mass of the wood before it was burned, demonstrating that the law of conservation of mass holds true.
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What is the formula of frequency of a string?
The frequency of vibration of a string is given by f=2LnmT, where T is tension in the string, L is the length, n is the number of harmonics.
What is a frequencyy?
Frequence is the number of circumstances of a repeating event per unit of time.It's also occasionally appertained to as temporal frequence for clarity and is different from angular frequence.Frequence measured in hertz( Hz), which is equal to one event per second. Period is the time interval between events, so period is the antipode of frequence.For cyclic marvels similar as oscillations, swells, or for exemplifications of simple harmonious stir, the term frequence is defined as the number of cycles or climate per unit time.The conventional symbol for frequence is f; the Greek letter ν( nu) is also used.The period T is the time needed to complete one cycle of oscillation or gyration.To know more about frequency, click the link given below:
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What forces is used when sliding down a slide?
Gravity are being pulled down the slide by gravity, but there is also another physics principle at work: friction or resistance. Two factors contribute to friction's force.
What forces are at work when someone slides down a slide?Answer and justification Gravitational and frictional forces may have an impact on a child's motion as they descend a slide.
What forces are at work when an object slides?Contact is a force acting such as the normal force that prevents two things from sliding past one another. Friction moves an object's flat surface in a direction opposite to the normal force, which moves an object perpendicular to its flat surface.
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1. A neutron in a reactor makes an elastic headon collision with the nucleus of an atom initially at rest.
Assume: The mass of the atomic nucleus is
about 11.4 the mass of the neutron.
What fraction of the neutron’s kinetic energy is transferred to the atomic nucleus?
2. If the initial kinetic energy of the neutron is
5.43 × 10−13 J, find its final kinetic energy.
Answer in units of J.
(a) The fraction of neutron's kinetic energy transferred to the atomic nucleus is 0.088.
(b) The final kinetic energy of the neutron is 4.95 x 10⁻¹³ J.
What is the final velocity of the atom?The final velocity of the atom is calculated by applying the principle of conservation of linear momentum as follows;
initial momentum of the neutron = final momentum of the atom
m₁u₁ = m₂u₂
where;
m₁ is the mass of the neutronu₁ is the initial velocity of the neutronm₂ is the mass of the atomic nucleusu₂ is the final velocity of the atomic nucleusThe mass of the atomic nucleus = 11.4 m₁
u₂ = m₁u₁ / m₂
u₂ = m₁u₁ / (11.4 m₁)
u₂ = 0.088u₁
The initial kinetic energy of the neutron is calculated as;
K.Ei = ¹/₂m₁u₁²
The final kinetic energy of the atomic nucleus is calculated as;
K.Ef = ¹/₂m₂u₂²
K.Ef = ¹/₂(11.4 m₁)(0.088u₁)²
K.Ef = 0.088 (¹/₂m₁u₁²)
K.Ef = 0.088 (K.Ei)
The fraction of neutron's kinetic energy transferred to the atomic nucleus is calculated as;
= 0.088 (K.Ei) / K.Ei
= 0.088
= 8.8 %
The final kinetic energy of the neutron is calculated as follows;
K.E.f (neutron) = (1 - 0.088) x (5.43 x 10⁻¹³ J)
K.E.f (neutron) = 4.95 x 10⁻¹³ J
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a cart is going around a circular loop, as shown in the figure. the cart moves with the smallest speed necessary to stay in contact with the loop to complete a circular path at point 1. what is the speed of the cart at point 2?
This cart's speed at point 2 is indicated as √5GR
How fast is it?
This is how far something moves over a predefined or fixed length of time. Although it is the fastest, the for loop is difficult to read. The for each is quick, and iteration may be managed.
gravitational speed, or g.
m = the cart's mass
r = radius
1 speed equals v1.
f1 is centripetal force
f1 = mv1²/R
m1 = mg
mv1²/R = mg
the cross-multiply v1² = gr
v1 = √gr
H = 2R
mgH x mv12/2 mv22/2
2GH + v1² = v2²
2g(2R) + (√gR)² = v2²
4gr + GR = V2²
5GR = v2²
√5GR = v2
As a result, at point 2, the cart's speed is indicated as √5GR
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What is the relationship between the mass of a student and the amount of work they do?
The relationship between the mass of a student and the amount of work they do is that the greater the mass, the more work.
What is Work?This is referred to as any type of activity which requires the use of physical or mental effort by an individual or thing.
In a scenario where an individual has a greater mass then there will be more work done and vice versa as a result of the formula of work being Force × distance where the Force = mass × acceleration which therefore explains the relationship between the mass of a student and the amount of work they do.
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how to run and connect a wire from a receptacle in one room to a switch and receptacle in another room
To run a wire from a receptacle in one room to a switch and receptacle in another room, you will need to follow these steps:
Turn off the power to the circuit that you will be working on at the main electrical panel.Use a voltage tester to confirm that the power is off.Locate the receptacle in the first room and remove the cover plate.Identify the hot, neutral, and ground wires in the receptacle box. The hot wire is typically black or red, the neutral wire is white, and the ground wire is green or bare copper.Measure the distance from the receptacle to the switch and receptacle in the second room, and add a few feet to allow for any necessary bends or turns.Cut a length of wire that is long enough to reach from the receptacle to the switch and receptacle in the second room.Strip the insulation from the ends of the wire.Connect one end of the wire to the receptacle in the first room by attaching the hot wire to the brass terminal, the neutral wire to the silver terminal, and the ground wire to the green or bare copper terminal.Run the wire through the wall or ceiling to the switch and receptacle in the second room. You may need to use wire staples to secure the wire to the framing members.Locate the switch and receptacle in the second room and remove the cover plates.Identify the hot, neutral, and ground wires in the switch and receptacle boxes.Connect the other end of the wire to the switch and receptacle in the second room by attaching the hot wire to the brass terminal, the neutral wire to the silver terminal, and the ground wire to the green or bare copper terminal.Replace the cover plates on the switch and receptacle in the second room.Turn the power back on at the main electrical panel and test the switch and receptacle to confirm that they are working properly.That electrical work can be dangerous and should only be performed by a qualified electrician. If you are not comfortable or familiar with electrical work, it is recommended that you hire a professional to complete the job for you.
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How many diseases are genetic?
Rare diseases can also be brought on by genetic problems. Less than 200,000 Americans are afflicted by this group of illnesses. Experts estimate that there could be as many as 7,000 of these illnesses.
What proportion of diseases have a genetic basis?One of the oldest arguments in the scientific world is the nature vs. nurture controversy.
How many genetic disorders affect people?
Single gene illnesses are brought on by flaws in just one specific gene. Over 10,000 human diseases are brought on by a single gene mutation, often known as a change. Nearly all ailments and diseases have a hereditary component, researchers are discovering. Variations, or mutations as they are commonly known, in a single gene are the root cause of some diseases, including sickle cell disease and cystic fibrosis.
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In a gm two-mode hybrid electric vehicle, when can the vehicle be powered by electric power alone?
In gm two-mode hybrid electric vehicle, the vehicle can be powered by electric power alone in the first mode. The first mode has a function like a regular full hybrid.
A two-mode vehicle is a hybrid model that functions in two ways. The first mode is fully hybrid. The second mode brings a difference. The second mode performs various functions by adjusting various amounts of engine and motor functions.
In the first mode, with a light load and at low speed, the engine can be powered alone on electric power. In this mode, the engine can be shut down, but all accessories can continue operating on electric power. The hybrid system can restart the engine at any time when required.
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what is the net electric potential, in volts, at the point where the 7 nc charge is placed in the drawing below?
The electric potential of a point charge is V=kQ/r. A scalar is an electric potential, while a vector is an electric field.
The voltage due to a combination of point charges is obtained by adding voltages as integers, whereas the overall electric field is obtained by adding individual fields as vectors. When electrostatic forces are applied, the electric potential at a place in an electric field is the amount of work done transferring a unit positive charge from infinity to that point along any path. Because the work done on the item is equal to mgh, the energy gained by the object Equals mgh, which in this case is the potential energy E, according to the rule of conservation of energy.
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How much of the ocean has been explored with sonar?
Currently, contemporary sonar technology has only been used to map fewer than 10% of the world's oceans. Only around 35% of the ocean and coastal waterways in the United States have been mapped using contemporary techniques.
Why don't we investigate the ocean's bottom?
It is challenging to attempt to travel to the ocean's depths. Between 4,000 and 6,000 metres below sea level is where the majority of the ocean bottom is located. The abyssal zone is what it is termed. The visibility is really poor because the sunlight doesn't penetrate very far down. Ocean trenches are a few smaller, deeper regions that exist beneath the ocean floor. Seamounts, volcanic islands, mid-oceanic ridges and rises, and seamounts are features that rise up from the ocean floor.
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What is force of friction short answer?
Frictional force that is produced when two surfaces attempt to move in one direction or in opposite directions is known as frictional force. the primary objective of frictional force.
Where is the force of resistance?Lever. A rigid piece of material is put over what is known as a fulcrum to form a lever. On one ends of the lever, which is also known as the resisting force, is an object that must be lifted. To lift the frictional resistance, effort is applied at the opposite end of the level.
What creates the force of resistance?Friction is resistance brought on by rubbing surfaces together, such as the stylus' tip and an object. Viscosity is a fluid's resistance to movement, such as water.
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you fire a bullet from a gun that is 0.981 meters above ground aimed perfectly parallel to the ground. it has an initial velocity of 981 m/s. how long will it take the bullet to reach the ground?
The time taken for the bullet to reach the ground is 0.447 s
What is free fall?
Free fall is a concept of motion where an object is falling under the force of gravity and is only subjected to the force of gravity. It is experienced by objects that are not subject to any other type of force such as air resistance or drag. Examples of objects in free fall include an object dropped from a certain height, a skydiver in a belly-to-earth position, a spacecraft in orbit, or an object thrown upwards and then falling back down. A free fall can be thought of as a state of weightlessness, since the object is not subject to any other force, and is accelerating at a rate of 9.8 m/s2 (or 32 ft/s2). This acceleration is due to gravity and is known as the acceleration due to gravity.
Height from which the bullet id fired, h = 0.981 m
initial velocity of the bullet, u₁ = 981 m/s
Since it is fired parallel to the ground , the initial velocity u₁ does not have a vertical component
So it will be a free fall
Therefore the time taken to reach ground , t =√(2h/g)
t = √(2 * 0.981 / 9.81)
= √(1/5)
= √0.2
t = 0.447 s
Therefore the time taken for the bullet to reach the ground is 0.447 s
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What are 3 common uses for non-renewable energy?
Answer:- electricity, heating, transportation and manufacturing.
Explanation:First lets us know what non-renewable energy is.
Non-renewable energy is energy derived from finite resources that are not replaced quickly enough to keep up with the speed of consumption. For perspective, non-renewable energy sources will not be replenished in our lifetime, or, more accurately, many human lifetimes. Most non-renewable energy sources are fossil fuels such as petroleum and crude oil, coal, and natural gas¬, but nuclear fuel, mainly used to produce electricity, heating, transportation and manufacturing, is also generally classified as nonrenewable.
Classify statements about total internal reflection true or fal False Answer Bank When light hits a boundary at less than the critical angle, it will undergo total internal reflection Simple reflection of light off a silvered mirror is more efficient than total internal reflection, so mirrors are often used instead of prisms in optical instruments to minimize light loss. A smaller critical angle means that total internal reflection is more likely to occur. Piber optic cables are a practical application of the phenomenon of total internal reflection.
In the field of physics, total internal reflection refers to the entire reflection of a beam of light that is traveling through a medium such as water or glass back into the medium itself from the surfaces that surround the medium.
When the angle of incidence is larger than a specific limiting angle, which is referred to as the critical angle, the phenomena will take place. When a ray of light traveling through a medium with a higher index of refraction approaches another medium with an angle of incidence that is greater than the critical angle, a phenomenon known as total internal reflection occurs. In general, this phenomenon takes place at the boundary between two transparent media.
True statements are;
1. A smaller critical angle means the total internal reflection is more likely to occur.
2. Fiber optic cables are practical applications of total internal reflections.
False statements are;
1. When light hits a boundary at a less than the critical angle, it will undergo total internal reflection.
2. Single reflection of light of a silvered mirror is more efficient than total internal reflection so mirrors are often used instead of prisms in optical instruments to minimize light loss.
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