why does the substitution of ortho or para nitro groups onto chlorobenzene greatly increase the tendency of the chlorine to be displaced by nucleophiles?
As an electron-withdrawing group, the nitro group reduces the electron density over the benzene ring. Haloarenes are more reactive to nucleophlic substitution when nitro groups are present in the ortho or para position.
What are nucleophiles ?A reactant known as a nucleophile provides an electron pair in order to create a covalent bond. Typically, a nucleophile has a negative charge or is neutral with one or two donateable electrons. Some examples include H2O, -OMe, or -OtBu. The species with a lot of electrons is a nucleophile overall.
A nucleophile is an atom or molecule that seeks the positive center of a chemical process, such as the atom's nucleus, since it has an accessible electron pair for bonding.
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At the end of the diffusion process, the concentration of substances on each side is.
At the end of the diffusion process, the concentration of substances on each side is. equal. This is because the diffusion process causes the substances to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until they are evenly distributed.
What is concentration?
Concentration in chemistry is calculated by dividing a constituent's abundance by the mixture's total volume. Mass concentration, molarity, number concentration, as well as volume concentration are four different categories of mathematical description. Any type of chemical mixture can be referred to by the term "concentration," but solutes as well as solvents in solutions are most frequently mentioned. There are different types of molar (amount) concentration, including normal concentration as well as osmotic concentration. The word "concentration" is derived from the French verb "concentrer," which means "to put at the centre" and comes from the root con-.
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Which body systems within marching band members are interacting so they can play their instruments while walking in the parade? List the systems below.
Squirrel: Digestive, Circulatory, Muscular, and Nervous systems.
Soccer: Skeletal/muscular, circulatory, respiratory, and body systems.
What is body systems?For Squirrel:
The digestive system functions to break food down into smaller pieces that are more suitable for swallowing and absorbing the available nutrients. It transports to various cells of living organisms.
musculature allows animals to keep their balance on branches and avoid falling.
The nervous system controls all living things. The nervous system controls all physical activity. Among many other functions, it is involved in maintaining balance and maintaining alertness during meals.
Soccer player:
This person is trying to hit the ball to score a goal. He seems to be adjusting his arms and legs to allow this.
The muscular and skeletal systems work together to support and strengthen the body. They allow the movement of the whole body to reach the target.
The respiratory system is also involved in this person's running performance. He has to breathe constantly to get enough oxygen while running and exhaling exhaust fumes.
The circulatory system transports oxygen to various cells in the body that use it on demand, especially muscle cells. The system also removes waste.
The nervous system controls all physical activity. It performs a variety of functions, including maintaining balance and coordination while running, alerting other players and focusing on the ball, and controlling a player's thoughts and strategies during the game.
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one or more substances are changed or converted into other substances during reactions.
A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances, also called reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, known as products.
What does the term chemical equation mean?
A chemical equation is a formula that lists the reactants and products of a chemical process. The reactants are to the left of the arrow, and the products are to the right. They will always be written in the same manner as a mathematical equation, from left to right. On occasion, a symbol will appear above or below the arrow to denote a prerequisite for the response to proceed. Products are the end result of chemical reactions that either break down an existing substance or create a new one. For instance, you can create edible table salt by combining solid sodium and gaseous chlorine (NaCl). This reaction is very flammable and produces a lot of heat (exothermic reaction).Hence, chemical reaction is the process.
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Given R = 0.0821L⋅atm/mol⋅K, what is the volume of a mole of gas at a pressure of 2.5 atm and a temperature of 250K?
The volume of the gas is obtained as 8.2 L
What is the volume of the gas?
We know that we can be able to obtain the volume of the gas by the use of the process that can be identified with the ideal gas equation. In the ideal gas equation, we know that we can be able to see the relationship between the pressure, volume, temperature and number of moles of the gas.
Now we have to state out the parameters that have to do with the gas and we have the following;
Volume of the gas V = ?
Temperature of the gas T = 250 K
Gas constant R = 0.0821L⋅atm/mol⋅K,
Pressure of the gas P = 2.5 atm
We then have the formula for the ideal gas as;
PV = nRT
P = pressure
V = volume
R = constant
at = Temperature
Then we have;
V = nRT/P
V = 1 * 0.082 * 250/2.5
V = 8.2 L
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Nuclear decay occurs according to first-order kinetics. How long will it take for a sample of titanium-45 to decay from 65.0 grams to 25.0 grams? The half-life of titanium-45 is 3.08 hours 2.15 hours 32.9 hours 5.13 hours
A sample of titanium-45 will degrade from 65 grams to 25 grams in 4.24 hours.
The formula for the half-life of a first-order reaction is = 0.693/k.
Half-life is 3.08 hours, given.
So k = 0.225
First order reaction rate is calculated using:
where k is the reaction rate and 0.225 is the reaction time
R' = 25g, the total quantity.
original quantity = 65g
With these parameters entered, we obtain t=4.24 hours.
As a result, a sample of titanium-45 will degrade from 65.0 grams to 25.0 grams in 4.24 hours.
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Rihanna tested two different foods using iodine solution and Benedict's s-
Solution
These were her results.
spaghetti - went blue-black with iodine solution, went blue
with
Benedict's solution
honey - went orange-brown with iodine solution, turned brick red
with Benedict's solution
Describe how Rhianna tested the foods with Benedict's solution.
Construct a results table and fill it in to show Rhianna's results clearl
What conclusions can Rhianna make from her results?
Answer:
*spaghetti is a starch...it doesn't contain sugar, but honey contains sugar.
*Starch gives blue-black with iodine solution and dark blue in Benedict's reagent
*benedict solution : add benedict reagent to a test tube, then heat it (it will turn yellow-greenish) and let it cool down, if the colour changes to red, then sugar its present.
*A positive test with Benedict's reagent is shown by a color change from clear blue to brick-red
* conclusion : Honey is a carbohydrate, and spaghetti is a starch
Explanation:
In a spectrophotometer, both absorbance and transmittance indicate choose. Passing through a sample. A high absorbance corresponds to a choose. Transmittance.
The light is passed through a sample solution some amount of light is absorbed and the rest is transmitted, according to Beer-lambert's law, in the spectrophotometer.
What is Spectrophotometer?
A spectrometer is a biological instrument that determines the concentration of a solute in a solution by measuring the amount of light that passes through a solution.
What is Beer-lambert's law?
The fundamental idea behind this is to determine the transmittance of light. The amount of light absorbed is inversely proportional to the amount of light transmitted, which is why this phenomenon is also known as the Beer-Lambert law since some light is absorbed and the remainder is transmitted when it passes through a sample solution.
Hence, the light is passed through a sample solution some amount of light is absorbed and the rest is transmitted.
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decomposition of ni3 produces nitrogen gas and iodine. how many grams of the reactant would be required to react completely to give 2.49 g of the iodine?
It would take 8.26 g of the reactant in grams.
NI3 breaks down into 2 NI3 (s) ——————————> N2 (g) (g) It is evident from the chemical equation that 761.4 g of iodine is obtained from = 789.4 g of NI3 when the following conditions are met:.......... +..................... 3 I2 (g) 2 mol..................................1 mol.........................................3 mol 2 x 394.7 g/mol..............28 g/mol....................................3 x 253.8 g/mol
As a result, the formula yields 7.97 g of iodine: = 789.4 g x 7.97 g / 761.4 of NI3 = 6291.518 / 761.4 of NI3 = 8.26 g of NI3; therefore, 8.26 g of the reactant would be needed.
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Some nuclear power plants use plutonium-239, which is produced in breeder reactors. the rate-determing step is the second β- emission. How long does it take to make 3.00 kg of 239pu if the reaction is complete when the product is 91.5 % 239pu?
To make 1.00 kg of ²³⁹Pu if the reaction is complete when the product is 90% ²³⁹Pu the time period is 0.357 days.
Definition of power plants
Power station is defined as an industrial facility for the production of electricity, sometimes known as a power plant, generating station, or generating plant. In most of the cases, power plants are wired to form a grid.
Half life of ²³⁹Pu is 2.35 days
K = ln2/t₀.₅
= ln 2/ 2.35
K = 0.294956/ day
N₀ = 1 kg
Nₐ = 0.91kg
K = 1/t ln N₀/ Nₐ
t = 1/K ln(N₀/Nₐ)
t = 0.357 days
Hence, the time period is 0.357 days.
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What do atoms consist of:____.
A. elements
B. compounds
C. charged and uncharged particles
D. neutrons moving around a nucleus
Answer: i think is D
Explanation:
If you combine 400.0 mL
of water at 25.00 ∘C
and 100.0 mL
of water at 95.00 ∘C,
what is the final temperature of the mixture? Use 1.00 g/mL as the density of water.
Therefore, the final temperature of the mixture is 43.15 C.
What is Temperature?
The term "temperature" refers to a measurement of an object's average kinetic energy, which is a category of energy linked to motion and used to describe how hot or cold an object is. But how hot and how frigid are they exactly? Hot and cool are not really scientific concepts.A physical scientist would check the metal's liquid state's temperature to find the answer. It is less confusing to use temperature instead of phrases like hot or cold.
Let the mixture's final temperature be toC (clearly, 95.00 oC > t oC > 25.00 oC).
Cold water sample's mass is equal to (volume times density) or (400 mL times 1.00 g/mL) = 400 g.
Water has a specific heat capacity of 4.184 J/g.
Heat gained by cold water equals mass times the water's specific heat capacity times the temperature change.
= (400g) x (t - 25) C x (4.184 J/g)
Hot water sample mass equals 140 g (140 mL x 1.00 g/mL).
Heat lost by hot water is calculated as (140 g) x (4.184 J/g. C) x (95 - t) C.
400 ( t - 25 ) = 140 ( 95 - t)
400 t - 10000 = 13300 - 140t
540t = 23300
t = 43.15
Therefore, the final temperature of the mixture is 43.15 C.
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If you know your speed and how long you have been traveling, then you can calculate your dsitance with the formula
Speed is calculated as follows: speed = distance x time. Knowing the units for distance and time is necessary to determine the units for speed. Then distance = speed/time.
What is distance?The distance traveled must be divided by the amount of time spent traveling in order to calculate speed. Divide the distance by the speed to calculate the time. Add the speed and the time together to get the distance. These equations can be seen as s=d/t when speed, distance, and time are all given.
The distance formula, d = st, or distance equals speed times time, can be used to calculate distance. Speed and rate are comparable because they both denote a certain amount of travel per unit of time, such as miles per hour or kilometers per hour. If speed s is equal to rate r, then r = s = d/t.
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C2h4+3o2——>2co2+2h2o enthalpy
kiki makes a table to compare the particles in a magnesium atom to those in a magnesium ion. a 3 column table with 3 rows. the first column is not labeled but have entries protons, neutrons, electrons. the second column is labeled magnesium atom with entries 12, 12, 12. the last column is labeled magnesium ion with entries x, y, z. she knows that a magnesium ion has an electric field that points away from the ion. what values should she use to complete her table?
The neutral magnesium atom has 12 protons, 12 neutrons, and 12 electrons.Ten electrons, twelve protons, and twelve neutrons make up the magnesium ion.
Protons, neutrons, and electrons make up an element's atom. Protons and electrons are distributed equally among neutral atoms. Gain or loss of electrons causes the formation of ions.
For the atom of magnesium: The neutral magnesium atom has 12 protons, 12 neutrons, and 12 electrons.
Regarding the magnesium ion:
It possesses two less electrons than the magnesium ion. As a result, there are 10 electrons, 12 protons, and 12 neutrons in each magnesium ion.
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Answer:B:12 12 10
Explanation:edge
why should care be taken tha tht easample is above the solvent level before the tlc plat eis placed into the devleioping hcambe
If the solvent level covers the sample, the sample spot will be washed off into the solvent before it travels up the TLC plate
The intermolecular interactions between the solvent and the solute are the main determinant of the solubility of the solute in a given solvent. The solute will dissolve in the solvent if the solvent surrounds and solvates the solute. In contrast to interactions between the solute and other solutes or between the solvent and other solvents, the solute must therefore create greater interactions with the solvent in order to dissolve. It is questionable if a homogeneous solution will develop in a mixture if the solvent-solute interactions are weaker than the solvent-solvent interactions and the solute-solute interactions.
why should care be taken tha tht easample is above the solvent level before the tlc plat eis placed into the devleioping hcambe
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what happens to water with dextrose after a few days?
Since dextrose cannot be autoclaved and IV administration makes sterility essential, even if the solution may be chemically stable for months, the shorter BUD that will be utilized is 14 days according on USP sterility requirements.
What do you mean by Dextrose ?A basic sugar, glucose has the chemical formula C6H12O6. The most prevalent monosaccharide, a type of carbohydrate, is glucose.
(Dextrose dextrorotary glucose), a monosaccharide made from corn, is frequently referred to as "corn sugar" in commerce. It is additionally called glucose. A very refined white sugar, corn sugar has no corn (maize) flavor. Hexose-type sugar glucose contains a group of six carbon atoms.
A simple sugar derived from corn or wheat with the term dextrose is chemically equivalent to glucose, or blood sugar. Dextrose is a typical sweetener used in baked products and is present in things like processed foods and corn syrup.
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after conducting stable-isotope analysis of an ice core, you record a high level of 18o relative to 16o at a particular layer. what does this suggest about the climate at this time?
The climate was relatively warm.
Determine the empirical formula of a compound containing 0.928 g of gallium and 0.412 g of phosphorus.
Empirical formula of a compound can be determined using their number moles in the given weights. Thus number of moles of both gallium and phosphorous are 0.013 . Thus, empirical formula of this composition is GaP.
What is empirical formula?Empirical formula of a compound is derived from the number of moles of each element present in the compound. It will be different from the molecular formula of the compound.
Atomic mass of phosphorous = 31 g/mol
Atomic mass of gallium = 69.72 g/mol
Number of moles of 0.412 g of P = 0.412 g/31 g = 0.013.
No.of moles in 0.928 g of Ga = 0.928 / 69.72 = 0.013.
The ratio of their number of moles = 0.013 :0.013 = 1 :1.
Therefore, the empirical formula of the compound containing 0.928 g of gallium and 0.412 g of phosphorus is GaP.
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A sports car has a mass of 1500 kg and accelerates at 5.0 m/s2. What is the magnitude of the force acting on the sports car?
F=ma
A. 300 N
B. 1500 N
C. 2250 N
D. 7500 N
The magnitude of the force acting on the sports car is 7500N.
How to solve?Mass of the sportscar= 1500 kg
Acceleration of the sportscar= 5m/s^2
Net Force = Mass × Acceleration,
or F = m × a.
F= 1500 kg x 5m/s^2
F = 7500N.
How do you determine acceleration?According to the equation a = v/t, acceleration (a) is the product of the change in velocity (v) and the change in time (t). In terms of meters per second squared (m/s2), this enables you to calculate how quickly velocity varies.
How is momentum calculated?p = m v . The equation shows that the relationship between momentum and an object's mass (m) and speed is linear (v). The larger an object's mass or velocity, the greater its momentum will be as a result.
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Referring to the drawing to the right.the beaker contains a 5% salt solution and the bag contains a 15%salt solution in which direction will water move
According to the concept of diffusion the water will move from 5% salt solution to 15%salt solution.
What is diffusion?Diffusion is defined as the process of movement of molecules which takes place under concentration gradient. It helps in movement of substances in and out from the cell.The molecules move from lower concentration region to a higher concentration region till the concentration becomes equal.
There are 2 main types of diffusion:
1) simple diffusion-process in which substances move through a semi-permeable membrane without the aid of transport proteins.
2) facilitated diffusion- It is a passive movement of molecules across cell membrane from higher concentration region to lower concentration.
There are 2 types of facilitated diffusion one is osmosis and dialysis.
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Explain how water is an example of a molecule that forms because of polar covalent bonds.
( Need Answer ASAPP! 100 POINTSS!!!)
Water is an example of a molecule which forms polar covalent bonds simply because of shared electrons pairs between hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
How water is a polar covalent moleculeWater is a chemical compound which contains hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is positive charged while the oxygen atom has a negative ion. Structurally, water has two different poles in its molecule; a positive side pole and a negative side pole.
That being said, one great quality, feature or characteristic which makes water a polar covalent molecule is by the virtue of unequal sharing of electrons.
So therefore, we can now confirm from the explanation given above that the polarity of water molecules makes it an excellent solvent for solutes.
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In order to urvive a a pecie, organim mut pa on their genetic information from one generation to the next. Thi i known a ______. Organim can pa on their genetic information through exual reproduction
In order to survive a a pieces, organism must pa on their genetic information from one generation to the next. This is known a genetic inheritance.. Organism can pa on their genetic information through Sexual reproduction
What is Genetic Inheritance?
Chromosomes are where genes are found. Genes, or their alleles, are found on each of the pairs of chromosomes, which are arranged in pairs.
Each chromosome ends up in a distinct cell as the cell divides in half. This occurs when sperm and egg cells develop during meiosis. Additionally, the genes divided in half. Alleles are what these are. One of each homologous chromosome is present in meiotic products, but not both. A cycle of cell divisions known as meiosis produces haploid cells, which have half as many chromosomes as diploid cells.
After the egg and sperm combine, the pairings are restored, but their genetic makeup has changed. As a result, one allele is inherited from the mother, while the other is inherited from the father.
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Given 5.67 x 1023 molecules of NaF, how many moles are present?
Answer:
a
Explanation:
Please help.
Check the answer that applies; there may be more than one answer.
The types of chemical reactions described by the given chemical equations are as follows:
Cu (s) + 2 AgNO₃ (aq) ---> 2 Ag (s) + Cu(NO₃)₂ (aq) : Single replacement reaction
C₃H₈ + 5 O₂ ------> 3 CO₂ + 4 H₂O : Combustion reaction
3 N₂H₄ ---> 4 NH₃ + N₂ : decomposition reaction
4 Fe + 3 O₂ --> 2 Fe₂O₃ : Combination reaction
Mg(OH)₂ + 2 HCI --> MgCl₂ + 2 H₂O : neutralization reaction
What are chemical reactions?Chemical reactions are reactions in which chemical changes occur in the substances resulting in the formation of new products.
There are several types of chemical reactions and they include the following:
Combination - two or more substances combine to form a larger single productDecomposition - a larger single compound breaks down into simpler productsSingle Replacement - an element or radical replaces another in a compoundDouble Replacement - exchange of ions between two compounds.Combustion - reaction of a substance with oxygen to release heat and lightNeutralization - reaction of acid and base to form salt and water.Learn more about chemical reactions at: https://brainly.com/question/16416932
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the pka of acetic acid (hc2h3o2) is 4.8. if you make a buffer that contains 0.1 m hc2h3o2 and 0.2 m nac2h3o2, what is the approximate ph of the solution?
Solutions Buffer. pH of solution is adjusted by adding 0.10 M HCl to 100 mL of water. A buffer aids in pH maintenance while adding M NaCH. 3. COO (sodium acetate) (sodium acetate).
How do I figure out pKa?The negative log of the Ka is known as the pKa. All we would need to do is take the Ka and the negative log of it in order to determine the pKa for methanol. Therefore, the pKa is equal to the negative log of 2.9 x 10 16 .
How is pKa determined from pH?There are distinct Ka and pKa values for each dissociation. The weak acid and its conjugate base are present in equal amounts when the moles of base added are half that of the total moles of acid. CB/WA is equal to 1, and the HH equation states that pH = pKa + log(1) or pH = pKa.
Calculation:0.10 M HCl to 100 mL of water
pKa for methanol = 2.9 x 10 16 .
pH = pKa + log(1) or pH = pKa.
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can you identify the class of organic molecule to which these molecular structures and examples belong?
The correct class of molecules about which molecules and examples are: Carbohydrates involve starch and monosaccharide. • Lipids - triglycerides and fatty acid particles • Protein - amino acids and lactate. Nucleic acids (DNA and nucleotides)
1. Carbohydrates:. Components: one or even more monosaccharides. Functions: regulates electricity for cell, power storage, and plant tissue support Examples include glucose, glycogen, starch, and cellulose.
2. Lipids: Elements: fatty acid, glycerine, fat molecule• Functions: power storage, cellular membranes components, as well as hormones
3. Proteins: Amino group, carboxylate, R group, and amino acid • Function: enzyme, systemic protein, transport, interaction, immunity, storage • Lactose, hair, tendons, muscles, haematocrit, signal proteins, monoclonal antibody, egg albumin, receptor protein
4. Nucleic acids: Components have included a phosphate group, a nitrogeneous base, ribose or deoxyribose, and a nucleotide. Functions: heredity
Example: code for proteins, DNA, RNA
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A beaker contains a 25 ml solution of an unknown monoprotic acid that reacts in a 1:1 stochiometric ratio with naoh. Titrate the solution with naoh to determine the concentration of the acid.
The molarity of the acid is : 0.82 Molar
Calculate the molarity of acid?
Volume of acid = 25 ml
Molarity of base = 0.5 M
Volume of base = 41.00 ml
Since, acid and base reacts in 1:1 stoichiometric ratio, we can use the molar equivalence formula as:
M(acid) × V(acid) = M(Base) × V(Base)
M(acid) = 0.82 M
What is Molarity?
Molarity (M) is the amount of a substance in a given volume of solution. Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. Molarity is also called the molarity of a solution.
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Potassium iodide is an ionic compound. (i) describe what happens, in terms of electron loss and gain, when a potassium atom reacts with an iodine atom.
Iodine atoms gain electrons in this process, resulting in negatively charged iodide ions, while potassium atoms lose electrons, resulting in positively charged potassium ions. There is oxidation and reduction.
What does oxidation mean?The oxidation status of the substrate can change during redox reactions. Similar to how losing electrons or increasing the oxidation state is oxidation while gaining electrons is reduction.
When oxygen comes into contact with a material or an element, an oxidation reaction occurs. Another way to look about oxidation is as the procedure through which the species of reactants lose their hydrogen. Oxidation is the loss of electrons in a molecule, an atom, or an ion.
Oxidation reactions produce new functional groups in molecules or change existing functional groups in molecules.
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In order to break down 3 glucose molecules and convert this into energy, how many oxygen molecules o2 do you need to breathe in?
In the process of respiration, 1 molecule of glucose requires 6 molecules of oxygen so 3 molecules of glucose will require 18 molecules of oxygen.
What is respiration?Respiration is defined as a metabolic process which takes place in cells of living organisms in order to obtain energy by taking oxygen and liberating carbon dioxide .
Energy is produced by break down of glucose by reacting it with 6 molecules of oxygen , so in order to breakdown 3 molecules of glucose 3×6/1= 18 molecules of oxygen are required.
Thus,18 molecules of oxygen are required to be breathed in in order to break down 3 glucose molecules.
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