How would you name this organic compound?
I found a couple ways to name it but I don't know which one's correct.
Answers
I first looked at the numbering patterns:
1. Starting at ethyl and going counter clock wise: 1, 4, 5.
2. Starting at methyl and going CCW: 1, 3, 6
3. Starting at propyl and going CW: 1, 4, 6
1,3,6 is the lowest numbering pattern because 3 is lower than 4.
I put the groups in alphabetic order and then assigned the lowest numbers to the double bonds. Since there’s more than 1, I didn’t drop the -a in hexa-.
Related Questions
A double replacement reaction will occur is a precipitate is formed, or a gas is formed, or a ________ is formed.
Answers
A double replacement reaction will occur is a precipitate is formed, or a gas is formed, or a solvent is formed.
What is solvent?Solvent is a substance that is capable of dissolving other substances, resulting in a homogeneous mixture. Solvents are used in many industrial and household processes, including cleaning, extraction, and purification. Common solvents include water, alcohols, ketones, acids, and bases. Solvents can be used to dissolve both organic and inorganic substances. They are often used to separate mixtures of different substances, as well as to dissolve and purify them. Some solvents are miscible with one another, while others are not. Solvents can also be used to dissolve and disperse solids in a liquid.
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The half-life of 90Sr is 29 years. What fraction of the atoms in a sample of 90Sr would remain 175 years later
Answers
Ninety-seven years is the half-life of 90Sr. A sample of 90Sr would still have 0.015 of its original atoms after 175 years. The duration needed for a quantity to fall to half its starting value is known as the half-life.
The phrase is frequently employed in nuclear physics to indicate how rapidly unstable atoms decay radioactively or how long stable atoms last. One or more electrons are attached to the nucleus of every atom, which is made up of a nucleus. Protons and neutrons, in various numbers, make up the nucleus. Neutrons exist only in the most prevalent type of hydrogen. Atoms that are neutral or ionised are the building blocks of all solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.
[A]t=[A]o/[A]t=4.18 [A]o/[A]t=e4.18=65.5
[A]o = 1.5%[A]o], where [A]t = 0.015
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Why are the elements in Groups 1 and 17 so reactive?
Answers
Fluorine as well as chlorine are among the substances in group 17. Alkali metals as well as hydrogen are both part of group 1 on the periodic table.
Group 1 elements were extremely reactive due to the fact that they only contain one valence electron. As just a result, atoms were only ever combined with some other elements present in nature.
Due to their size as well as low ionisation enthalpy, alkali metals were extremely reactive metals. Moving lower in the group causes them to become more reactive. Reactivity to air: These metals discolor when exposed to dry air because oxides create, which then react with moisture to generate hydroxides.
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Assume you expand the group of materials you have to test to include metals. The forces that hold the atoms together in a metallic solid, or piece of metal, are referred to collectively as the "electron sea. " This is because, in a metallic solid, electrons do not stay close to a single atom, rather they move through the metal quite readily. The resulting electrostatic force between the positive nuclei of the metal atoms and the negative electrons is very strong and keeps the metal in the solid state. Given this information, describe the results you would expect to observe if you performed the melting point and conductivity tests on a metal sample
Answers
If you perform a melting point test on a metal sample, you would expect to observe that the metal has a relatively high melting point compared to non-metallic materials. This is because of the strong electrostatic forces between the positive nuclei of the metal atoms and the negative electrons, which hold the metal atoms together in a tightly packed lattice structure. As a result, a large amount of energy is required to overcome these forces and melt the metal.
Metal samples are expected to be excellent conductors of heat and electricity when a conductivity test is performed on them. This is because electrons in metallic solids move through the metal fairly easily and are free to move around the lattice structure. This free movement of electrons allows heat and electricity to easily pass through the metal, making it highly conductive.
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Calculate the molality of each of the following aqueous solutions (a) 2. 50 m nacl solution (density of solution = 1. 08 g/mL) (b) 48. 2 percent by mass KBr solution
Answers
The molarity of 2. 50 m NaCl solution is 2.68 molal and 48. 2 percent by mass KBr solution is 7.82 m.
Molality = moles solute / kg solvent
Assume we have 1000 ml of solution.
1000 ml ₓ 1.08 g/ml = 1080 g
Now find the mass of NaCl:
2.50 M NaCl = 2.50 mol/L and 2.50 mol/L x 1 L = 2.50 moles of NaCl
molar mass NaCl = 58.4 g/mol, therefore mass NaCl present = 2.50 mol ₓ 58.5 g/mol = 146 g NaCl
Now find the mass of H₂O:
grams H₂O present = 1080 g - 146 g = 934 g H2O = 0.0.934 kg
We now have moles NaCl and kg H₂O
Molality = 2.50 mol / 0.934kg = 2.68 molal
48.2% by mass of KBr means 48.2 g KBr / 100 g solution
To find molality, we need moles of KBr and kg of H₂O. We can easily find he moles of KBr from the mass and the molar mass.
If we have 100 g solution, 48.2 g is KBr so the rest is H₂O.
100 g - 48.2 g = 51.8 g H₂O and this is equal to 0.0518 kg H₂O
Moles KBr = 48.2 g KBr ₓ 1 mol KBr/119 g = 0.405 moles KBr
Molality = 0.405 moles KBr / 0.0518 kg H₂O = 7.82 m
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Part A
Determine the value of Kp for the following reaction:
4HCl(g)+O2(g)⇌2Cl2(g)+2H2O(g)
Express the equilibrium constant to three significant digits.
Answers
To determine the value of Kp for a reaction, we need to know the concentrations of all the reactants and products at equilibrium.
In this case, we are not given the equilibrium concentrations, so we cannot directly calculate Kp. Instead, we can use the ideal gas law to relate the equilibrium concentrations to the partial pressures of the gases, and use those partial pressures to calculate Kp.The equation for the ideal gas law is PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature. If we assume that the reaction occurs at a constant volume and a constant temperature, we can use the ideal gas law to relate the equilibrium partial pressures of the gases to the concentrations of the gases.Given that we have no information about the equilibrium concentrations or partial pressures, we can not calculate Kp.
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In a car engine, energy in the fuel ___ energy tore i tranferred to ueful kinetic energy tore
Answers
In a car engine, energy in the fuel's chemical energy stores is transferred to useful kinetic energy stores.
Explanation:
Chemical energy is the form of energy held within the fuel. A car's engine operates by burning fuel. The fuel is burned, creating mechanical energy that moves the vehicle. The engine thus transforms chemical energy into mechanical energy.
What are the Energy Conversions of a car?By applying pressure to the pistons and exerting work on them, the internal combustion engine of a car transforms the potential chemical energy in gasoline and oxygen into thermal energy, which is then translated into mechanical energy that drives the vehicle (raising its kinetic energy).
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water is added to 5g of nacl, resulting in a total solution volume of 100 mL. what is the molarity of the nacl solution
Answers
A total volume of 100 mL of solution is created by mixing 5g of NaCl with water. The NaCl solution has a molarity of 0.151515.
Weight of NaCl=5 gm.
No.of moles of NaCl = Weight/ Mole .Wt =5/58.5= 0.08547
Weight of water= 100 gm.
Number of water moles = Weigh/Mole Wt =100/18=5.55556
Mole. Fraction of NaCl
=No.of moles of NaCl/ No.of molesNaCl+H2O =0.08547/(0.08547+5.55556)
=0.08547/5.64103 =0.151515
The amount of moles of a solute in a litre of solution is known as its molarity. A capital M is used to represent molarity.
A solution in chemistry is a combination of two or more compounds in which neither ingredient undergoes a chemical transformation. For instance, salt water is a solution that contains both salt and water (the solvent) (the solute). The concentration of a material in a solution is its amount of dissolution. In other words, it refers to the number of ingredients that have been added to your drink. In molarity, concentration is often expressed.
A mole is a fundamental chemical unit. It is the mass of a substance (in grammes) that has the same number of atoms, molecules, or ions as 12 grammes (6.022 x 1023) of carbon-12.
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Draw a structural formula for the major organic product of the reaction shown below. CH3 - I + 2 CuLi - Consider E/Z stereochemistry of alkenes. - Do not show stereochemistry in other cases - You do not have to explicitly draw H atoms. - Do not include organocopper or inorganic ion by-products in your answer. Draw a structural formula for the major organic product of the reaction shown below
CH3(CH2)eCH2Br + 2 CuLi - Consider E/Z stereochemistry of alkenes. - Do not show stereochemistry in other cases - You do not have to explicitly draw H atoms. - Do not include organocopper or inorganic ion by-products in your answer.
Answers
The organocopper and inorganic ion by-products are not shown in this structural formula.
CH3CH=CH2Li
1. The reaction starts with CH3CH2CH2Br, which is a bromoalkane.
2. The bromine atom is replaced by a lithium atom with the help of two equivalents of copper.
3. The resulting product is CH3CH=CH2Li, which is an alkenyllithium compound.
CH3CH=CH2Li
The reaction starts with CH3CH2CH2Br, a bromoalkane. The bromine atom is replaced by a lithium atom with the help of two equivalents of copper. This is done via a nucleophilic substitution reaction, where the copper serves as a Lewis acid to facilitate the reaction. The resulting product is CH3CH=CH2Li, an alkenyllithium compound. This is the major organic product of the reaction and it has an E/Z stereochemistry. The organocopper and inorganic ion by-products are not shown in this structural formula.
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Graph the system on a separate sheet of paper and determine the number of solutions it has one solution If it has one
determine its coordinates.
2x + 3y = 12
2x - y = 4
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Which of the following ion has largest size?
A. F-
B. Cs+
C. Al+3
D. O-2
Answers
Answer:
The ion with the largest size is Cs+.
Explanation:
The size of an ion is determined by the number of electrons it contains and the arrangement of those electrons in its electron cloud. Ions with a larger number of electrons will generally have a larger size because their electron clouds will be more diffuse and occupy more space. Ions with a smaller number of electrons will have a smaller size because their electron clouds will be more compact.
In general, ions in the same group of the periodic table will have a similar number of valence electrons and will be similar in size. For example, the F- ion and the O-2 ion both belong to Group 17 and have 7 valence electrons, so they are expected to be similar in size. Similarly, the Cs+ and Al+3 ions both belong to Group 1 and have a single valence electron, so they are also expected to be similar in size.
However, the Cs+ ion is much larger than the Al+3 ion because it has a larger number of total electrons. Cs+ has 55 electrons, while Al+3 has only 13 electrons. The larger number of electrons in Cs+ results in a more diffuse electron cloud and a larger overall size. Therefore, among the ions listed, Cs+ has the largest size
acidity: rank 4-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, and 4-nitro-4-methylcyclohexanol in order of acidity
Answers
Nitrophenols should be in the following order: para - > ortho - > meta -. There is one additional resonance structure in ortho- and para-nitrophenol.
The stability of the conjugate base dictates the acidity of nitrophenols (or any acid, for that matter). By examining the resonance structures, it is possible to assess the relative stability of m- and p-nitrophenols.Therefore, ortho- and para-nitrophenol are both more acidic than meta-nitrophenol as a result of resonance effects.Sort the following substances in ascending order of acidity: One is ortho-nitrophenol. Paranitrophenol 2. Para-methylphenol 3. 4 Nitrocyclohexanol An intermediary in the creation of paracetamol is 4-nitrophenol. It is then acetylated with acetic anhydride after being reduced to 4-aminophenol.
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If 6.00 L of 3.00 M HCl is added to 5.00 L of 2.00 M Ca(OH)2, which species will be the limiting reactant
Answers
HCl will be the limiting reactant for the above question
When HCl and Ca(OH)2 are mixed, they react to form water and calcium chloride (CaCl2) according to the following equation: HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) -> CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l). To determine which species is the limiting reactant, we need to compare the amount of HCl and Ca(OH)2 present in the reaction.The number of moles of HCl present in the reaction is given by the equation n=CV, where n is the number of moles, C is the concentration of the solution and V is the volume. Hence number of HCL moles is:
n = 3.00 M 6.00L = 18.0 moles The number of moles of Ca(OH)2 present in the reaction is given by the equation n=CV, where n is the number of moles, C is the concentration of the solution and V is the volume. So the number of moles of Ca(OH)2 is: n = 2.00 M 5.00L = 10.0 moles. The number of moles of HCl is greater than the number of moles of Ca(OH)2, so HCl will be the limiting reactant.
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like tobacco smoke, the aerosol given off by an e-cigarette can contain dangerous chemicals.
Answers
Yes, the aerosol given off by an e-cigarette can contain dangerous chemicals, such as nicotine, ultrafine particles, volatile organic compounds, and heavy metals.
Inhaling these chemicals can increase the risk of lung and heart disease.
E-cigarettes are becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to tobacco-based cigarettes. However, many people are unaware of the potential dangers associated with using e-cigarettes. The aerosol produced by e-cigarettes can contain not only nicotine, but also other chemicals and particles that can be harmful to the user’s health. These include ultrafine particles, volatile organic compounds, and heavy metals such as lead and nickel.
When these particles and chemicals are inhaled, they can cause inflammation and irritation of the lungs and airways, leading to a variety of respiratory illnesses.
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Which type (or types) of crystalline solid is characterized by each of the following: (a) high mobility of electrons throughout the solid; (b) softness, relatively low melting point; (c) high melting point and poor electrical conductivity; (d) network of covalent bonds?
Answers
Types of crystalline solids characterized by;
(a) high mobility of electrons throughout the solid; metallic solids.
(b) softness, relatively low melting point; covalent network solid.
(c) high melting point and poor electrical conductivity; ionic solids.
(d) network of covalent bonds; molecular solids.
What are the types of crystalline solids?Crystalline solids are those that have their atoms, ions, or molecules arranged in a regular, well-defined pattern. The unit cell is the smallest repeating pattern of crystalline solids, and unit cells are similar to bricks in a wall in that they are all identical and repeating.
Ionic solids, molecular solids, network covalent solids, and metallic solids are the four types of crystalline solids. A covalent network solid is a type of solid that has a low melting point, softness, and low electrical conduction. Metal cations are surrounded by a "sea" of mobile valence electrons in metallic crystals.
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What volume of 0.145 MNaOH is required to reach the equivalence point in the titration of 45.0 mL of 0.105 M HNO3
Answers
The volume of 0.145 M NaOH is required to reach the equivalence point in the titration of 45.0 mL of 0.105 M HNO₃ is 32.58 mL.
Given that :
the molarity of the HNO₃ , M1 = 0.105 M
the volume of the HNO₃ , V1 = 45 mL
the molarity of the NaOH , M2 = 0.145 M
the volume the NaOH , V2 = ?
by using the equation given below , we get:
M1 V1 = M2 V2
0.105 × 45 = 0.145 × V2
V2 = 4.725 / 0.145
V2 = 32.58 mL
Thus volume of the NaOH is 32.58 mL.
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What is the relative rate of diffusion of CH4 and NO2?
Answers
Answer:
=32×1632×√1632=34√2.
Explanation:
Determine the empirical and molecular formula of benzene which contains only carbon and hydrogen and is 7.74% hydrogen by mass. The molar mass of benzene is 78.1 g/mol.
Answers
The empirical and molecular formula of benzene is CH and C6H6 that contains only carbon and hydrogen and the mass of hydrogen is 7.74%.
Molar mass of benzene is = 78.1%
Hydrogen = 7.44%
We have to find empirical and molecular formula
We calculate the percentage of Carbon in the compound is as follow:
Percentage of compound = 100%
Hydrogen = 7.44%
We have find the percentage of carbon
Carbon = (Percentage of compound) - (Hydrogen)
= 100-7.44
= 92.56%
Calculate empirical formula:
Carbon (C) = 92.56% Hydrogen (H) = 7.44% Empirical formula = ?
Firstly, divide by their molar mass
C = 92.56 / 12 = 7.71, H = 7.44 / 1 = 7.44
Divide by the smallest
C = 7.71 / 7.74 = 1, H = 7.44 / 7.44 = 1
Empirical formula of benzene = CH
Calculate Molecular formula
Molecular mass of benzene = 78.1 g / mol. Empirical formula = CH, Molecular formula = ?
Molecular formula = Empirical formula X n
Molecular formula = molar mass
Therefore, Empirical formula x n = molar mass
[CH]n = 78.1, [12 + 1]n = 78.1,
13n = 78.1
Divide both sides by 13
n = 78.1 / 13
n = 6
Molecular formula = C6H6
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the goal of the light reaction is to make ___, an high energy electron transporter, and ____, an energy storing molecule
Answers
The goal of the light reaction is to make NADH an high energy electron transporter and ATP an energy storing molecule.
The energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH are produced by the light-dependent processes using light energy, which is required for the subsequent stage of photosynthesis. Light reactions in plants occur in the thylakoid membranes of organelles referred to as chloroplasts.
The light reactions are largely controlled by photosystems, sizable complexes of proteins and pigments (light-absorbing molecules) that are designed to capture light. Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II are the two different types of photosystems (PSII).
Both photosystems have a variety of pigments that aid in the absorption of light energy as well as a unique pair of chlorophyll molecules at the reaction center. P700 denotes the special pair of photosystem I, while P600 denotes the unique pair of photosystem II.
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If the amount of H2 is doubled, how many moles of H2O would have formed?
Express your answer as an integer.
Answers
If the amount of H2 is doubled, then two moles of water have been created.
Hydrogen and water molecular interactions
Since one mole of H2 is required for the synthesis of one mole of water, doubling the amount of H2 would result in the formation of two moles of H2O. Hydrogen concentration and water content are connected. Five moles of water can be created if there are five moles of hydrogen available.
Similar to this, if 10 moles of hydrogen are accessible, ten moles of water can be produced, leading us to believe that if the amount of H2 is doubled, two times as many moles of water have been formed.
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Please help. 100 points
Answers
Answer:
Term
Liquid C) takes the shape and volume of an entire container
Plasma A) charged particles that do not have a definite shape or volume
Solid B) has a fixed volume and shape
Gas D) assumes the shape of the part of the container from the bottom up
How many moles is 25g?
Answers
25 grams of a substance is equivalent to 0.0088 moles. To calculate the number of moles, the following equation can be used:
Number of moles = mass (in grams) / molar mass
The molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of a substance and is expressed in grams/mol. It is equal to the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule.
To calculate the number of moles from 25 grams, the molar mass of the substance must be known. Once the molar mass is known, the equation can be used to calculate the number of moles.
For example, if the substance is sodium chloride (NaCl), the molar mass is 58.44 g/mol. Applying the equation above, the number of moles can be calculated as 25 g / 58.44 g/mol = 0.0088 moles.
In conclusion, 25 grams of a substance is equal to 0.0088 moles. The molar mass of the substance must be known to calculate the number of moles from a given mass. Once the molar mass is known, the equation can be used to calculate the number of molecules.
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List the number of sigma bonds and pi bonds in a double bond. Group of answer choices 2 sigma, 0 pi 1 sigma, 2 pi 1 sigma, 1 pi 2 sigma, 3 pi
Answers
There is one sigma as well as one pi bond in a double bond.
Sigma bonds and pi bonds are the two types of covalent bonds. Sigma bonds are formed when there is an end-to-end overlapping of the atomic orbitals. A pi bond is formed when there is a lateral or a side-by-side overlapping of the atomic orbitals.
The sigma bonds are represented by a "σ" symbol and pi bonds are represented by "π" symbol. One sigma bond is there in a single bond. A double bond contains one sigma as well as one pi bond. A triple bond has one sigma as well as two pi bonds.
--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
"List the number of sigma bonds and pi bonds in a double bond. Group of answer choices 2 sigma, 0 pi 1 sigma, 2 pi 1 sigma, 1 pi 2 sigma, 3pi, 1pi 1 sigma."--
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What is the volume of a sample of liquid mercury that has a mass of 72.2 g, given that the density of mercury is 13.6 g/mL
Answers
The sample has a volume of 5.3 mL.
What is sample?Sample in chemistry is the collection of atoms, molecules, or other physical forms of a substance that are used for testing, analysis, or other scientific purposes. Samples are typically collected from a larger population and then studied to understand the larger population. In chemistry, samples can range from tiny amounts of a single chemical compound to large amounts of a mixture of compounds. Sampling is important for understanding chemical properties and reactions, as it helps scientists analyze the behavior of compounds in different situations. Sampling can also be used to determine factors such as the toxicity, stability, or reactivity of a material.
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(a) The student made two mistakes in setting up the apparatus.
Identify the two mistakes.
Describe the problem each mistake would cause.
Answers
The first mistake that the student made is drawing the start line with ink. So it will run/dissolve in the solvent / split up
The second mistake that the student made is placing the solvent above the spots or start line instead of under them. So they will mix with solvent or wash off paper or color the solvent or dissolve in the solvent.
In the first mistake, there is no clear, visible starting line for the experiment as the ink flows or dissolves in the solvent. This error can lead to confusion and inaccuracy in results as students cannot accurately measure or compare the progress of their experiments.
The second mistake, it mixes or washes away the solvent with the dirt and starts the line, making it difficult or impossible to observe or measure the progress of the experiment. This error can also lead to inaccuracies in results, as students may not be able to accurately measure or compare the progress of their experiments.
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One mole of methane (CH4) and one mole of oxygen (O 2) would have the same number of atoms. Question 9 options: True False
Answers
This statement is false.
One mole of methane (CH4) contains one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen, for a total of five atoms. On the other hand, one mole of oxygen (O2) contains two atoms of oxygen, for a total of two atoms. Therefore, one mole of methane and one mole of oxygen do not have the same number of atoms.
It's important to note that a mole is a unit of measurement that corresponds to the Avogadro's number of atoms, ions or molecules of a substance, which is 6.022 x 10^23 atoms, ions or molecules. That means that one mole of a substance has the same number of atoms, ions or molecules but not always the same number of elements.
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Potassium(k)=1s22s22p63s23p64s
it’s asking for the electron configuration
Answers
The atomic number of Potassium(K) is 19
Knowing the number of electrons in the K atom is necessary before we can write the potassium(K) electron configuration.
There are 19 electrons. All 19 electrons will be positioned in orbitals surrounding the nucleus of the potassium(k) atom when the configuration is written.
there are some steps:
The initial two electrons in the configuration for potassium(k) will be in the 1s orbital.The following two electrons for potassium enter the 2s orbital since the 1s orbital can only accommodate two electrons. Then the 2p orbital receive the six electrons. The p orbital has room for up to six electrons. The first Six electrons will be positioned in 2p orbital, while the next two will be positioned in the 3s. As the 3s are currently full, we'll switch to the remaining six electrons to the 3p.Now we change the 4s orbital and add the final electron.To know more about Orbital, click here:
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A 36-gram sample of water has an initial temperature of 220C. After the sample absorbs 1200 joules of heat energy, the final temperature of the sample is
Answers
The specific heat of water is equal to 1200 joules / (36 grams × (240C - 220C)) = 16.7 joules/gram・°C.
What is temperature?Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a material. It is measured in degrees on the Celsius, Kelvin and Fahrenheit scales. Temperature is an important factor in many physical and chemical processes, such as the rate of chemical reactions, the speed of sound, the intensity of light and the properties of gases.
The specific heat of water, c, is calculated using the equation c = Q / (m × ΔT), where Q is the amount of heat energy, m is the mass of the sample and ΔT is the change in temperature.
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What is the height of a column of water which can be supported by a pressure of exactly 1 bar (=100 kPa = 750.0 mmHg) at 25 ℃?
Answers
Answer:
10.33 meters (33.78 feet).
Explanation:
1 bar = 10.33 mH₂O, 1 mH₂O = 0.098 bar, hence 10.33 mH₂O/0.098 bar = 10.33 m.
Which action characterized Earth's earliest atmosphere (atmosphere I) ?
Helium and hydrogen gases escaped earth's gravity.
Increased oxygen allowed reptiles to thrive.
Heat energy was retained and water vapor condensed.
Ultraviolet light split water vapor into hydrogen and oxygen
Answers
The action "Heat energy was retained and water vapor condensed." characterized Earth's earliest atmosphere (atmosphere I)
Earth's earliest atmosphere, also known as atmosphere I, was primarily composed of methane, ammonia, and water vapor. The heat energy from the young Earth's molten surface caused these gases to rise and cool, leading to the condensation of water vapor and the formation of oceans. This process is known as the "greenhouse effect," as the retained heat energy allowed for the formation of a hospitable environment for the emergence of life. Ultraviolet light from the sun also played a role in the formation of the atmosphere by breaking down water vapor into hydrogen and oxygen, but this was not the primary process that characterized atmosphere I.
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