To find the volume, known grahams law of diffusion.
What is grahams law of diffusion?
The rate of diffusion or effusion of a gas is inversely related to its square root of molar mass, according to Graham's Law. The majority of the time, particles in a material that are in a low-concentration area will move to a high-concentration area. When we spray scented air freshener or perfume in one area of the room and then we can smell it throughout the entire space, this process is easily illustrated. The SI unit for the diffusion coefficient is square meters per second (m2/s).
What is Volume ?
The amount of cubic space a three-dimensional object takes up (measured in inches, quarts, or centimeters): square footage.
Therefore, the same volume of helium to pass through the hole under the same conditions will be same.
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the mass of 4 atoms of c is less than the mass of 3 atoms of element d. which element has more atoms/gram?
The mass of 4 atoms of c is less than the mass of 3 atoms of element d then the c element has more atoms/gram
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in a substance or an object
Here given data is
4 atom of c
3 atom of d
We have to calculate element has more atoms/gram = ?
So 4 atom of c < 3 atom of d
So the so c has larger molar mass so c ahs the more atom/gram
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If 1500 liters of hard water contains .02 moles of calcium and .004 moles of magnesium how many moles of sodium are needed to replace these ions?
The magnesium ions require 0.04 moles of sodium ions while the calcium ions require 0.008 moles of the sodium ions.
How many moles of sodium can replace the ions?We know that is the presence of the calcium and the magnesium in water that makes the water hard. These ions are divalent and are often removed by the use of an ion exchange resin. The ion exchange resin has the sodium ion at the surface which is easily exchanged for any of the hardness ions.
Given that;
2 moles of sodium reacts with 1 mole of magnesium
x moles of sodium reacts with 0.02 moles of magnesium
x = 0.04 moles of sodium ions
For calcium;
2 moles of sodium reacts with 1 mole of calcium
x moles of sodium reacts with 0.004 moles of calcium
x = 0.008 moles of sodium
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According to Coulomb's Law, provide an example and explanation of two ions in an ionic
chemical bond that forms large electrostatic potential.
According to Coulomb's Law two ions in an ionic chemical bond that forms large electrostatic potential then the two will attract each other
Coulomb law states that bond energy is inversely related to the bond length and so factor which influence bond strength influence its length this can allow us to determine some trends in bind length and ionic compound are held together by coulombic attraction and there is a negatively charged ion next to a positively charged ion and two will attract each other and when positively charged ion form a bond with negatively charged ion one atom donate electron to the other and this is known as ionic bind and the chemical molecule sodium chloride is an example
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On the basis of electronegativity, which pair of elements is most likely to form monatomic ions?
O Cl and Na
O Na and K
OK and Rb
O Ba and Ca
On the basis of electronegativity, Na and K is most likely to form monatomic ions.
A monatomic ion is an ion that is made of more than one atom and is from an element like calcium consisting of Ca²+ and a polyatomic ion that is Co²/³.
Many elements such as hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium consist of positively charged ions.
Other like fluoride, chlorine, and iodine, and hydride consist of negatively charged ions.
Ba and Ca form diatomic ions.
Thus the correct option is Na and Cl which is sodium and potassium.
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Explain the difference between aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Answer:
Explanation:
Aliphatic compounds are those hydrocarbons that are the open chain compounds and also closed chains. Aromatic compounds are those who have only a closed chain structure. They can be saturated as well as unsaturated where the system can be open as well as closed chain.
The relative ability of a bonded atom to attract shared electron pairs is called its _____. This ability _____ as the size of the atom decreases because for a smaller atom the shared electrons will be closer to the nucleus.
The relative ability of a bonded atom to attract shared electron pairs is called its electronegativity. This ability increases as the size of the atom decreases because for a smaller atom the shared electrons will be closer to the nucleus.
A covalent bond consists of the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms. These electrons are simultaneously attracted to two nuclei.
Electronegativity is defined as the ability of an atom within a molecule to attract electrons to itself. The concept of an elemental electronegativity scale was proposed by Pauling.
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Draw a line to connect the following terms to their definition
1 fossil fuel
2 material resource
3 natural resource
DEFINITIONS
A resource used to make objects,food, or drink
B any natural material used by people
C a nonrenewable resource formed by buried remains of plants and animals
Answer:
Fossil fuel C
Material resource A
Natural resource B
Hope this helps
Explanation:
Answer:
Fossil fuel-----a nonrenewable resource formed by buried remains of plants and animals
Material resource-----any natural material used by people
Natural resource-----resource used to make objects, food, or drink
Explanation:
Fossil fuels are widely known as a nonrenewable source of energy that can be found by garnering the buried remains of plants and animals deep in the ground.
Material resources are natural resources we extract from the earth that have value and practical use for humans.
Natural resources are resources we extract from nature and use in order to survive. Natural resources are things such as water, food, and trees (aka material for shelter.)
What happens to the atp molecule when a phosphate group is removed? (what does it turn into?).
When a phosphate group is removed from an ATP molecule, energy is released.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy that powers cellular processes. It can be stored and used at any time for any reaction your cells require. It consists of an adenine base attached to a ribose sugar bound to three phosphate groups that are tightly bound by phosphate anhydride bonds.
When the phosphate group is removed from the ATP molecule, this process is called hydrolysis. During the hydrolysis process, the phosphoanhydride bond is cleaved and ATP is converted to an ADP (adenosine diphosphate) molecule. ADP is converted to AMP (adenosine monophosphate) when another bond is broken. These three types of energy are constantly being interconverted within the cell according to the demands of cellular processes.
When a phosphate group is removed from an ATP molecule, energy is released. Hence, when ADP is formed from ATP by the loss of a phosphate group, energy is released.
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what is the half-life of the reaction, if the reaction is 25% complete in 94.9 min at 25c. (keep in mind that the half-life of this reaction is independent of concentration). be sure to enter your answer with the correct units.
the half-life of the reaction is 50min
Half life of the reaction is actually the time required for the reaction to reach one half of its initial concentration or sometimes pressure too. The half-life of a specific radioactive isotope remains constant and so it is unaffected by conditions and is independent of the initial amount of that isotope.
To calculate the half life of the reaction we use the below given formula;
K = 2.303 × log 100
94.9 25
K = 0.014
Half life = 0.693 ⇒ 0.693
K 0.014
Half life = 49.5 ≈ 50min
Therefore the half-life of the reaction is 50min.
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a mixture of he , ar , and xe has a total pressure of 2.50 atm . the partial pressure of he is 0.250 atm , and the partial pressure of ar is 0.400 atm . what is the partial pressure of xe ? express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
The partial pressure of Xe will be 1.85 atm.
How to find the partial pressure?
The total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures. The total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures.
Subtract the sum of the known partial pressures of the other components from the overall pressure to determine the partial pressure of one component in a mixture.
Given values: P_{He} = 0.250 atm, P_{Ar} = 0.400 atm, P_{total} = 2.50 atm
To Find: P_{Xe} = ?
Solution: Calculate the total pressure, then deduct the sum from the partial pressures of helium and argon.
P_{He} + P_{Ar} = 0.250 atm + 0.400 atm = 0.650 atm
P_{Xe} = P_{total} - (P_{He} + P_{Ar}) = 2.50 atm - 0.650 atm
P_{Xe} = 1.85 atm
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to a concentrated buffer of ph 9.0 was added an equal volume of an aqueous solution that was 0.20 m in each of the ions ca2 , cd2 , and cu2 . the expected precipitate would consist of:
Aqueous Solution - The expected precipitate would consist of Cu(OH)2.
What is aqueous solution?
An aqueous solution is one in which water serves as the solvent. Chemical equations typically illustrate it by adding (aq) to the appropriate chemical formula. For instance, Na+(aq) + Cl would be used to represent a solution of table salt, as well as sodium chloride (NaCl), throughout water (aq). The word aqueous, which derives from the word aqua, means that it is dissolved in or related to water. Water is a common solvent in chemistry due to its superior solvent properties and natural abundance. Since water is frequently used as a solvent in experiments, unless the solvent is specified, the word "solution" refers to an aqueous solution. A solution wherein the solvent is a liquid but not water is referred to as a non-aqueous solution.
Because:
salt: copper(II) hydroxide
Ksp: 1.8 × 10-19
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Draw the electron dot structure of the hydroxide ion (OH-).
Answer:
X = electrons from hydrogen
O (black) = electrons from oxygen
O (red) = electrons from when it was connected to a metal atom, hence why it has a negative charge
las características físicas y químicas de los ácidos
Answer:
acidos
Explanation:
los conductores de energía eléctrica: es decir, este tipo de energía fluye con facilidad a través de sus iones. Al reaccionar con metales generan hidrógeno (H) y sal. Al reaccionar con bases o con óxidos metálicas generan agua
What happens to liquid water when energy is transferred to it?
Answer:
below
Explanation:
First it warms up until it reaches the boiling point temperature ....add more energy and it will begin to boil ...continue adding energy and it will begin to vaporize into steam
Answer:
It evaporates the liquid water.
Explanation:
This energy exists in the form of heat. Evaporation happens when a liquid is heated. For example, as the sun heats water in a puddle, the puddle slowly shrinks. The water seems to disappear, but it moves into the air as a gas called water vapor.
Why does the developing chamber need to be prepared before adding the tlc plate?.
In the process of TLC covering the beaker is necessary to ensure that the atmosphere inside is completely saturated with solvent vapour. To aid with this, the beaker is frequently lined with some filter paper that has been dipped in solvent. The solvent won't evaporate as it rises up the plate if there is enough vapour in the beaker to completely fill the atmosphere.
Describe chromatography.
Chromatography is a technique for decomposing mixtures of substances into their constituent parts. The same idea underlies all chromatographic techniques. The stationary phase of all of them is either a solid or a liquid supported by a solid, and the mobile phase is present (a liquid or a gas). The stationary phase is traversed by the mobile phase, which transports the mixture's constituents along with it. The speed of various components varies.Thin film chromatography, often known as TLC, is a quick, easy, and affordable process that provides chemists with an immediate answer regarding the number of components in a combination. When a compound's Rf is compared to the Rf of another compound that is known to be in the mixture, TLC is also utilized to support the identity of that compound.
Setting up the development container
The container used for TLC development can be a specifically constructed chamber, a jar with a lid, or a beaker with a watch glass on top (the latter is used in the undergrad labs at CU). Just under 0.5 cm of solvent should be poured into the chamber. You can line a portion of the inside of the beaker with filter paper to help with the solvent vapour saturation of the TLC chamber. The beaker should be covered with a watch glass, gently stirred, and left to stand while you make your TLC dish.
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What will happen to the carbon dioxide produced by the link reaction in an animal?.
Answer:
The link reaction links Hint to the Krebs Cycle. It converts pyruvic acid to Acetyl-CoA. Carbon dioxide is released as a waste product, and one Hint is produced.
Explanation:
A carbon atom is taken out of pyruvate during the link reaction, creating carbon dioxide. Pyruvate is converted into acetate along with the removal of hydrogen, which is then taken up by the coenzyme NAD to create reduced NAD.
What is pyruvate ?The conjugate base of pyruvic acid is pyruvate. It serves as a crucial intermediary in a number of biological processes. It is created at the conclusion of glycolysis and serves as a catalyst for a number of metabolic processes, including gluconeogenesis, fermentation, cellular respiration, fatty acid synthesis, etc.
During cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen combine to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Animals breathe out most of their carbon dioxide, which is then discharged into the atmosphere. Plants can then use this carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
Acetyl-coenzyme A, the link reaction's final byproduct, then moves into the Krebs Cycle. Through the oxidation of acetyl-coenzyme A, the Krebs Cycle generates energy.
Thus, pyruvate is changed into the two-carbon molecule known as acetate.
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When two oxygen atoms bond together in o2 what type of covalent bond do they form.
When two oxygen atoms bond together in O2, they form a non-polar covalent bond.
What are covalent bonds?
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are mentioned as shared pairs or bonding pairs. once they share electrons, the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms is known as a covalent bond When two oxygen atoms are bonded as O2, they form a non-polar covalent bond. When two non-metal atoms sharing of electrons, a covalent bond is created. The involved electrons are located in the atoms' outer shells. An atom's outer shell will be completed if it shares one or both of its electrons. Covalent bonds require a lot of energy to break because they are so strong.
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A solution is made by mixing 90.g of acetyl bromide CH3COBr and 89.g of benzene C6H6 . Calculate the mole fraction of acetyl bromide in this solution. Round your answer to 2 significant digits.
The mole fraction of acetyl bromide in this solution is 0.39.
Calculation:-
The molar mass of CH3COBr,
MM = 2*MM(C) + 3*MM(H) + 1*MM(O) + 1*MM(Br)
= 2*12.01 + 3*1.008 + 1*16.0 + 1*79.9
= 122.944 g/mol
Molar mass of C6H6,
MM = 6*MM(C) + 6*MM(H)
= 6*12.01 + 6*1.008
= 78.108 g/mol
n(CH3COBr) = mass/molar mass
= 90.0/122.944
= 0.732
n(C6H6) = mass/molar mass
= 89.0/78.108
= 1.1394
n(CH3COBr),n1 = 0.732 mol
n(C6H6),n2 = 1.1394 mol
Total number of mol = n1+n2
= 0.732 + 1.1394
= 1.8715 mol
Mole fraction of CH3COBr:
X(CH3COBr) = n1/total mol
= 0.732/1.8715
= 0.39
The mole fraction can be calculated by dividing the number of moles of one component of the solution by the sum of the number of moles of all components of the solution. Take care that the sum of the mole fractions of all components in the solution is 1. Calculate the mole fraction of solute by dividing the number of moles of solute by the total number of moles of substance present in the solution.
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What is the formula for water? Gsyrr9gr7d7f8
Answer: H2O
Explanation: Water is made from 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom bonded together.
Answer: H₂O
each molecule of water is made up of two hydrogen atoms, H, and a single oxygen atom, O.
which compound is likely to conduct electricity when in aqueous solution? 1. phosphorous trichloride 2. carbon dioxide 3. calcium chloride 4. none of these is likely to conduct electricity in aqueous solution. 5. sulfur trioxide
The compound is likely to conduct electricity when in an aqueous solution of calcium chloride. Option 3.
Sodium chloride in its aqueous state can conduct electricity due to the presence of free ions, whereas urea glucose and sucrose, which are not electrolytes, do not conduct electricity. An aqueous solution is a water that contains one or more solutes.
Solutes in aqueous solutions can be solids gases or other liquids. A mixture must be stable to be a true solution. Aqueous in a chemical formula indicates that the substance is dispersed in water. For example, if you pour caustic soda into dilute hydrochloric acid, you get an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The liquid is used to indicate the formation of liquid substances in reactions.
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an atmosphere is considered hazardous if it contains a hazardous gas in excess of 10 percent of the hazardous material's:
Lower flammable limit means the lowest concentration of a material that will propagate a flame.
What is hazardous atmosphere?
It is an atmosphere that may expose employees to risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue, injury, or acute illness from one or more of following causes
Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10 percent of lower flammable limit (LFL)Airborne combustible dust at concentration that meets or exceeds its LFLWhat is lower flammable limit?
It means the lowest concentration of a material that will propagate a flame. The LFL is usually expressed as percent by volume of material in air (or other oxidant)Atmospheres with concentration of flammable vapors at or above 10 percent of lower explosive limit (LEL) are considered hazardous when located in confined spaces. However, atmospheres with flammable vapors below 10 percent of LEL are not necessarily safe. Such atmospheres are too lean to burnLearn more about lower flammable limit at https://brainly.com/question/2456135
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which compound in each of the following pairs of ionic substances has the most exothermic lattice energy? justify your answers. mgo, bas
The compounds of ionic substances with the most exothermic lattice energy are:
LiF, LiCl Mg(OH) 2, MgO Fe(OH) 2, Fe(OH) 3Correct answer: letters B, C y D.
This is because these ionic substances have the most exothermic lattice energy because they form ionic bonds, which are very strong, and these three alkali metals are in the first row of the periodic table.
What are the compounds with the highest exothermic lattice energy?The compounds of ionic substances with the most exothermic lattice energy are those in which the ions have the largest difference in electronegativity.
The lattice energy of an ionic substance is the energy required to completely separate the ions in the solid state. The compound with the most exothermic lattice energy is the one that is the most stable. In general, the larger the ionic radius, the more exothermic the lattice energy.
Which compound in each of the following pairs of ionic substances has the most exothermic lattice energy?
Group of answer choices:
a) NaCl, KCl
b) LiF, LiCl
c) Mg(OH) 2, MgO
d) Fe(OH) 2, Fe(OH) 3
e) NaCl, Na 2
f) MgO, BaS
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AgNO3 reacts woth MgCl2 to produce AgCl and Mg(NO3)2. 305g of AgNO3 are reacted in an excess of MgCl producing 23.7g of Mg(NO3)2. what is fhe percentage yeild
The percentage yield when 305g of AgNO3 are reacted in an excess of MgCl producing 23.7g of Mg(NO3)2 is 7.77g
What is a percentage yield?Yield, also known as reaction yield, is a measurement of the number of moles of a product created in a chemical reaction relative to the reactant consumed. It is typically given as a percentage yield.
Formula to calculate the percentage yield: percent yield = actual yield/theoretical yield x 100
Acc. to the given data:
Actual yield = 23.7g
Theoretical yield=305g
So to find the percentage yield = actual yield/theoretical yield x 100
Percentage yield = 23.7/305 x100
Percentage yield=7.77g
Hence The percentage yield when 305g of AgNO3 are reacted in an excess of MgCl producing 23.7g of Mg(NO3)2 is 7.77g
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based on the balanced chemical equation for reaction 5 what compounds were being removed when the recovered copper product was washed repeatedly with water? 4. (2 pts) why was ethanol used during the final washes of the recovered copper product? 5. (2 pts) why was a steam bath used to dry the recovered copper product? (hint: reference the reaction 5 steps in lab manual)
Compounds were being removed when the recovered copper product was washed repeatedly with water is aluminum III and copper II sulphate being removed
Compound is a substance made from two or more different elements that have been chemically joined and when the recovered copper product was washed repeatedly with water and the compound removed during those washes were aluminum III and copper II sulphate and the ethanol is to remove the water clinging to the solid and the ethanol evaporated faster and end up with dry solid faster and dispense with the ethanol wash but wait longer to dry the product and used other solvent such as acetone or heat the product
A steam bath is used instead of a hot plate to dry recovered copper to prevent overheating and overheating can lead to atmosphere oxygen oxidizing the copper and causing impurities
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at a certain concentration of h2 and nh3, the initial rate of reaction is 22.0 m / s. what would the initial rate of the reaction be if the concentration of h2 were halved? be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits.
To find the correct number significant digits, learn the concentration and initial rate.
What is concentration?
In chemistry and related fields, the idea of concentration is used frequently. It is a way to gauge how much of one substance is incorporated into another.
What is initial rate?
When a reaction first begins, or when t = 0, its initial rate is the rate that exists at that precise moment. At time zero (t), the slope of the reactant concentration versus the time curve is equal to the initial rate.
Rak=k(H₂) (NH₃) Rak law expression
1. reaction order w.r.t H₂ is ⇒2
2. reaction order w.r.t NH₃ is⇒ 1.
3. overall order 2+1=3 ( bird order reaction)
4. k(H₂) (NH₃)= 0.740⇒ 1
H₂ is doubled ⇒ r₂=k(H₂) (NH₃)=4k(H₂) (NH₃)⇒2
(2)/(1) = r₂/r₁ = 4k(H₂) (NH₃)/k(H₂) (NH₃)=4
r₂= 4∝ r₁ = 4∝ 0.740=2.96m/s
5. r= 6.0∝ 10^⁴m/s, (H₂)= 0.98m, (NH₃)= 0.31m
r=k(H₂) (NH₃)
k=r/(H₂) (NH₃)= 6.0 ∝ 10^⁴/(0.98)^²(0.31)=201528.93m^⁻²s^⁻¹
K=2.0 ∝ 10^5m^⁻²s^⁻¹
Therefore, the significant digit is K=2.0 ∝ 10^5m^⁻²s^⁻¹
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A kcl solution is prepared by dissolving 25.0 g kcl in 250.0 g of water at 25°c. what is the vapor pressure of the solution if the vapor pressure of water at 25°c is 23.76 mm hg?
Vapor pressure of solution is 23.189mm hg
The mole fraction or the molar fraction is defined as the unit of amount of the substances, divided by the total amount of all the substances that are present in the mixture. The formula for it is given below;
[tex]X_{A}[/tex] = [tex]N_{A}[/tex] ÷ [tex]N_{A}[/tex] + [tex]N_{B}[/tex] (Where N represents the number of moles of A and B respectively)
Vapor pressure is defined as the pressure that is exerted by a vapor which is in equilibrium with its condensed phase at a given temperature in a closed system.
In the above given question we need to find out the vapor pressure of KCl where vapor pressure of water is given, so we use the following method to solve this question;
[tex]N_{A}[/tex] = weight of water = 250 = 13.88
Molecular mass 18
[tex]N_{B}[/tex] = weight of KCl = 25 = 0.335
Molecular mass 74.55
So, [tex]X_{A}[/tex] = 13.88 = 0.976 [[tex]P_{o}[/tex] = 23.76]
13.88 + 0.335
We know that P = [tex]P_{o}[/tex][tex]X_{A}[/tex]
P = 23.76 × 0.976 ⇒ 23.189
Therefore the vapor pressure of the solution is 23.189mm
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What does ocean water contain that helps produce carbonate minerals from carbon dioxide
Answer:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in the ocean and reacts with water to form carbonic acid—which in turn generates bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydrogen ions. Calcium and carbonate ions combine to form the solid calcium carbonate crystals in their shells and skeletons.
(These are not descriptions of any actual elements on our periodic table, but you should use reasoning that works with our periodic table.)
A scientist is testing three mystery elements. She is trying to figure out their placement on the periodic table. Here is what she knows about them:
Element X: Does not conduct electricity, reacts with hydrogen in a 1:2 ratio, has the highest atomic weight of the three elements
Element Y: Does not conduct electricity, reacts with hydrogen in 1:3 ratio, has the lowest atomic weight of the three elements
Element Z: Conducts electricity, reacts with hydrogen in a 1:3 ratio, has the mid-level atomic weight of the three elements
—------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How should she arrange these three elements relative to each other on the periodic table?
You may want to draw your answer for clarity. Explain your reasoning for placement using words like left, right, above, and below.
In the periodic table, where atomic mass increases from left to right in period, therefore elements in increasing order of atomic mass will be element Y, element Z, element X.
What is periodic table?Periodic table is a tabular arrangement of elements in the form of a table. In the periodic table, elements are arranged according to the modern periodic law which states that the properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers.
It is called as periodic because properties repeat after regular intervals of atomic numbers . It is a tabular arrangement consisting of seven horizontal rows called periods and eighteen vertical columns called groups.
Elements present in the same group have same number of valence electrons and hence have similar properties while elements present in the same period show gradual variation in properties due to addition of one electron for each successive element in a period.
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the vsepr theory is used to group of answer choices predict the number of multiple bonds in a molecule. predict the bonding pattern in molecules. predict the three dimensional structure of molecules. predict the electronegativity of atoms.
The VSEPR theory is used to predict the three dimensional structure of molecules.
What is VSEPR theory?
Chemistry uses the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory as a model to forecast how each individual molecule would look based on how many electron pairs will be surrounding its center atom. The two principal creators of the theory, Ronald Gillespie and Ronald Nyholm, gave it the additional moniker Gillespie-Nyholm theory.
The valence electron pairs that surround an atom have a tendency to oppose one another, thus they will arrange themselves in a way that minimizes this repulsion, according to the premise of VSEPR. The molecular shape is thus determined by a decrease in the energy of the molecule and an increase in its stability. The Pauli exclusion principle's electron-electron repulsion, rather than electrostatic repulsion, has been stressed by Gillespie as being more significant in dictating molecular geometry.Therefore, the VSEPR theory is used to predict the three dimensional structure of molecules.
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Among the halogens F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2, an increase in which of the following types of intermolecular forces causes an increase in boiling point going down the group?
E. Dipole-dipole forces
F. Ion-dipole forces
G. Ion-induced dipole forces
H. London dispersion forces
All halogen elements exist as diatomic molecules: F2, Cl2, etc. The intermolecular attractions between one molecule and its neighbors are van der Waals dispersion forces these forces cause an increase in boiling points down the group.
The size of the molecules increases down the group. This increase in size means an increase in the strength of the van der Waals forces.
B.P (°C) F < Cl < Br < I < At
-188 - 35 58 184 337
The boiling points of F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2 are determined by the magnitude of the intermolecular dispersion forces. The larger the atom, the higher the polarizability of the electron cloud and the greater the dispersion force. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules. The presence of hydrogen bonds greatly increases the boiling point of a substance. A plot of the hydride boiling points for group 4 shows a steady increase as you go down the group from CH4 to SnH4.
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