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Introduction
In order for organisms to grow, cells have two options: they must either replicate themselves to create more cells, or the cells themselves must expand in volume. In humans, tissues such as the skin and blood contain cells that are actively dividing, whilst other tissues such as fat contain cells that expand (good if you need energy for winter, bad if you are trying to fit into some expensive jeans). Other cells, such as neurons, will never divide again once they are terminally differentiated; they are post-mitotic.
In the process of replicating themselves, cells have another choice: do they want to make an identical copy and be left with two cells? Or do they want to make four “half-copies”, in preparation for sexual reproduction, where their genetic content will be made whole again by the process of fertilisation? This choice is the choice between mitosis and meiosis.
Difference Between Mitosis and Meiosis
This article will explore the characteristics of both kinds of cell division, shining a light on how they are similar and in which aspects they are crucially distinct. We will also explore the research into these processes and how cell division might go awry to cause disease states such as cancer and Down’s Syndrome.
Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Overview and commonly asked questions
Mitosis
Meiosis
What is the purpose of this process?
In a unicellular organism, the purpose of mitosis is to proliferate asa species. In a multicellular organism, the purpose can be to grow during development, or to repair or regenerate
adamaged tissue, for example.
To create gametes with only one copy of the organism’s genetic information, in preparation for sexual reproduction. Various steps in meiosis create opportunity for genetic diversity in the daughter cells. This is the raw substrate for evolution.
What is the outcome of this process?
Two diploid cells with identical genetic information.
Four haploid cells with different genetic information.
Which organisms perform this process?
Mitosis is performed by unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes.Bacteria have their own version of mitosis called “binary fission”.This is distinct from meiosis as bacteria typically have one circular chromosome,which is not contained within a nucleus, like eukaryotic chromosomes.
Only organisms which perform sexual reproduction. Archaeaand bacteria do not do this, so it might be tempting to think that unicellularorganisms do not sexually reproduce. However, there are exceptions; buddingyeast will form haploid spores under nutritional deprivation.
How long does this process take?
Mitosis is usually shorter than meiosis. The process can take over 10 hours for mammalian cells in culture [2], budding yeast can take ~80 minutes to complete a cell cycle [3], whilst bacteria can divide every 20 minutes.
Meiosis has various timescales in different organisms, which can be affected by several factors including temperature and environment of the organism, and the amount of nuclear DNA. The process lasts 6 hours in yeast but can last more than 40 years in human females, due to a developmental hold at prophase I, until ovulation. Other examples are 1-2 days in male fruit flies and ~ 24 days in human males. [1]
What is an example of a disease caused by an error in this process?
Uncontrolled mitosis occurs in cancer, where either genes that stop cell division (tumour suppressors) are switched off, or genes that encourage cell division (oncogenes) are overactive.
Errors in meiosis can lead to the wrong number of chromosomes ending up in germ cells, this is called aneuploidy. This can trigger miscarriage, but is occasionally tolerated. One example is Down’s syndrome, caused by trisomy 21. Another example is Klinefelter syndrome, where XY males have an additional X chromosome.
Summary
Meiosis and mitosis both have a prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis.
In meiosis, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase occur twice. The first round of division is special, but the second round is more like mitosis.
In mitosis, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase occur once.
Prophase
Chromosomes condense and the centrosomes begin to form an early spindle.
Meiotic prophase I is much longer that mitotic prophase.
During prophase I homologous chromosomes make contacts with each other called chiasmata and “crossing over” occurs. This is where chromosomes exchange sections of DNA. This is important for generating genetic diversity but is also crucial mechanically to hold homologous chromosomes together.
Mitotic prophase is much shorter that meiotic prophase I.
There is no crossing over in mitosis.
(Im a really fast typer)
Answer:
Cells have to do a few things, first they either have to replicate themselves, or they must expand. In our human bodies our cells do both. Replicating when we break skin, and expanding for the winter. Some cells never divide though. But cells also have to choose is they will make identical copies, or 4 half copies. Half copies have a sexual re-productions. And this is the choice of mitosis and meiosis.
Explanation:
I just made a quick summery of the long essay above, I'm not sure if it's totally correct, but I hope it helps!
Related Questions
what is the relationship between DNA Chromosomes and organism?
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Compare the population growth rate in industrially developed countries to that in developing countries
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Answer:
The worlds developing regions will see 1.2 billion people added, a 20.7% increase; while the population of developed countries will increase a mere 3.3% adding 41 million to the current 1.3 billion people. ... There is a difference of more than ten years between the median age in developing and developed regions.
The population growth rate in industrially developed countries is much lower than that in developing countries.
The population growth rate is the number of births per 1,000 people in a population in a year. The population growth rate in industrially developed countries is typically around 1%, while the population growth rate in developing countries is typically around 2%.
There are several reasons why the population growth rate is lower in industrially developed countries. First, people in industrially developed countries tend to have fewer children. This is due to a number of factors, including the availability of birth control, the increasing participation of women in the workforce, and the rising cost of raising children.
Second, people in industrially developed countries tend to live longer. This is due to advances in medicine and healthcare. As a result, the number of people in the population who are of childbearing age is lower in industrially developed countries than in developing countries.
The lower population growth rate in industrially developed countries has a number of implications. First, it means that the population in these countries is aging. This is because the number of people who are of working age is shrinking, while the number of people who are retired is growing.
Second, the lower population growth rate means that there is less pressure on resources such as land, water, and food. This can help to reduce poverty and improve the standard of living in these countries.
However, the lower population growth rate also means that there is a smaller pool of workers to support the economy. This can lead to labor shortages and economic problems.
Overall, the lower population growth rate in industrially developed countries has both positive and negative implications. It is important to carefully consider these implications when making policy decisions.
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Use the information to draw an inference about why red beryl has been found in only four places on Earth.
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Answer:
The volcanoes with that type of lava are only found in four places on Earth, it can't be made anywhere else.
Explanation:
Red beryl is one of the rarest minerals in the world. Because it is so rare, red beryl is about 1000 times more valuable than gold. Read the passage that describes how red beryl forms. Use the information to draw an inference about why red beryl has been found in only four places on Earth.
three cell organelles found in plant and animal cell
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Answer:
Image result for three cell organelles found in plant and animal cell
Structurally, plant and animal cells are very similar because they are both eukaryotic cells. They both contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Both also contain similar membranes, cytosol, and cytoskeletal elements.
help now asap plssssss ols dont answer if you dont know
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Answer:
telescope
Explanation:
Answer:
Optical Telescopes , Radio Telescopes , Spectroscopes , Star Charts
Explanation:
Gametes are ______ They have ______ the number of chromosomes.
1) diploid; double the number of
chromosomes.
2) diploid; half the number of chromosomes.
3) haploid; double half the number of chromosomes.
4) haploid; half the number of chromosomes.
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Answer:
4. haploid half the number of chromosomes
What is the most likely mode of inheritance? Which individuals from the pedigree exclude other models of inheritance?
PLZ HELP
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Answer:
The modes of inheritance are autosomal dominant , autosomal recessive, and X-linked. To simplify the discussion of these different forms, the trait used in the following text will be a hereditary disease.
Brainliest plz
What occurs if kelp is not present to absorb CO2 or produce O2?
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there won't be fresh oxygen and CO2 will be dangerous for out health and we may not have some of the energy that we have today because kelp also can produce energy.
All other living organisms in the aquatic environment will be negatively affected if Kelp is not present to absorb CO2 or produce O2.
ROLE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
Kelp are living organisms in the kingdom Protista, which possess the ability to photosynthesize or use energy from sunlight to produce food. Photosynthesis is a process that absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere and release O2 as a gaseous product. Kelp is a producer of aquatic environment, which means it helps to absorb CO2 and release O2 into the atmosphere. This O2 is used for cellular respiration by other living organisms. If kelp is not present to absorb CO2 or produce O2, other other living organisms in the aquatic environment will be negatively affected.Learn more about the role of photosynthesis at: https://brainly.com/question/1388366?referrer=searchResults
Is it possible to see the different phases of mitosis in plant cells under a low power microscope? A yes, you can see the individual cells and tell the phases apart. B yes, you can see the individual cells and they are all just in the same phase. C No, you can't see enough detail. They all look like they are in interphase. D. No, there is not enough detail to see individual parts of the plant or individual cells.
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It is not possible to see the different phases of mitosis in plant cells under a low-power objective microscope.
Under low-power objectives, individual plant cells can be seen as room-like compartments but the essential details of the contents of the cells cannot be seen. Thus, all the cells appear the same as if they are in an interphase phase of the cell cycle.
In order to view the different phases of mitosis in plant cells, higher magnifications such as high power would be required.
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Name at least three hormones which are used commercially and list why they are used.
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Answer:
Auxins, Ethene and Cytopkinins
Explanation:
Auxins used in commercial fo Crop production.
Ethene used in commercial to fruit to ripen.
Cytokinins used in commercial to reduce yellowing in green vegetables.
Auxins are utilized in the commercial production of crops. Ethene is a commercial fruit ripening agent. Cytokinins are used commercially to stop green crops from turning yellow.
What are plant hormones?
Almost every element of plant growth and reaction to its environment is regulated by plant hormones. Numerous plant hormones play important roles in the interactions between plants and helpful microorganisms because they are active at extremely low concentrations and have precise spatial control of synthesis and response.
The "The Role of Plant Hormones in Plant-Microbe Symbioses" special issue offers fresh information on the functions of hormones produced from both the plant and the microbial partner in symbiosis establishment and communication. This includes the close symbioses that the majority of terrestrial plants have with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, as well as the more recently acquired nodulation—symbioses between a select group of plants in the fabid clade and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
The articles in this special issue also look at how hormones affect how plants interact with ectomycorrhizae, endophytic bacteria, and fungi, and helpful microorganisms that stick to the surfaces of the leaves and roots. Many hormones can interact with one another in addition to acting directly to regulate the growth of these symbioses, and these intricate networks are just beginning to emerge.
Therefore, various plant hormones are used commercially.
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After following humane guidelines for stunning an
animal, the carcass is
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1. The person and elephant are traveling from left to right. The second photo was taken a few seconds after the first. Who is traveling
faster?
several seconds late
O A The person is walking faster.
O B. The elephant is walking faster
O C. They are traveling at the same speed
O D. Impossible to determine
Answers
Answer: B
Explanation:
Because the person is slower than an elephant
How can antiviral medications help someone who has the flu?
- helps the person sleep better so that they heal
- prevents the person from ever getting the flu
- makes the person feel better faster and makes the symptoms milder
- cures the person immediately (I know its not this one)
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Answer:
Prevents the person from ever getting the flu. (better said as 'prevents attracting flu in the future")
Explanation:
Antiviral drugs are recommended for both treatment and prevention of flu. They can protect you from getting viral infections or spreading a virus to others.
plz help any one pls
Answers
Answer:
Glycerin
Explanation:
Substances with strong electronegative forces between the molecules tend to have higher boiling points, because it takes more energy (temperature in this case) to break the bonds and change the phase of the substance.
How the animals survive in tropical rainforest
Answers
Answer:
The animals use the tall trees for shelter, hiding places from their predators, and source of food. Because there are many animals competing for food, many animals have adapted by learning to eat a particular food eaten by no there animal
Explanation:
Put in own words and add more reasons and details hope it helped a lil
WILL GIVE BRIANLIEST AND 30 POINTS!
When trying to reach a decision, what is happening in the brain?
A. The frontal lobe reaches out to the hippocampus.
B. The cerebral cortex accesses information stored in the thalamus.
C. The limbic system draws information from the cerebral cortex.
D. The hippocampus accesses memories stored in the thalamus.
Answers
When trying to reach a decision, multiple brain regions are involved in a complex network of communication and processing. However, out of the options given, the most accurate answer is C, "The limbic system draws information from the cerebral cortex."
What is a limbic system ?The limbic system is a complex network of brain regions that are involved in emotional processing, motivation, and memory formation.
The cerebral cortex, which is the outer layer of the brain, is involved in many functions, including perception, consciousness, and decision-making. The limbic system communicates with the cerebral cortex, and draws upon information processed by it to make decisions.
The limbic system, which includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and other structures, plays an important role in processing emotions and memories, and influences decision-making by providing input on the emotional significance of different choices.
Additionally, the basal ganglia, which is a group of structures deep in the brain, is involved in decision-making by integrating information about the potential rewards and punishments associated with different choices and helping to select an appropriate action based on that information.
Therefore, the limbic system draws upon information processed by the cerebral cortex, and takes into account emotional and motivational factors to help us make decisions.
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What is the food web for Altamaha shiner ?
Answers
Answer:
The bottom of the pyramid was fertilizer or something and the little top triangle was a silhouette of a man. Those were simple days and the food chain seemed simpler.
Explanation:
If each of these food chains start with 10,000 grams of phytoplankton, how much reaches the highest trophic level in each food chain
Answers
Energy is transferred from one trophic level in a food chain to another. However, not all the energy available at a trophic level is transferred to the next.
Only about 10% of the energy in the lower trophic level gets to the immediate higher trophic level and the rest is lost as metabolic heat.
Thus, if a food chain starts with 10,000 grams of phytoplankton, the quantity that will get to the highest trophic level would depend on the number of intermediate trophic levels in between the lowest and the highest.
For every step the energy is transferred up the trophic level in the food chain, 90% of it is lost.
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How the form of ostrich’s eggs help the bird survive?
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Answer:
Adaptations that make ostriches fast on land but unable to fly include long legs with strong muscles, thick bones and powerful 2-toed feet
What is the role of transgenic organisms in the production
of medicine and agriculture?
HELP PLA
Answers
Explanation:
Transgenic animals are routinely bred to carry human genes, or mutations in specific genes, thus allowing the study of the progression and genetic determinants of various diseases.
Transgenesis allows improvement of nutrients in animal products, including their quantity, the quality of the whole food, and specific nutritional composition.
Question 6
The electrical charge of a particle called
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Answer:
The electrical charge of a particle is called an electric charge.
Explanation:
Electricity always comes in units of the Coulomb, which is the unit of measurement for electric charges. One Coulomb is defined as follows: "the quantity or magnitude of electricity carried by an electron in the electrostatic field around a point on the Earth with coordinates (latitude, longitude)". We can use units like volts and amperes to communicate this kind of data now, but typically you'll see it written as Cs.
To do some simple arithmetic with these units you need to know that one Couloth will equal 93 millimeters squared per second times per second (mC/s*ms).
Which pair of triangles can be proven congruent by SAS?
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Answer:
Explanation:
The seconded one
The second triangle can be proven congruent by SAS (side-angle-side). Therefore, option B is correct.
What is SAS property?SAS stands for "Side-Angle-Side" and it is a property of congruent triangles. This property states that if two triangles have two pairs of corresponding sides that are proportional and the included angles between those sides are congruent, then the triangles are congruent.
In other words, if two triangles have the same length of two sides and the angles formed by these sides are the same, then the triangles are congruent.
This property is one of several ways to prove that two triangles are congruent, and it is a useful tool in geometry and trigonometry. The other ways to prove the congruence of triangles are SSS (Side-Side-Side), ASA (Angle-Side-Angle), AAS (Angle-Angle-Side), and HL (Hypotenuse-Leg) properties. Hence, option B is correct.
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Biology which statement applies to cholesterol?
A. It is hydrophobic and found on the outside of the phospholipid biyaler
B. It is hydrophilic and found inside the phospholipid bilayer
C. It impacts membrane fluidity.
D. It is transported in association with glucose in the blood.
Answers
The true statement about cholesterol is that; " It impacts membrane fluidity."
Cholesterol is one of the steroids in the body and serves as a constituent of many hormones. Cholesterol consists of a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic part hence it is able to interact both with aqueous and nonpolar environments.
Cholesterol impacts membrane fluidity in the sense that it regulates the direction of membrane fluidity. At high temperatures, cholesterol raises the membrane temperature whereas at high temperatures, it intercalates between phospholipids thereby preventing stiffening.
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Writing your own quiz from the information you learned in class and during your reading will help improve your study skills.
A.
True
B.
False
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Ur quizzing yourself on what you learned. That is a great way of remembering what you learned.
How does reproduction in humans compare to reproduction and other animals such as fish, birds and reptiles?
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Answer:
It compares because all of them reproduce the same way with varied offspring instead of identical.
A local watershed carries runoff from farms, suburban lawns, and wastewater treatment plants into local rivers, and eventually into a local bay. How could this affect the health of the bay?
A. It could make water hypoxic for organisms.
B. There will be an increase of aquatic plants and fish.
C. It could increase dissolved oxygen for fish.
D. There will be decreased nutrients in the water.
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Answer:
answer should be "making water hypoxic for organisms". reason is because the runoff from these treatment plants are filled with nutrients, which will cause eutrophication. eutrophication is excessive algae sprouts which create more DO but then later becomes all used up when they decompose, making it so other organisms have no oxygen.
The runoff water from farms, suburban lawns, and wastewater treatment plants into local rivers affects the health of the bay by making water more hypoxic for organisms. Thus, the correct option is A.
What is Local bay?A Local bay may be defined as an area of the sea or other water bodies which are usually smaller than a gulf. It is mostly surrounded by water.
The runoff water from farms, suburban lawns, and wastewater treatment plants contain an enormous amount of nutrients that assist the growth of algae over the surface of water bodies known as eutrophication.
These algae consume all much of the available oxygen of the water body and make the environment hypoxic i.e. oxygen deficient.
Therefore, the correct option for this question is A.
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Protecting shoreline communities from tsunamis is a struggle, especially in less developed regions of the world. Explain why your experiment supports this statement.
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Protecting shoreline communities from tsunamis is a struggle, especially in less developed regions of the world because tsunamis are unpredictable. These phenomena have a higher effect on low-income shoreline families.
Tsunamis can be defined as giant ocean waves due to earthquakes and/or volcanic activity that occur under the sea.
Tsunamis may devastate entire shoreline communities because they are unpredictable and they speed along like a jet plane.
Tsunamis mainly affect shoreline low-income families in developing countries because the houses in which these people live in developing countries are rudimentary.
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How the food you eat affects your brain?
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Answer:
Eating high-quality foods that contain lots of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants nourishes the brain and protects it from oxidative stress — the "waste" (free radicals) produced when the body uses oxygen, which can damage cells. ... Diets high in refined sugars, for example, are harmful to the brain.
What is the function of the cell membrane? The cell membrane controls what goes into the cell (food) and what leaves the cell (waste). The cell membrane protects the cell from damage. The cell membrane controls the amount of water that goes into the cell and stores it there if it doesn't rain. The cell membrane allows air to enter, but won't allow water to enter into the cell.
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Answer:
Cell membranes serve as barriers and gatekeepers. They are semi-permeable, which means that some molecules can diffuse across the lipid bilayer but others cannot. Small hydrophobic molecules and gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide cross membranes rapidly
Explanation:
Why don't people's cells starve from lack of glucose while they are fasting
Answers
Fasting can definitely raise blood glucose. This is due to the effect of insulin falling and the rising counter-regulatory hormones including increased sympathetic tone, noradrenaline, cortisol and growth hormone, in addition to glucagon. These all have the effect of pushing glucose from liver storage into the blood. This is normal. If you are not eating, you want to use some stored glucose. The question is this – if you are not eating, and your blood glucose went up, where did that glucose come from? It can only have come from your own body (liver). So, it’s a natural phenomenon, and the fasting now allows your body to use some of the glucose for energy.