Argumentativeness is connected with the emergence of leadership, communicative competence, and the courage to confront others when harmed.
Explain the various leadership styles.Democratic leadership is exactly what it sounds like: the leader makes decisions based on feedback from all team members. Although the leader makes the final decision, each employee has an equal say in the direction of a project. The polar opposite of democratic leadership is autocratic leadership. The leader in this leadership style makes decisions without consulting anyone who reports to them. This approach is best effective when a company has to control certain situations, rather than as a single leadership style. Employees are held accountable for their job by laissez-faire bosses. Many employees will be motivated to do their best work as a result of this. Under laisses-faire This style of boss frequently fosters a more casual corporate atmosphere. As a result, it is a fantastic model for creative enterprises such as ad agencies or product design. It's also an excellent fit for a company with a highly skilled workforce.
To know more about leadership visit:
brainly.com/question/20533695
#SPJ4
Your approach to routine messages strongly influences how others evaluate your responsiveness, commitment, reliability, professionalism, and ____.
Your approach to routine messages strongly influences how others evaluate your responsiveness, commitment, reliability, professionalism, and attention to detail.
What is key developing routine messages?Routine messages need to back up their assertions with sufficient proof. A typical message can be difficult to understand the audience's needs. The majority of everyday messages include complicated content that is challenging to simplify. It is challenging to capture readers' attention when they are being inundated with mundane messages.
What function do routine messages serve?The "who, what, where, why, and how" of daily activities are documented via routine messages in business communication. The majority of standard messages are made up of templates that can be modified to provide relevant information about a client, a problem, or the subject matter of the communication.
To know more about Routine messages, visit:
brainly.com/question/29418303
#SPJ4
what is a graduate role . and what kind of graduate roles are available for journalism students
what kinds of infortmation are essential to know before you participate in an election select all that apply
The kinds of infortmation are essential to know before you participate in an election are:
the positions or platform of each candidate.local issues that might appear on the ballotWhat are your opinions on the election?A formal process of communal decision-making, an election is how a population choose a person or people to hold public office.
The level of voter participation can be used to gauge the effectiveness of the electoral process. Voter turnout statistics are used to gauge voter involvement. The percentage of eligible voters who actually cast ballots is known as turnout.
Therefore, option A and B are correct.
Learn more about election at:
https://brainly.com/question/11314884
#SPJ1
missing options:
the positions or platform of each candidate
local issues that might appear on the ballot
how each of your family members plans to vote
what the polls say about the likely outcome
I have no creativity. Please help!
You are a young Egyptian given your first piece of papyrus (paper), what will you do with it?
The papyrus plant's stem was utilized by the ancient Egyptians to create paper, sails, linen, mats, and ropes. Ancient Egyptians utilized papyrus paper as their primary form of writing, which the Greeks later adopted. The Roman Empire also made great use of papyrus paper.
What was the importance of Ancient Egyptians?In the Nile Valley, in northeastern Africa, stood the ancient civilization of Egypt. Following the prehistoric Egypt, ancient Egypt came into being circa 3100 BC with the political union of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes.
Ancient Egypt's history was characterized by a succession of stable kingdoms, which were joined by intervals of relative instability known as the Intermediate Periods.
the Early Bronze Age's Old Kingdom, the Middle Bronze Age's Middle Kingdom, and the Late Bronze Age's New Kingdom.
When Egypt ruled most of Nubia and a major section of the Near East during the New Kingdom, it was at the height of its power. Egypt then began a steady fall.
Learn more about Ancient Egyptians, here
https://brainly.com/question/19818729
#SPJ1
doctoral scientists and engineers employed in universities and 4-year colleges according to all academic position were about the same overall for women and men.
The doctor scientists studies degree is earned with the formal dissertation protection and approval of a committee on the basis of original research and courses, and its miles are provided predominantly in doctoral-stage science packages, including engineering, clinical and fitness sciences, and health economics.
If we compress each route then each is the pinnacle of popularity and extraordinarily paid revenue throughout the world. both of the courses have tremendous opportunities however opposition is also top for each of the directions. according to the path, each course is contrary to every one of them so that you need to go through your involvement.
Employment of medical scientists is projected to develop 17 percent from 2020 to 2030, tons faster than the average for all occupations. demand for scientific scientists will stem from the greater call for a ramification of healthcare services as the population continues to age and charges of the persistent disease remain to grow.
Learn more about doctor scientists here:
https://brainly.com/question/13142233
#SPJ4
This lesson covered the potential for 9-1-1 calls to serve as a...
This lesson covered the potential for 9-1-1 calls to serve as a source of proof for establishing reasonable suspicion to stop and frisk a suspect. Reply to both prompts in the discussion. See if, as a group, you can come to some conclusions on both prompts. 1 What are some potential problems or risks of relying on the information provided by anonymous 9-1-1 callers to serve as proof of impending criminal activity? 2 Should police officers follow up on information from anonymous callers? Why or why not?
Without some form of proof, the offender cannot be charged, therefore the absence of a witness essentially reduces the call to a checkup to ensure that no one is acting improperly.
What is mean by proof?A proof is adequate support for a claim, such as sufficient facts or a compelling argument. The idea is applicable to a wide range of fields, with each field having its own requirements for what constitutes sufficient evidence.For most fields, a claim must be supported by evidence. Evidence is derived from our observations of the world, with law drawing its evidence from witnesses and forensic analysis, science drawing its evidence from nature, and so on. Mathematics stands out as an example of this, as its proofs are derived from a world of axioms that has been expanded and enhanced by past theorems.The amount of evidence required to prove a claim depends heavily on the subject at hand, and there is typically no clear cut point at which proof can be said to have been established. The identical evidence in law may persuade one jury but not another.To learn more about evidence refer :
https://brainly.com/question/20840904
#SPJ4
know the executive positions in texas 2) know the different powers of the governor in texas 3) know the different types of vetoes.
Compared to the lieutenant governor, the attorney general has more actual authority and duties. He stands up for Texas' laws and constitution, represents the state in court, and approves the sale of public bonds.
Chief election officer for the secretary of state, protocol officer for federal, state, and international matters, and governor liaison on Mexican and border issues. The Agriculture Commissioner is in charge of issues involving rural community affairs, agriculture, and associated issues.
The State Board of Education oversees the state Permanent School Fund, develops policies, establishes academic standards for Texas public schools, and chooses textbooks for those institutions.
To know more about executive positions visit :
https://brainly.com/question/28501806
#SPJ4
When a filter is in effect, you can redisplay all records by clicking the ___ button on the HOME tab.
Toggle Filter
When a filter is in effect, you can redisplay all records by clicking the Toggle Filter button on the HOME tab.
A filters is a programme or portion of code used in computer software that checks each input or result requests for a set of qualifying criteria before processing or forwarding it. A filter is bluetooth adapter code that receives input data, processes it, maybe alters it, and then forwards it to another programme in a pipeline. A filter often doesn't perform input/output tasks on its own. Sometimes, filter are employed to add or remove headers and control letters from data. In web-based applications, filters are frequently used to reduce the user's list of options to a more acceptable and practical quantity.
Learn more about Filter here:
https://brainly.com/question/15573560
#SPJ4
if you fear that your friend will mock or insult you for sharing your feelings, which of the following is missing from your relationship?
In order to resolve a problem, one party may engage in passive-aggressive behavior, in which case they engage in nonverbal actions such task abandonment to subtly express their negative thoughts or sentiments.
Which method to conflict involves ignoring or discussing a matter subtly?
In order to resolve a problem, one party may engage in passive-aggressive behavior, in which case they engage in nonverbal actions such task abandonment to subtly express their negative thoughts or sentiments.Emotion is a multifaceted reaction to each circumstance that advances or obstructs your ambitions.The main emotions include anger, fear, grief, disgust, surprise, eagerness, confidence, and joy.Relationship maintenance aims to maintain partnerships functioning well and satisfactorily. Taking the lead, Prove to people that you are someone they should talk to.To learn more about Passive-aggressive behavior refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/1163682
#SPJ4
students hoping to receive maximum federal aid should be ready to submit the fafsa on or soon after .
The FAFSA has a June 30th federal deadline, but you should submit your application far sooner.
Current & prospective college students (undergraduate & graduate) inside the United States must fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Help (FAFSA) in order to establish their eligibility for financial aid.
Some institutions also need the CSS Profile, often known as the "College Scholarship Service Profile," but it differs from the FAFSA (primarily private ones).
Instead of receiving money from the federal or state governments, institutions employ the CSS, a fee-based initiative of the College Board (a private non-profit company).
To know more about FAFSA:
brainly.com/question/2059046
#SPJ4
Anya is a frontline employee at The Peabody Hotel. When customers are unsatisfied, she is able to handle many of the problems herself, without getting permission from her supervisors. As a result, Anya feels more satisfied with her job because of the freedom she has to problem solve on her own. The Peabody has done a good job of ________ ________.A) Employee empowermentB) Perfect fill-orderingC) Gathering crucial dataD) Using social mediaE) Keeping loyal customers
Anya is a frontline employee at The Peabody Hotel. When customers are unsatisfied, she is able to handle many of the problems herself, without getting permission from her supervisors. As a result, Anya feels more satisfied with her job because of the freedom she has to problem solve on her own. The Peabody has done a good job of Employee empowerment.
What is Employee empowerment?
When someone feels empowered, they are aware of their capacity for achievement and have the self-assurance they need to succeed. Employee empowerment is the process through which businesses provide their staff what they require for success. Employee empowerment goes far beyond only allocating resources; it may also increase staff motivation, foster greater innovation, and boost employee retention, all of which improve the bottom line.
Employee motivation has been closely correlated with giving employees more power through increasing autonomy.
According to experts, workers who have more freedom over how, when, and where they complete their work will put in more effort and find it more interesting.
To learn more on Employee empowerment from the link:
https://brainly.com/question/14582348
#SPJ4
how is the character's traits revealed? marcy sat in class, drumming her fingers on her desk. thinking back to that morning, she felt remorse over the way she had talked to her mom. question 10 options: actions statements thoughts interactions with other characters
Thoughts have is the character's traits revealed. Marcy sat in class and beat her desk with her fingers. Thinking back to that morning, she felt remorse over way she had talked to her mom. Correct option is (c).
The words thought and thinking, in their most basic definition, relate to conscious thought functions that can occur without the assistance of sensory input. Judging, reasoning, concept formulation, decision making, and deliberation are some of their most typical manifestations. However, other mental processes, such as thinking about a concept, memory, or imagination are frequently also included. Contrary to perception, these activities can take place inwardly without the involvement of the senses. But when considered broadly, any mental event—including perception and unconscious thought processes—can be seen as a sort of thinking.
Learn more about Thinking here:
https://brainly.com/question/28498953
#SPJ4
Why is the Fed often referred to as a “lender of last resort,” or the last lender to turn to in a crisis?
The Federal Reserve typically acts as the lender of last resort to banks that no longer have other available means of borrowing, and whose failure to obtain credit would dramatically affect the economy.
Give a brief account on Federal Reserve.America's national banking system is called the Federal Reserve System. Following a string of financial panics that made it necessary to have centralized control over the monetary system in order to prevent financial crises, the Federal Reserve Act was passed on December 23, 1913, and this was when it was founded. Over time, occurrences like the 1930s Great Depression and the 2000s Great Recession have prompted the Federal Reserve System to assume more tasks and responsibilities.
Maximizing employment, maintaining price stability, and lowering long-term interest rates are the three main goals for monetary policy that Congress set forth in the Federal Reserve Act. Sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve's dual mandate, the first two goals. Through the years, its responsibilities have grown, and today they also include overseeing and regulating banks, preserving the stability of the financial system, and offering financial services to depository institutions, the federal government of the United States, and foreign official institutions. In addition to publishing numerous publications like the FRED database and the Beige Book, the Fed also carries out economic research.
To know more about, Federal Reserve, visit :
https://brainly.com/question/17097530
#SPJ1
One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children ____
On the basis of skinner's theory of language ,Correct answer is that children Produce sentences they have never heard.
One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that
Carol Doris Chomsky is an American educational expert who is primarily concerned with children's language acquisition. She disproved theories put forward by her B.F. Skinner, one of America's most influential psychologists.
It was based on his stance that children can form sentences never heard before. Skinner said that children have the ability to generate countless sentences that they have never learned through conditioning.
To learn more about Skinner's theory of language here:
https://brainly.com/question/15396296
#SPJ4
1. The lower order of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs include physiological, safety, and __________.
a) esteem
b) self-actualization
c) shelter
d) social
Physiological, safety, shelter, esteem, and self-actualization are the lower tier of requirements in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Physiology is indeed the scientific paper of the functions and mechanisms of biological systems. Physiology is a branch of biology that studies how animals, major organs, individual organs, organisms, and biomolecules perform chemical and physical tasks in living systems. The field is separated into medical physiology, mammal physiology, physiology, cell physiology, & comparative biology. Biophysical and metabolic processes, homeostatic regulatory systems, and cell communication are all critical to physiological function. The condition of proper function is referred to as the physiological state. Pathological state, on the other hand, refers to aberrant situations, including human diseases. The Royal Swedish Academies of Sciences bestows the Nobel Physiology or Medicine Prize on remarkable scientific contributions in the field of physiology.
Learn more about contributions here
https://brainly.com/question/8996718
#SPJ4
What is the most used approach in psychology nowadays?
Self-Managing Team
members have authority to make decisions about how they share and complete their work, previously made by higher-level managers; also called autonomous work groups
Members have the power to make choices about just how they share & finish their job, which is why they are referred to as self-managing teams.
Self-management is indeed the process through which computer systems control their own operations without human involvement. Self-management technologies are predicted to dominate the next wave of network management software. The increasing complexity of modern computer networks is currently the most significant constraint to their expansion. The increasing heterogeneity of large corporate computer networks, the incorporation of portable computing devices, as well as the combination of various networking technologies such as WLAN, cellular phone systems, & mobile ad hoc networks make traditional, manual management difficult, moment, and error-prone. Recently, self-management has indeed been proposed as a solution to the increasing complexity of cloud computing. The Autonomic Computing Initiative, launched by IBM in 2001, is now the most industrially important initiative aimed at achieving self-management.
Learn more about proposed here
https://brainly.com/question/26425192
#SPJ4
accounts service firms used in job costing include . multiple select question. cost of goods sold applied manufacturing overhead applied service overhead cost of services billed need help?
Used in job costing are accounts service companies that incorporate applied manufacturing overhead. the sum of the expenditures for labor, materials, and overhead for a particular job.
How would you define manufacturing?Manufacturing is the process of creating products—either manually or mechanically—that the company then sells to a client. Rough materials or smaller portions of a specific item are both examples of items utilized in manufacturing. Automobile manufacturers, bakers, shoemakers, and tailors are a few examples of manufacturing.
What does manufacturing serve as a means for?What Does Manufacturing Have as a Goal? The process of transforming a raw substance into a finished, physical product is known as manufacturing. Making a process more effective while it transforms certain resources into other resources, frequently with the intention of being supplied to a client, is what manufacturing includes.
To know more about manufacturing visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14275016
#SPJ4
Which of the following is true concerning corporate governance?Corporate governance provides rules for making decisions on corporate affairs.Corporate governance provides a structure for monitoring performance.It seeks to benefit multiple stakeholders, not just shareholders.
All of the given statements regarding corporate governance are true.
What function does corporate governance serve?The goal of corporate governance is to support efficient, innovative, and responsible management that can ensure the long-term success of the business. Corporate governance is the framework for managing and directing businesses. The governance of companies is the responsibility of the boards of directors.
What leads to ineffective corporate governance?Ineffective corporate governance is caused by violation of the internal regulations' specified processes, inadequate consideration given to risk management, uneven assignment of tasks and responsibilities and the internal audit's lack of effectiveness.
What are the two primary corporate governance theories?Based on the aim of the organisation those models assume, several theoretical models in the contemporary literature on corporate governance can be broadly divided into two categories: the shareholder perspective and the stakeholder perspective.
To know more about corporate governance, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/13503182
#SPJ4
Humans allocate approximately 70% of their annual freshwater use for ________.A) drinking and cookingB) washing and home useC) agricultural irrigation and providing water for livestockD) mining and industrial processesE) electrical production
Humans consume around 70% of their yearly fresh water for irrigated agriculture and livestock watering.
Agriculture, sometimes known as farming, is the cultivation of plants and cattle. Agriculture was an important development in the development of stationary human civilization, as it produced food surpluses that allowed people to live in cities. Agriculture has been around for thousands of years. In the twentieth century, factory farming based on large-scale mono grew to dominate agricultural production, despite the fact that approximately 2 billion people still relied on subsistence agriculture. Modern agronomy, plant genetics, agrochemicals including such fertilizers and pesticides and technical advancements have raised food yields significantly, but at the expense of environmental and ecological damage. Agriculture is both a source and a victim of environmental deterioration, including biodiversity loss, desert, soil depletion, and global warming, which can all result in declines.
Learn more about environmental here
https://brainly.com/question/28211138
#SPJ4
According to Erikson's stage of _____, every adult seeks close relationships with other people in order to live a happy and healthy life.
Every adult seeks deep interactions with other people in Erikson's sixth stage in order to lead a happy and healthy existence.
What is the stage theory of Erikson?According to Erikson's stage theory, a person moves through the eight life phases by balancing their biological and sociocultural factors. The eight stages are characterized by a psychosocial crisis shared by the two opposing forces.
What are the eight stages of development used for?Erik Erikson, a psychologist, created his eight phases of development to describe how people progress. The stages explain the developmental obstacles people confront at different times of life. In developmental psychology courses in the United States, his hypothesis is frequently taught.
To know more about stage theory, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14132266
#SPJ4
FILL IN THE BLANK presidents george w. bush, barack obama, and donald trump widely used presidential _____ , written messages issued upon signing a bill into law, as a way of influencing how policies were to be administered.
Presidents George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump have used extensive documents issued by the White House after the bill was signed to influence how policies are run.
Extensive documents are documents that contain a lot of information and are often long and detailed. Examples of extensive documents include legal contracts, research papers, and lengthy reports. Extensive documents are those that are long and provide a thorough breakdown of a topic. They often contain many details, and typically explain the history, current status, and future of a topic in great detail. They may also present a wide range of perspectives and opinions on the topic. Extensive documents can be used for research purposes, for teaching and learning, or for legal and regulatory purposes.
To know more about George W. Bush visit:
https://brainly.com/question/23470464?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ4
stats a vacation resort estimates that a random call to its reservation line results in a reservation 24% of the time. true or false?
Answer:false
Explanation:
A leadership team is planning an evidence-based quality improvement (EBQI) initiative that will address the policies and protocols around wound care. Which of the following developments in the implementation may be construed as unethical? A) Evidence-based treatments may be a benefit to some clients' healing but exacerbate others.
B) The implementation of evidence-based wound care may be impractical from a staffing perspective.
C) The clinical practice guidelines that form the basis of the practice change may have been developed at a different site.
D) Clinicians may find that existing routines around wound care are difficult to change.
From a
staffing
standpoint, the implementation of evidence-based wound care may not be feasible.
What purpose does staffing serve?
The hiring, screening, and selection of
employees
for open positions within a company or an organization is known as the staffing process. In essence, staffing's goal is to assist job seekers in finding employment while also helping employers identify quality candidates for unfilled positions.
What is an example of staffing?
Staffing is the process of finding, interviewing, and hiring new employees inside a company or
organization
to fill unfilled positions. A staffing agency may also be in charge of handling other aspects of employment, such as orientation, education, retention, and dismissal.
To know more about
staffing
visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29731100
#SPJ4
according to research by mann (1981) and smith, et al. (2020), what factors made crowds more likely to encourage a person who was threatening to jump from a building or bridge? multiple choice question. a large group in daylight a small group in daylight a large group at night a small group at night
According to research by Mann (1981) and smith, et al. (2020), the factors made crowds more likely to encourage a person who was threatening to jump from a building or bridge will be compared to when they were a large group in daylight.
Research is imaginative and methodical activity done to broaden the body of knowledge. It entails gathering, organizing, and analysing data in order to better understand a subject, with a focus on identifying and minimizing bias and error causes.
These tasks are distinguished by taking biases into account and adjusting for them. A research endeavor could build on prior fieldwork. Research may duplicate portions of earlier studies or the project as a whole to verify the accuracy of instruments, processes, or experiments.
Documentation, discovery, interpretation, as well as the R&D of techniques and systems for the growth of human knowledge are the main goals of fundamental research.
To know more about research:
brainly.com/question/18723483
#SPJ4
16. What is the meaning of the following proverbs?
Meaning in your own words.
So the answer of proverb no 1 is,
The wind can't shake a strong and solid rock
In Similar way the wise and clever human can't be depressed or ruffled by praise of anyone or blame of anyone. Because A wise human always choose his own way to move on in his life .
Answer:
Explanation:
The first proverb is from Dhammapada, Buddhism and it means that -
People who are wise do not pay attention to the praises or the blames thrown on their way. To put this in a nutshell, We should not be affected by what others think about us.
The second proverb means that hate is not an answer for hate. The only feeling which can promote peace is Love. We should always treat others with love, positivity and respect.
In most cases, a U.S. researcher affiliated with an academic institution, proposing to conducted funded research outside of the U.S., must have the approval of which of the following entities:
An IRB from both the researcher's U.S. institution and an equivalent entity within the host country
In most cases, a U.S. researcher affiliated with an academic institution, proposing to conduct funded research outside of the U.S. must have the approval of An IRB from both the researcher's U.S. institution and an equivalent entity within the host country.
An affiliation is a reputable connection to something. To have an affiliation with something is to be affiliated with it. The Tea party pretty virtually has an association with the Republican birthday party. you could be connected to all forms of matters, but to have an association is to have a legitimate connection.
An affiliated faculty (also affiliated university, federated faculty, federated college, or federated college) is an academic group that operates independently, however additionally has a proper collaborative settlement with another, commonly large organization that can have some level of management or impact over its academic .
Learn more about affiliated here https://brainly.com/question/17173670
#SPJ4
The powerful middle class that developed in the independent city-states of Renaissance Italy was involved in all of the following EXCEPT
a. making profitable loans to popes and monarchs
b. financing commercial ventures
c. patronizing the arts
d. encouraging manorialism
e. controlling the governments of the city-states
The strong middle class that grew up in Renaissance Italy's independent city-states was involved in everything except controlling the city-state governments.
What exactly do you mean by government?
A govt is the system in place to govern a country or a community. According to the Columbia Encyclopedia, government is "a method of social control in which the power to create laws and the correct to enforce them is vested in a specific group in society."
What are the three major types of government?
They are the Executive (President and approximately 5,000,000 employees), Legislative (Senate and of Representatives), and Judicial branches (Supreme Court and lower Courts).
To know more about Government visit:
https://brainly.com/question/16940043
#SPJ4
The introduction of the speech should be
a. About 15-20% of speech time.
b. About 10-15% of speech time
c. It doesn't matter
d. About 5-10% of speech time
About 10–15% of the speech time should be devoted to the introduction.
The ability to map heard spoken words onto the vocalizations needed to recreate them, which plays a key role in children's expansion of their vocabulary, is one of the many aspects of speech that researchers study. Other aspects of speech that are studied include what different areas of the human brain, such as Broca's area and Wernicke's area, underlie speech. Language, cognition, communication, psychology, computer science, speech pathology, otolaryngology, and acoustics are among the fields that research speech. Speech may be compared to writing, which can include vocabulary, grammar, and phonetics that are different from spoken language. This is a condition known as diglossia. Speech has unknown evolutionary origins that are the topic of considerable discussion and conjecture.
Learn more about speech here:
https://brainly.com/question/29586134
#SPJ4
______ is an end point evaluation typically completed at the end of a professional program or when applying for licensure status.a. Formative assessmentb. Summative assessmentc. Therapist competenced. Technique
Summative assessments are final evaluations that are frequently finished at the conclusion of a professional program or when requesting licensure status.
What constitutes as evaluation's primary objective?
Through assessment, a program, practice, intervention, or initiative can be statistically examined to see how well it achieves its goals.
Evaluations assist in identifying the aspects of a program or initiative that are efficient and could be improved.
What are the various methods of evaluation?
Process, impact, outcome, and summative evaluations are the main categories of evaluation. Before you can evaluate the effectiveness of your project, you must ascertain that it is being carried out as intended and that the target audience is being reached.
To know more about evaluation visit:
https://brainly.com/question/20067491
#SPJ4