Copepods are tiny, shrimp-like creatures with a hard exoskeleton that can be either herbivorous, carnivorous, or parasitic.
Copepods, sometimes known as "oar-feet," are a family of microscopic crustaceans that can be found in almost all freshwater and saltwater habitats. Several species have parasitic phases, while others are planktonic (live in sea waters) or benthic (live on the ocean floor). Some continental species may also live in limnoterrestrial habitats and other wet terrestrial places, such as swamps, under leaf fall in wet forests, bogs, springs, ephemeral ponds, and puddles, damp moss, or water-filled recesses (phytotelmata) of plants like Many dwell in freshwater and marine caverns, sinkholes, and stream beds. Copepods are occasionally employed as indicators of biodiversity.
Copepods have a larval stage, just like other types of crustaceans. For copepods, the egg develops into a nauplius form that lacks a proper thorax or abdomen but has a head and a tail. The larva goes through multiple moults before developing into an adult after a few more moults.
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List the significant events of glycolysis. Include which reactants and products (if any) are involved. Highlight what will be released as a product and what will move on to the next stage. Be sure to include where the process occurs in the cell.
Answer:
Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions that occurs in the cytosol of cells. These reactions are an important part of the process of cellular respiration, which produces energy for the cell.
The key events of glycolysis include the following:
The conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme hexokinase. This reaction requires the input of ATP.
The conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate by the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase.
The conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by the enzyme phosphofructokinase. This reaction requires the input of ATP.
The cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two three-carbon molecules, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, by the enzyme aldolase.
The conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. This reaction results in the production of NADH.
The conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase. This reaction results in the production of ATP.
The conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase.
The conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate by the enzyme enolase.
The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate by the enzyme pyruvate kinase. This reaction results in the production of ATP.
The end products of glycolysis are two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of NADH, and a net gain of two molecules of ATP. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate can be further oxidized in the mitochondria to produce more ATP. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate in a process called fermentation
Explanation:
The expression 100(5)2t represents the amount of bacteria present, in grams, t days after the initial population of bacteria is measured. If the expression can be rewritten as 100(r)t, what is the value of r? responses.
The value of r is 10 in the expression 100(r)t.
The given expression is,
100(5)2t t represents the amount of bacteria present, in grams.
t days after the initial population of bacteria is measured.
If the expression can be rewritten as 100(r)t.
That means,
the original expression is,
100(5)2t
= 100 (10) t
Comparing, simplified expression with rewritten expression.
So we get r = 10.
Therefore, the value of r is 10.
I hope this helped you and have a Merry Christmas!
Why are coral reefs important and why are they dying?
Coral reefs are important as they protect coastlines from storms and erosion, provide jobs for local communities, and offer opportunities for recreation. They are a source of food and new medicines.
Coral reefs are dying because :
1)Climate Change
Climate change has many negative impacts on coral reef health, caused by a range of factors including:
a )Rising sea levels-This can lead to increased sedimentation and the smothering of coral reefs.
b) Increased sea surface temperatures- Higher temperatures place coral under stress, which leads to bleaching events and coral reef death.
c) Changes to ocean currents - This can affect the amount of food available to coral, as well as the dispersal of coral larvae.
2) Destructive Fishing Practices -Many different fishing methods have the potential to destroy coral reefs, including:
a)Blast fishing- Explosives detonated in the sea kill fish in the surrounding area, making them easier for fishermen to collect. This method also demolishes coral reefs and other species not being targeted by the fishermen.
b) Fishing gear- Bottom trawling and beach seine nets can destroy great stretches of deep-sea coral reefs as they roll over the seabed. Rejected fishing gear can also become attached to coral reefs and cause damage.
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Convergence results in _____ sensitivity and _____ acuity.
As a signal from several receptors converges on one neurons, it causes the diminished acuity. However, because several receptors might activate the second-order neurone, this process also raises the body's sensitivity to stimuli.
Excited neurons have the capacity to suppress the activity of nearby neurons through a process known as lateral inhibition. This stops the lateral propagation of neuronal activity. As a result, there is more difference in excitement between adjacent neurones, improving sensory acuity. Although lateral inhibition is an essential part of sensory processing, it plays a particularly crucial role in visual processing because it improves contrast and the impression of edges. When processing delicate touch, lateral inhibition is especially crucial because the exaggerated variations in neural activity enable a person to better pinpoint the area being touched.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. if dr. johnson was a researcher with the tuskegee syphilis study, more than likely he ________.
If Dr. Johnson was a researcher with the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, more than likely he did not tell the participants that they were infected with syphilis.
Syphilis is an infectious sexually transmitted illness (STI) caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. When this bacteria enters damaged skin or mucus membranes, mainly in the genitals, it causes infection. Syphilis is most commonly spread through sexual contact, however it can also be transferred through other means.
Without treatment, you will have syphilis for at least 20 years, even if you show no signs or symptoms. People with latent syphilis may have symptoms such as skin rash, fever, sore throat, swollen glands, or feeling weak and exhausted on occasion. A presumptive diagnosis of syphilis involves the use of two laboratory serologic tests: a nontreponemal test (VDRL or rapid plasma reagin [RPR] test) and a treponemal test.
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What are the main issues of concerns to human health in consuming GM foods?
The main issues of concerns to human health in consuming GM foods are allergenicity, gene transfer, and outcrossing.
Potential risks include pests that become resistant, crops to become weedy, and GM foods trying to pose safety concerns both for humans and animals. As a result, scientific risk management and assessment have been created to ensure human, animal, and environmental safety.
Some GM crops may harm non-target organisms in addition to soil and water ecosystems. For instance, the spread of herbicide-laced GM herbicide-tolerant soy and corn has destroyed a significant portion of monarch butterfly's ecosystems in North America.
Five ethical issues have been raised regarding GM crops: potential damage to people's health, potential ecological harm, negative impact on conventional farming practices, too much corporate hegemony, and the technology's un-naturalness.
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3- Knowing that the human diploid cell has 2n = 46 chromosomes, Indicate the number of:
a- Chromosomes in each cell obtained at the end of mitotic cell division and the number of chromatids per each chromosome.
b- Chromosomes and chromatids per each chromosome in the cell during metaphase of mitosis.
c- Chromosomes and chromatids per each chromosome in the cell during G1 of interphase.
d- DNA molecules in the cell during G1 of interphase and prophase of mitotic cell division.
e- DNA molecules in the gamete.
f- DNA molecules in the cell during Metaphase 1 of meiosis 1 and Prophase 2 of meiosis 2.
g-Chromosomes and chromatids per each chromosome in the cell during Metaphase 2 of meiosis 2.
h- Chromosomes and chromatids per each chromosome in each cell obtained at the end of meiosis 1.
i-Chromosomes and chromatids per each chromosome in each cell obtained at the end of meiosis 2.
Explanation:
Knowing that the human diploid cell has 2n = 46 chromosomes, Indicate the number of:
a- Chromosomes in each cell obtained at the end of mitotic cell division and the number of chromatids per each chromosome.
b- Chromosomes and chromatids per each chromosome in the cell during metaphase of mitosis.
c- Chromosomes and chromatids per each chromosome in the cell during G1 of interphase.
d- DNA molecules in the cell during G1 of interphase and prophase of mitotic cell division.
e- DNA molecules in the gamete.
f- DNA molecules in the cell during Metaphase 1 of meiosis 1 and Prophase 2 of meiosis 2.
g-Chromosomes and chromatids per each chromosome in the cell during Metaphase 2 of meiosis 2.
h- Chromosomes and chromatids per each chromosome in each cell obtained at the end of meiosis 1.
i-Chromosomes and chromatids per each chromosome in each cell obtained at the end of meiosis 2.
A city has an outbreak of a disease that affects an unusually large portion of its population at the same time. which term best describes the outbreak?
Answer:
Epidemic best describes the outbreak.
Which of the following would most likely promote random distribution?
A) territorial species
B) species that secrete chemicals to attract or inhibit other individuals
C) flocking and schooling behaviors
D) spacing during the breeding season
E) homogeneous chemical and physical factors in the environment
Flocking and schooling behaviours would almost certainly promote random distribution.
Flocking is indeed the phenomenon in which individuals move at roughly the same speed and remain as a group. Flocking animals vary in size from buffalo to bacteria.
'Flocking,' in which 'animals' move in formation. Sheep are an excellent example of flocking throughout nature, with one leader as well as the rest following. Zebras also stick together, which makes each other safe and secure; it's difficult for such a predator to tell one zebra apart from the rest.
In in addition to determining simple density, the distribution of individuals can provide additional information about a population. At a given point in time, species distribution patterns summarise the spatial relationship between a population's members within a habitat.
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How do you transcribe DNA to mRNA?
To transcribe DNA to mRNA, pre-mRNA is reused to form a mature mRNA patch that can be paraphrased to make the protein patch decrypted by the original gene.
Protein is set up throughout the body — in muscle, bone, skin, hair, and nearly every other body part or kerchief. It makes up the enzymes that power multitudinous chemical responses and the hemoglobin that carries oxygen in your blood.
DNA is the information patch. It stores instructions for making other large motes, called proteins. These instructions are stored within the cells, and than distributed among chromosomes. These chromosomes are made up of thousands of shorter corridor of DNA, called genes.
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A Phage DNA +DNA forms a double- stranded circle. Slow release BHost cell slows reproduction while the phage progeny replicate particle c Cell replicates from circular single- stranded DNA. Phages assemble and exit without lysis EPhage inserts single-stranded DNA. List the steps of the slow-release bacteriophage replication cycle
The tiny icosahedral virus known as Bacteriophage X174 has a single-stranded, closed circular DNA molecule with 5,386 nucleotide bases (for a recent review, see ref. 1). Four of the eleven gene products (J, F, G, and H) contribute to the virion's structure.
The structure of the bacteriophage X174 has an impact on the process of DNA ejection, viral assembly, and evolution. The eight-stranded antiparallel barrel folding pattern that may be observed in many other icosahedral viruses is the main folding motif of the T = 1 capsid that the F protein generates. 12 dominant spikes made up of groups of five G proteins surround a hydrophilic channel with some diffuse electron density. Each G protein has a structure like that of a tight barrel, with its strands extending outward in a radial fashion F protein.
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Is the elephant shrew more closely related to the elephant or the shrew?
How do we know?
Why are elephant shrews and shrews so similar?
The response to all the above questions on if the elephant shrew more closely related to the elephant or the shrew are given below.
In reality, elephant shrews are not shrews. Recent research indicates that they are more closely connected to an African mammal clade that includes elephants, sea cows, and aardvarks. The Macroscelididae, which consists of four genera and 19 extant species, is the only family that includes elephant shrews (also known as sengis).Are shrews and moles closely related to elephant shrews?Elephant shrews, also known as sengis, are not closely related to shrews, despite what their name might imply, nor are they rodents. Instead, they are distantly linked to elephants and belong to the Macroscelidea family, which is separate from that of shrews.
Note that Elephant shrews are tiny, hairy creatures with large ears that resemble gerbils or gigantic mice. They are not actually shrews, despite their name, and they are not rodents, despite their look. Moles and tenrecs are the closest relatives of elephant shrews.
Therefore, one can say that despite having a long snout and similar exterior features to mice, shrews are not rodents like mice. In actuality, it is far more closely related to hedgehogs and moles; the only thing shrews have in common with rodents is that they are both members of the Boreoeutheria magnorder.
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What is wrong with the following piece of mRNA? TACCAGGATCACTTTGCCA Multiple Choice It contains A. O It does not include an equal number of As and Ts. It does not include an equal number of Gs and Cs. It contains T and not U. What is wrong with the following piece of mRNA? TACCAGGATCACTTTGCCA Multiple Choice It contains A. It does not include an equal number of As and Ts. It does not include an equal number of Gs and Cs.
The mRNA is the transcript of a region of the DNA, not the whole DNA, therefore it is smaller than the DNA. It also does not contain exons.
What is the advantage of mRNA?The main advantage of mRNA it does not include an equal number of As and Ts. It does not include an equal number of Gs and Cs. It contains T and not U. TACCAGGATCACTTTGCCA Multiple Choice It contains. It does not include an equal number of As and Ts. It does not include an equal number of Gs and Cs.
In eukaryotic cells, the process of gene transcription uses a fragment of DNA as template in order to synthesize a complementary single-stranded RNA molecule known as primary messenger.
Therefore, The mRNA is the transcript of a region of the DNA, not the whole DNA, therefore it is smaller than the DNA. It also does not contain exons.
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Explain why restriction enzymes are used in the process of genetic engineering.
Answer:
Restriction enzymes are used in the process of genetic engineering because they can cut DNA at specific locations, allowing scientists to precisely modify the genetic material of an organism.
Restriction enzymes are enzymes that are found in bacteria and other microorganisms. They are used by these organisms to protect themselves from foreign DNA, such as that found in viruses. Restriction enzymes recognize specific sequences of nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA) and cut the DNA at those locations.
In genetic engineering, restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA of an organism at specific locations. This allows scientists to insert new genetic material into the DNA, modifying the genetic makeup of the organism. For example, restriction enzymes can be used to insert a gene that confers resistance to a particular disease into the DNA of a plant or animal.
Overall, restriction enzymes are used in genetic engineering because they allow scientists to precisely modify the genetic material of an organism, allowing them to create genetically modified organisms with desired traits.
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Explanation:
Which of the following is not how botulism is contracted?
A) adults eating canned vegetables such as beets, carrots, or spinach
B) IV drug users who use needles contaminated with C. botulinum endospores
C) Elderly farmers encounter C. botulinum endospores through wind and dust.
D) Infants encounter C. botulinum endospores through wind and dust.
E) Infants encounter C. botulinum endospores by eating honey.
The process of acquiring botulism is not as follows. The wind and dust carry C. botulinum endospores to elderly farmers.
The bacteria Clostridium botulinum, as well as Clostridium butyricum and Difficile baratii, occasionally produce this toxin. These bacteria have the ability to create the poison in foodstuff, wounds, and newborns' intestines. The most frequent causes of botulism related to housing canning are low-acid foods. The pH of these meals is higher than 4.6. The majority of vegetables, some fruits, all proteins, fish, and other seafood, but also asparagus, bean sprouts, beets, wheat, and potatoes, are low in acid. Botulinum toxins are among the deadliest compounds yet known. Botulinum toxins can cause pulmonary and muscular paralysis by blocking neuronal functions.
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Instructions: Read the articles to answer the following questions/
1. Where does the energy in an ecosystem come from? How do organisms use this energy?
What happens to the energy after it is used by an organism?
Energy is moved between life forms in food networks from makers to shoppers. The energy is utilized by organic entities to do complex errands.
The process of photosynthesis in plants transforms the vast majority of the energy that is present in food webs into chemical energy, which comes from the sun.
How does energy reach living things and where does it originate for all living things?The Sun is the significant wellspring of energy for creatures and the biological systems of which they are a section. Producing organisms, such as plants and algae, combine carbon dioxide and water to form organic matter, which uses sunlight's energy to generate food energy. Almost all food webs begin their energy flow through this process.
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What are the 8 living organisms?
I'm guessing you're asking for the 8 characteristics one must have to be considered a living organism, so here's your answer.
Something must have all 8 of these traits to be considered a living thing. These characteristics are:
reproduction
heredity
cellular organization
growth and development
response to stimuli
adaptation through evolution
homeostasis
metabolism
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Click on all of the true statements about blood pressure. Vasodilation increases blood pressure. Decreasing heart rate decreases blood pressure. Low blood pressure can cause health problems. Blood pressure decreases with distance from the heart. Pressure receptors in artery walls detect blood pressure. Increasing blood volume decreases blood pressure.
The true statements about blood pressure are b) Decreasing heart rate decreases blood pressure, c) Low blood pressure can cause health problems, d) Blood pressure decreases with distance from the heart.
A decrease in heart rate means that the time for the heart to pump blood will decrease. This will lead to a decrease in blood pressure.
Low blood pressure or high blood pressure both can cause health complications.
Blood pressure decreases with distance from the heart because the force with which the blood is pumped by the heart grows slower when away from the heart. Hence, those statements that are true to these objectives are true.
Other options, like option f is not true because increasing blood volume will increase blood pressure.
The question will correctly be written as:
Choose all the true statements about blood pressure.
a) Vasodilation increases blood pressure.
b) Decreasing heart rate decreases blood pressure.
c) Low blood pressure can cause health problems.
d) Blood pressure decreases with distance from the heart.
e) Pressure receptors in artery walls detect blood pressure.
f) Increasing blood volume decreases blood pressure.
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What is the term for two identical chromosomes?
Based on the distribution of these molecules, what would most likely happen after a period of time ?
A. The concentration of O2 will increase inside the cell
B. The concentration of CO2 will remain the same inside the cell
C. The concentration of O2 will remain the same outside the cell
D. The concentration of CO2 will decrease outside the cell
Answer: The concentration of O2 will increase inside the cell.
Explanation:
What does the plant start with?
The assembly of a glucose molecule is the ultimate objective of the light-independent processes (or Calvin cycle). The CO2 that the plant absorbs from the air is needed for this stage of photosynthesis.
In essence, the plant requires carbon from CO2 to produce the precursors for glucose. A five-carbon molecule of ribulose biphosphate (RbP) and a carbon dioxide molecule are combined by an enzyme termed ruBisCo in the stroma. This results in the formation of two molecules with three carbons each, each of which has six carbons (3-phosphoglycerate). Carbon fixation is the name given to this phase of the light-independent processes.
The Calvin cycle normally consumes six molecules of carbon dioxide at a time, which is a crucial point to remember. This indicates that twelve G3P molecules are produced.
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Complete question: What does the plant start with in light independent reactions?
Lactiferous sinuses merge at the ________ of the breast
The breast's Nipple is where the lactiferous sinuses merge.
In the slice, the primary lactiferous ducts meet at the nipple. Before any blue lobules are created, two large lactiferous channels are visible lengthwise to descend a few millimeters. In fact, this is nature's nursing bottle.
There are around nine milk ducts and nerves in each nipple. Areolae: The region of dark skin that surrounds the nipple and is round in shape is known as an areola.
The nipple is connected to about 15–20 ducts. When nursing, the nipple serves as an outlet for milk flow. Additionally, the nipple has smooth muscles that have the ability to erect the nipple.
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Which specific molecule is each food mostly made of?
Each food is mostly made of with carbohydrates, proteins and fat.
Sugar molecules make up carbohydrates, or carbs. One of the three primary nutrients included in meals and beverages, together with proteins and lipids, is carbohydrate.When your body breaks down carbohydrates, glucose is produced.Glucose, also referred to as blood sugar, is your body's main energy source for its cells, tissues, and organs.
Protein makes up the majority of the body's organs, tissues, and body parts, including muscle, bone, skin, and hair.It contributes to the production of haemoglobin, which transports oxygen in the blood, and enzymes, which drive numerous chemical reactions.
There are several different types of fats in food, including saturated, polyunsaturated, and monounsaturated fats. Consuming too much or the wrong kind of fat may not be healthy. Foods that include fats include butter, oil, nuts, meat, fish, and various dairy products, to name a few.
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What 6 things do most bacteria need to grow?
Most bacteria need the following six things to grow, Nutrients, Water, Temperature, pH, Oxygen, and Time.
Nutrients: Bacteria require a source of energy and building blocks, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and minerals, in order to grow and reproduce.
Water: Bacteria need water to survive and grow, as it is essential for many of the chemical reactions that occur within cells.
Optimal temperature: Different types of bacteria have different temperature requirements for growth, but most bacteria grow best within a relatively narrow range of temperatures.
pH: Bacteria have optimal pH ranges for growth, and some are more tolerant of pH changes than others.
Oxygen: Some bacteria require oxygen to grow, while others are able to grow in the absence of oxygen.
Time: Bacteria need time to grow and reproduce, with different species having different generation times.
Overall, these six factors are essential for the growth of most bacteria, and the presence or absence of these conditions can significantly impact the ability of bacteria to grow and reproduce.
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What is the importance of coral reefs to the global environment and economy?
Coastlines can be saved from storms and erosion by coral reefs. Coral reefs create job opportunities for the local communities and offer scopes for recreation.
A variety of food and new medicines can be derived from coral reefs. Commercial fisheries as well as businesses through tourism can be conducted through healthy coral reefs. Approximately half of all federally controlled fisheries are dependent on coral reefs and related habitats for a portion of their life cycles.
By conducting diving tours, recreational fishing trips, and installing hotels, restaurants, and other businesses local economies also earn billions of dollars from visitors.
Though coral reefs have great economic and recreational value, they are severely threatened by pollution, disease, and habitat destruction. Once coral reefs are damaged, many creatures that inhabit them would not get any support for their survival. At the same time, it may also lose value as a tourist destination
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How many total hydrogen bonds would there be between base pairs of A piece of DNA if the sequence of one side was ATCG ATCG?
Answer:2, 2, 3, 3 and 2
Explanation:If base order in one chain of DNA is "ATCGA" then the number of H bonds will be 2, 2, 3, 3 and 2 respectively for the given nucleotides to base pair. Thus, the total number of hydrogen bonds will be 12.
Why blood type B Cannot donate to blood type A?
to excite or inhibit an action potential in a receiving neuron, a neurotransmitter must cross the_____-
To excite or inhibit an action potential in a receiving neuron, a neurotransmitter must cross the synapse
What are the effects of cystic fibrosis genetic mutations?
Mutations in the CFTR gene cause the CFTR protein to malfunction or not be made at all, leading to a buildup of thick mucus, which in turn leads to persistent lung infections.
What do you mean by mutations?Mutations is any change in the DNA sequence of a cell. Mutations may be caused by mistakes during cell division, or they may be caused by exposure to DNA-damaging agents in the environment.
Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection. Germline mutations can be passed on to offspring, while somatic mutations are not passed on.
Harmful mutations may cause genetic disorders or cancer. A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a mutation in one or a few genes. A human example is cystic fibrosis.
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Select the Key innovations in animal evolution
Symmetry, Segmentation, Body Cavity, Tissues, Various Patterns or Embryonic Development are the key innovations in animal evolution.
A novel phenotypic trait that enables future radiation and the success of a taxonomic group is referred to as a "key innovation" in evolutionary biology. This term is also used to refer to an adaptive breakthrough or key adaption. Usually, they bring new skills that enable the species to quickly diversify and encroach into previously unoccupied niches. The phenomenon explains why some taxa are significantly more varied and include a large number of species compared to their related taxa. Alden H. Miller coined the phrase in 1949, defining it as "key adjustments in the morphological and physiological mechanism which are essential to the origin of new major groups". However, a more inclusive definition from the present day states that "a key innovation is an evolutionary change in individual traits that is causally linked to the origin of new major groups."
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