Humans have undergone evolutionary transitions, as mammals like whale resembled other mammals in terms of skulls and other sculptures on the basis of the fossils found.
The program begins with one of the most popular examples of a purported change used by the evolution contingency: the transition from land animals to the whale. This shift is demonstrated to be explained by the fossils of Pakicetus, Ambulocetus, Rhodocetus, Dorontid, and Basilosaurus. In contrast to a complete transitional fossil, Pakicetus only has a small piece of its cranium to show for itself. Although Ambulocetus is depicted in the documentary as a fully preserved fossil of an aquatic mammal with legs, this is an embellishment and stretching of the truth given that the skeleton of the animal was actually found to be very fractured. In the series, Rhodocetus is only depicted by a skull.
Many people have asserted that those "legs" weren't just vestigial; they also participated in copulation. They might have even had a swimming feature. In conclusion, two skulls, one incomplete, maybe transitional skeleton, and a complete aquatic whale type with short hind legs. Our top example of an apparent evolutionary transition comes from these data.
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A population exceeding its carrying capacity will suffer a(n) ____________________ or ____________________, unless the excess individuals can switch to new resources or move to a new area.
A population exceeding its carrying capacity will suffer a(n) dieback; crash or crash; dieback, unless the excess individuals can switch to new resources or move to a new area.
A population is in overshoot while it exceeds to be had wearing ability. A populace in overshoot might also additionally completely impair the long-time period effective capacity of its habitat, lowering destiny wearing ability. It might also additionally continue to exist quickly however will finally crash because it depletes important herbal capital (useful resource) stocks. Carrying ability may be described as a species' common populace length in a specific habitat. The species populace length is confined through environmental elements like good enough food, shelter, water, and mates. If those wishes aren't met, the populace will lower till the useful resource rebounds.
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Capillary action, which allows plant sap to flow through a tree, is the result of cohesion between water molecules. True False
Capillary action happens in light of the fact that water is tacky, on account of the powers of attachment (water particles like to remain nearby) and bond (water atoms are drawn in and stick to different substances).
The development of water particles in the plant body is because of the cement powers between the water atoms and surfaces of the root and stems. The durable powers present between the water particles keep them intact and back off their transportation.
Since water particles like to remain together (attachment) and like to adhere to the walls of the containers of cellulose (bond), they ascend the cylinders as far as possible from the roots to the leaves. Water then, at that point, dissipates from the leaves, assisting with drawing up additional water from the roots. This interaction is called hairlike activity.
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Association of glucocorticoids with their dna binding sites is essential for the regulation of inflammatory response genes. which one or more of the following might disrupt normal association of glucocorticoids with their dna binding sites and be cause for concern?
a. excess serum glucocorticoid levels b. taking prednisone for an asthma attack c. genetic mutation in the GRE d. zinc deficiency in a patient
c. Genetic mutation in the GRE, d. zinc deficiency in a patient might disrupt normal association of glucocorticoids with their DNA binding sites and be cause for concern
Genetic mutations in the GRE (glucocorticoid receptor elements) are an important factor in determining the effectiveness of glucocorticoid hormone therapy.
If a patient is deficient in zinc, this can interfere with the normal binding of glucocorticoids to their DNA binding sites, which can be a cause for concern.
In order to ensure that the treatment is effective, patients must have adequate zinc levels in order for the glucocorticoids to be properly bound to their respective DNA binding sites. By doing so, the effectiveness of the treatment is increased and the risk of side effects is minimized.
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What happens during the reduction?
Common reduction techniques result in oxygen loss. For instance, the reduction reaction process is used to decrease ore.
To obtain metals, build electrochemical cells and transform ammonia into nitric acid. Redox reactions, or reduction-oxidation processes, are the simultaneous reduction and oxidation of chemical substances. Oxidized species lose electrons, whereas reduced species gain them. Even without oxygen present, oxidation can still take place. Oxygen has the chemical symbol O and an atomic number of 8. It belongs to the periodic table's chalcogen group and is a very reactive nonmetal.
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How can a cup of water decrease in temperature? please answer my question in a scientific method, the questions will be below.
Step 1: Observation
Step 2: Research:
Step 3: Hypothesis:
Step 4: Experiment – explain the experiment that you would perform
Step 4a- The control variable
Step 4b- The dependent variable
Step 4c- The independent variable
Step 5- What do you predict the conclusion to be?
The first step for this experiment is observation where it is found that a cup of water decreases in temperature. The rest of the steps are described in the explanation part.
What is a Scientific method?A scientific method may be characterized as the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment, and finally analyzing the results.
The second step is research in which a cup of water is placed at different temperatures where it can easily change its state from liquid to solid. The hypothesis governs that the amount of water in a cup may lower or decreases when it is exposed to several temperatures.
The experiment is performed on the basis of certain evidence and assumptions in order to predict some conclusion. The control variable is the influence of temperature. The dependent variable is the amount of water and the independent variable is the exposure to temperature.
Therefore, it is concluded that a cup of water decreases in temperature.
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Is Colin's evidence relevant to his claim?
No, Colin's evidence is not relevant to his claim.
Since drone flying is a sport rather than a concern for privacy, Colin's evidence does not support his allegation. Colin gives evidence that is connected to the idea that flying drones is a sport by noting that coordination and technical abilities are required to fly drones. Instead of focusing on giving evidence that supports the idea that drones do not negatively affect people's privacy, Colin offers evidence that is related to the idea that flying drones is a sport. It follows that his argument is weak because it has not been adequately substantiated.
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Navigate to the website and complete the tutorial followed by the activity. Record your results in the data table below.
*NEED ANSWR, WILL GIVE BRAIN.*
The cell cycle is an organized series of processes that take place in a cell before cell division.
What is Cell cycle?The cell cycle is a four-stage procedure in which the cell enlarges (gap 1, or G1), copies its DNA (synthesis, or S), gets ready to divide (gap 2, or G2), and splits (gap 4, or S).
Interphase, which accounts for the time between cell divisions, is made up of the stages G1, S, and G2. A cell "decides" whether to enter the cell cycle and divide based on the stimulatory and inhibitory signals it receives.
Growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transducers, and nuclear regulatory proteins are the four groups that can be used to categorize the proteins that are involved in promoting cell division.
Therefore, The cell cycle is an organized series of processes that take place in a cell before cell division.
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The Gap 1, DNA Synthesis, and Gap 2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively called:
The Gap 1, DNA Synthesis, and Gap 2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively called interphase.
Interphase, which comprises the G1, S, and G2 phases, is the portion of the cell cycle that is not accompanied by observable changes under the microscope. The cell grows (G1), duplicates its DNA (S), and prepares for mitosis during interphase (G2).
Interphase cells are not just dormant. The label quiescent (i.e. dormant) would be deceptive because a cell in interphase is quite active, creating proteins, transcribing DNA into RNA, absorbing external material, and processing signals, to mention a few. Only in terms of cell division is the cell dormant (i.e. the cell is out of the cell cycle, G0).
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The DNA of a cell is not programmed to coordinate the activities needed to keep a large cell alive. How does cell division help the cell avoid DNA overload
The process of cell division helps the cell to avoid DNA overload by the following mechanism: Each daughter cell has its own copy of DNA and can coordinate all the activities of a smaller cell.
Thus, the correct option for this question is B.
Cell division may be defined as a process through which a parent cell significantly divides into two daughter cells with an identical amount of genetic material.
DNA overload deals with the mechanism of the larger the cell, the greater the requirement for the positioning of the cell's DNA. In order to prevent this mechanism, a cell undergoes the process of division that limits the phenomena of DNA overloading.
This happens with the help of synthesizing two new daughter cells that limit the size of the parental cell. Therefore, the correct option for this question is B.
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Full Question
The DNA of a cell is not programmed to coordinate the activities needed to keep a large cell alive. How does cell division help the cell avoid DNA overload
A. When a cell divides there is much less DNA
created than in the large cell, increasing the
overload.
B. Each daughter cell has its own copy of DNA
and can coordinate all the activities of a smaller
cell.
C. Cell division does not help cells to avoid DNA
overload.
Which of the following statements is true about the Krebs (citric acid) cycle and the Calvin (light-independent) cycle?AThey both result in a net production of ATP and NADH.BThey both require a net input of ATP.CThey both result in a release of oxygen.DThey both take place within the cytoplasmic matrix.EThey both are carried out by enzymes located within an organelle matrix.
The statement which is true about the Krebs (citric acid) cycle and the Calvin cycle (light-independent) is: they both are carried out by enzymes located within an organelle matrix.
The Calvin cycle is a series of chemical events that converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier molecules into glucose. It is also referred to as the photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle of photosynthesis, the dark reactions, the light-independent reactions, or the biosynthetic phase. Plants' stroma, the fluid-filled region of a chloroplast not shielded by thylakoid membranes, is where these processes take occur. These processes involve additional chemical steps that are applied to the byproducts of light-dependent reactions (ATP and NADPH). The Calvin cycle is present in all photosynthetic eukaryotes as well as a sizable number of photosynthetic bacteria.
The complete question is:
Which of the following statements is true about the Krebs (citric acid) cycle and the Calvin (light-independent) cycle?
A. They both result in a net production of ATP and NADH.
B. They both require a net input of ATP.
C. They both result in a release of oxygen.
D. They both take place within the cytoplasmic matrix.
E. They both are carried out by enzymes located within an organelle matrix.
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Am I correct or no because I really don't know and I'm trying to pass this test so someone plssss help.
Lines that connects to points to elevation is called contour lines option - c is correct.
What do points of elevation have in common with lines?Shape lines: A map's contour lines are drawn by connecting points of equal elevation in order to calculate elevations (elevation refers to height in feet, or meters, above sea level).
The same elevation is shared between points connected by contour lines; where they are close together (they never intersect), the terrain is steep and the elevation changes quickly over a short distance.
Utilizing contour lines is the most typical way to depict the topography of a specific area. Any fictitious line that connects elevation-equalizing points is called a contour.
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Elena paints the back of the second aquarium it has a height of 1 3/4 feet the painted area is 5 5/6 square feet what is its length
Answer:
3 1/3 ft
Explanation:
You want to know the length of an area that totals 5 5/6 square feet and is 1 3/4 feet high.
AreaThe formula for the area of a rectangle is ...
A = LW
Filling in the given values, we have ...
5 5/6 = L·(1 3/4)
Solving for L gives ...
L = (35/6)/(7/4) = (35/6)(4/7) = 140/42 = 10/3 = 3 1/3
The length of the painted area is 3 1/3 feet.
__
Additional comment
You might be asked to write the answer as a fraction: 10/3, or as a decimal: 3.33. In the latter case, you may need to round to tenths: 3.3.
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if a cell that contains 20% NaCL is placed in a solution with a concentration of 70% water, what will likely happen to the cell It will shrivel, It will swell, It will stay the same
If a cell that contains 20% NaCl is placed in a solution with a concentration of 70% water, what will likely happen to the cell is that it will shrivel because the solution is a hypertonic solution.
The correct option is A.
What are hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions?A hypotonic solution is a solution that has a lower concentration of fluid, sugars, and salt than blood.
A hypertonic solution is a solution that has a higher concentration of fluid, sugars, and salt than blood.
An isotonic solution is a solution that has a similar concentration of fluid, sugars, and salt to blood.
Cells react differently when placed in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions.
When cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, they shrivel.
When cells are placed in a hypotonic solution, they swell.
When cells are placed in an isotonic solution, they stay the same.
A cell that contains 20% NaCl is placed in a solution with a concentration of 70% water is placed in a hypertonic solution.
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provide 2 reasons that support a balance or homeostasis of nitrogen compounds in an ecosystem
Two reasons that support a balance or homeostasis of nitrogen compounds in an ecosystem are:1. Nitrogen is a key component of life: Nitrogen is an essential component of life, and it is the fourth most abundant element in the universe.
All living organisms, including plants, animals, and bacteria, require nitrogen to survive and thrive. Nitrogen is essential for the production of proteins and nucleic acids, which are the building blocks of life. Nitrogen compounds such as ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite are critical components of the nitrogen cycle.
Nitrogen is a limiting nutrient: Nitrogen is often a limiting nutrient in ecosystems. Nitrogen is essential for the growth and reproduction of plants, which are the foundation of most ecosystems.
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One strategy for dealing with agricultural pests is integrated pest management (IPM). Describe IPM. As part of your description include TWO specific pest control approaches that are part of IPM.
One strategy for dealing with agricultural pests is integrated pest management (IPM). IPM is a pest control method with non-chemical substances. As part of your description include TWO specific pest control approaches that are part of IPM namely exclusion, and sanitation.
Integrated Pest Management is an approach that integrates various types of pest control methods with priority to non-chemical use. The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) system can be used in various types of industries such as the food, feed, plantation, oleochemical, and packaging industries.
Specific pest control approaches that are part of IPM, namely exclusion measures, namely by preventing the entry of the spread of organisms into an area and sanitation, namely monitoring so that pests do not spread to humans. IPM pest control is to prioritize not using chemicals, if you have to use pesticides, you will choose products that are safe for humans.
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What happens to protease after protein digestion?
Answer:
They mostly break down carbohydrates and fats. Once a protein source reaches your stomach, hydrochloric acid and enzymes called proteases break it down into smaller chains of amino acids
Explanation:
4. The carbon-containing molecule found in the atmosphere that is often released by
tion is
Answer:
Oxygen is needed during the respiration process, which is how organisms turn food into chemical energy.
Carbon dioxide is a carbon-containing chemical that is present in the atmosphere and is frequently emitted during respiration. Blood oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide from bodily cells.
Explanation:
Answer:
burning of substance like fuel, wooden material etc
Use this graphic to answer the question.
An environmentalist uses a bar graph, a diagram, and a map as part of a presentation to Congress about global
warming.
Based on the process outlined in the diagram, what has most likely caused the higher levels of global surface
temperature since the 1980s, as shown in the bar chart?
O decreased ocean temperatures
O increased levels of greenhouse gases
O decreased solar and mermal radiation
O increased global surface temperatures
The various greenhouse gases' varying contributions to global warming are as follows: planting trees can reduce CO2 by 60%. More carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by trees than is released.
What effects of global warming have you personally noticed? How has it influenced the planet thus far?Storms, heat waves, floods, and droughts are just a few of the disasters that are getting worse as a result of rising temperatures. Warmer temperatures produce an atmosphere that can hold onto, release, and gather more water. This alters weather patterns such that wet areas get wetter and dry ones to get drier.
How are climate change and global warming-related?The heat from the sun gets trapped on Earth as a result of greenhouse gas production. Global warming and climate change result from this. The rate of global warming is presently higher than it has ever been. Weather patterns are shifting as a result of warming temperatures, which is also upsetting the natural order.
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If you were to set up a PCR reaction (in vitro DNA synthesis) with a DNA template, primers,DNA polymerase, dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP and a small amount of ddATP, what would be the result
After the insertion of any adenine base, DNA synthesis may be interrupted (at random). DNA molecules of many different lengths would be produced.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer made up of two polynucleotide chains that coil around one another to create a double helix. The polymer contains genetic instructions for all known organisms and viruses' genesis, functioning, growth, and reproduction.
Nucleic acids include DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids, together with proteins, lipids, and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), are one of the four primary categories of macromolecules required for all known forms of life. Because they are made up of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides, the two DNA strands are known as polynucleotides.
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3. What kind of selection did the humans use to create dogs (and the tasty plants we eat)?
Zoology
Artificial selection is the identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those traits in future generations.
What is Artificial selection?Artificial selection is the process of identifying desirable traits in plants and animals and then taking action to strengthen and pass those traits down to succeeding generations. Artificial selection operates in a similar manner to natural selection, with the exception that in natural selection, these decisions are made by nature without human intervention. By choosing which male and female animals or plants will typically reproduce sexually and produce offspring together, humans can use animal and plant breeding to selectively develop specific phenotypic traits. Because humans choose which organisms get to reproduce instead of nature, this process is known as artificial selection.To learn more about phenotypic refer to:
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Cells that line the intestines move nutrients from the intestines through the cell and then to the blood stream. These cells have many folds along their plasma membrane called microvilli. What is the function of these folds
The microvilli found on the cells lining the intestines are small projections that are covered with a plasma membrane. These folds increase the surface area of the cell, allowing more nutrients to be absorbed from the food that is passing through the intestines.
The microvilli act like tiny fingers, grasping and then releasing molecules of nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, so they can be absorbed into the cell. The nutrients are then transported through the cell and into the bloodstream, where they are used by the body.
Microvilli also secrete digestive enzymes, such as lactase, lipase, and amylase, which further break down the food particles so they can be absorbed more easily. Additionally, microvilli act as filters to help block the entry of potentially harmful bacteria and toxins into the body.
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what takes place in the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis
Answer:
The sunlight is converted to chemical energy.
Explanation:
Light-dependent reactions happen in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts and occur in the presence of sunlight. The sunlight is converted to chemical energy during these reactions. The chlorophyll in the plants absorb sunlight and transfers to the photosystem which are responsible for photosynthesis.
Hormone: Exocrine: Endocrine: Humoral stimuli: Neural stimuli: Hormonal stimuli: Permissiveness: Synergism: Antagonism:
Hormones are released by endocrine glands by three mechanisms including humoral stimuli, neural stimuli, and hormonal stimuli.
Humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli, and neurological stimuli are the three main ways that endocrine glands are triggered to produce and release hormones. A change in extracellular fluids like blood or the ion content in the blood that impacts the release of hormones is known as a humoral stimulus. A hormone is released in reaction to a hormonal stimulus, which is the release of another hormone. Some endocrine glands release hormones when they are stimulated by hormones produced by other endocrine glands. When the neurological system directly triggers the release of hormones from the endocrine glands, this is referred to as a neural stimulus.
Negative feedback is primarily responsible for controlling hormone release and production. A stimulus causes the release of a substance in negative feedback systems; when the substance reaches a specific level, it sends a signal that prevents further release of the substance. By doing this, a specific range of hormone concentrations in the blood is maintained.
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How were scientists able to determine that DNADNA , and not some other molecule, serves as the genetic material in bacteria and bacteriophages
Hershey and Chase demonstrated that DNA is the sole substance transmitted directly from bacteriophages into bacteria when the bacteria are infected by these viruses by utilizing radioactive labels that would integrate selectively into either DNA or protein but not both.
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase began looking for genetic material in organisms in 1952. Their investigations proved unequivocally that DNA is genetic material. Bacteriophages (viruses that attack bacteria) were key to Hershey and Chase's experiment.
Proteins were assumed to be the molecules that carried genetic information for many decades. Several researchers' efforts resulted in the revelation that DNA is the genetic material. Griffith found the process of change along the road.
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What are the 5
qualifications for
something to be
experimented on
scientifically?
please help lol
The five components of scientific method are: observations, questions, hypothesis, methods and results. Following scientific method procedure not only ensures that experiment can be repeated by other researchers, but also that the results garnered can be accepted.
1. Define a Question to Investigate
As scientists conduct their research, they make observations and collect the data. The observations and data often lead them to ask why something is the way its
2.Make Predictions
Based on their research and observations, scientists will often come up with hypothesis. A hypothesis is possible answer to a question.
3. Gather Data
Evidence is needed to test prediction. There are several strategies for collecting evidence, or data. Scientists can gather their data by observing the natural world, performing an experiment in laboratory, or by running mode
4. Analyze the Data
Scientists organize their data in tables, graphs, or the diagrams. If possible they include relevant data from other sources
5. Draw Conclusions
Based on whether or not their prediction came true scientists can then decide whether evidence clearly supports or does not support hypothesis
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If an organism has 50 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will the gametes have after undergoing meiosis
If an organism has a diploid number of 50, and one of its cells undergoes meiosis, then the number of daughter cells produced by this cell is four and each contains 25 chromosomes.
Diploid may be defined as a condition that determines the existence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism's cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair.
On contrary, haploid cells generally contain only a single set of chromosomes. These types of cells are formed due to the process of meiosis, while diploid cells are formed by the activity of mitosis.
According to the question, if a diploid number of an organism = 50.
This means that 2n = 50,
n = 25.
As we all know that when a cell undergoes meiosis, it will definitely have half the amount of genetic content in its daughter cells.
Therefore, if an organism has a diploid number of 50, and one of its cells undergoes meiosis, then the number of daughter cells produced by this cell is four and each contains 25 chromosomes.
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A young goat has downward-curved horns. Its father has upward-curved horns while its mother has downward-curved horns. Which of these statements is the explanation?
Statement 1 is the correct one because every individual receives one copy of the gene from their mother and one from their father.
The process by which a gene's information is used to create a functioning gene product, such as proteins or non-coding RNA, is known as gene expression. Transcription is the process through which the information in the gene is initially transformed into RNA.
And, then the information in the RNA will be translated into protein. This results in the synthesis of functional or non-functional proteins. For goat's horn, the protein keratin is required to buildup a tough structure.
Therefore, in the given situation, the gene combination regulates the shape of the horn of a young goat. Therefore, the correct statement is 1.
The complete question is -
A young goat has downward-curved horns. Its father has upward-curved horns while its mother has downward-curved horns. Which of these statements explains why the young goat has downward-curved horns?
1. The young goat inherited one copy of the gene for horn shape from its mother and one copy from its father. That gene combination instructs for proteins that connect in ways that make downward-curved horns.
2. The young goat inherited one copy of the gene for horn shape from its mother and one copy from its father. Those genes connect together to make its downward-curved horns.
3. The young goat inherited its copies of the gene for horn shape from its mother and not from its father. Just like its mother's genes, those genes instruct for proteins that connect in ways that make its downward-curved horns.
4. The young goat inherited its copies of the gene for horn shape from its mother and not from its father. Those genes connect together to make its downward-curved horns.
Which one is the answer?
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Which of the following matches enzyme components with their correct definition and/or function? a. Apoenzymes are the non-protein component of an enzyme. b. Apoenzymes are typically inorganic molecules, such as iron, zinc, or magnesium. song c. Coenzymes are organic cofactors important to enzyme activity. d. Cofactors are the protein components of enzymes.
c. Coenzymes are organic cofactors important to enzyme activity.
Enzymes are complex proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body. Enzyme activity can be influenced by other molecules, such as cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are non-protein molecules that bind to enzymes and can be either inorganic or organic.
Apoenzymes are the protein component of an enzyme, while coenzymes are organic molecules that bind to the enzyme temporarily and are necessary for the enzyme to function properly.
Coenzymes are organic cofactors important to enzyme activity while it's not typical that apoenzymes are typically inorganic molecules, such as iron, zinc, or magnesium, some enzymes do require metal ions as cofactors.
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What do snails clams and squids have in common?
Answer: snails clams and squid have in common is MOLLUSKS
Explanation: MOLLUSKS an invertebrate of a large phylum which includes snails, slugs, mussels, and octopuses. They have a soft unsegmented body and live in aquatic or damp habitats, and most kinds have an external calcareous shell.usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body. Along with the insects and vertebrates, mollusks are one of the most diverse groups in the animal kingdom, with nearly 100,000
The mucosa secretes ________________________________________ that chemically digests food. After food is mixed with these secretions it is called ________________________________________.
Mucosa secretes hydrochloric acid which chemically digests food. Once food is mixed with this secretion it is called chyme.
Chemical digestion is the process of changing the molecules of organic matter present in food from complex forms to simple forms with the help of enzymes.
Mucosa is a tissue that lines all cavities in our body such as the tongue and digestive tract. In the digestive tract there is tissue that lines the surface of the stomach so that the stomach wall is protected from gastric acid abrasion. Mucosa will secrete hydrochloric acid which will activate pepsinogen to become pepsin to digest food chemically, namely to break down proteins into proteoses and peptones.
Chyme is food that has been stirred and mixed with stomach acid sap and has become mush after peristaltic events. Peristalsis occurs when the wall of the stomach consisting of three layers of muscles contracts and causes a movement that stirs and mixes food with gastric juice.
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