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The order of elution in reversed-phase HPLC is different from that in a normal-phase separation, with more polar solutes eluting first. The mobile phase's polarity is increased to produce longer retention periods.

A method in analytical chemistry called high-performance liquid chromatography, formerly known as high-pressure liquid chromatography, is used to separate, recognize, and quantify each component in a mixture.

To obtain a consistent increase in the organic solvent (usually methanol or acetonitrile) over the course of the study, gradients in reversed-phase HPLC typically use on-line (dynamic) mixing of solvents. This increases the elution strength of the eluent over time.

Thus, In contrast to the normal phase HPLC, which employs a polar stationary phase and a less polar mobile phase, the reverse phase HPLC makes use of a nonpolar stationary phase and a polar mobile phase.

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The change in the internal energy of a gaseous system that absorbs 21 J of heat and does 8.0 J of work by expanding is 13 J

Energy can only be transformed; it cannot be created or destroyed, according to the First Law of Thermodynamics. For any system, energy transfer examples include mass crossing the control border, external work, or heat transfer over the barrier. The vigor and vitality required for ongoing physical or mental activity is referred to as energy. Heat is the transfer of kinetic energy between two substances, or from an energy source to a material or object. Any action that needs both mental and physical effort to achieve a goal or result is considered work.

ΔE˭q˖w

q= heat added or lost from system

w= work done by system or on system

q is negative when heat is lost

w is negative when a system affects its environment

here, q˭21 and w˭8

ΔE˭21˖(˗8)

ΔE˭13 J

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Nitrous acid, phosphoric acid, sulfurous acid and carbonic acid are the  weak acids. Hydrochloric acid and perchloric acid is a strong acid. This can be Written in the aqueous solution.

Nitrous acid is a weak acid and can be written in the aqueous solution as,

HNO2 (aq.) ----> H+ (aq.) + NO2- (aq.)

This is very unstable and exists only in aqueous solution.

Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid and can be written in the aqueous solution as,

HCl(aq.) ------> H+ (aq.) + Cl -(aq.)

perchloric acid  is a strong acid and can be written as

HClO4 (aq.) ---->   H+ (aq.) + ClO4- (aq.)

Phosphoric acid is a weak acid. It is a triprotic acid that exists as a dense liquid. It is an irritant or corrosive to the skin, eyes. It can be written in the aqueous solution as,

H3PO4 (aq.) ----> H+ (aq.) + H2PO4- (aq.)

sulfurous acid is a weak acid and can be written as,

H2SO3 (aq.) ----> H+ (aq.) + HSO3- (aq.)

carbonic acid is a weak acid. Carbonic acid is a carbon-containing compound which has the chemical formula H2CO3. This can be written in the aqueous solution as,

H2CO3 (aq.)  ----> H+ (aq.) + HCO3- (aq.)

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The following compound: CH3CH2CH3 is propane and this a hydrocarbon and is alkane. Propane seems as a drab fueloline with a faint petroleum-like odor.

The vapors are heavier than air and a flame can flash returned to the supply of leak very easily. The leak can be both a liquid or vapor leak. The vapors can asphyxiate through the displacement of air. Under extended publicity to hearthplace or warmness the boxes might also additionally rupture violently and rocket.

CH3 CH2 CH3 is a compound referred to as a hydrocarbon, greater in particular an alkane. The not unusualplace call for this compound is propane, that is a form of fueloline extensively used as a gasoline supply. It is a hydrocarbon as it includes best hydrogen and carbon atoms.

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The answer is O II only.

I: Calculation errors would be considered a valid source of error in a laboratory experiment. If the calculations made during the experiment are incorrect, it can affect the accuracy of the results.

II: Inability to calibrate measuring devices would NOT be considered a valid source of error in a laboratory experiment. Calibrating measuring devices is an essential step in any experiment to ensure that the measurements being taken are accurate. If the measuring devices are not calibrated correctly, the results of the experiment will be invalid.

III: Using the wrong solution for a reaction would be considered a valid source of error in a laboratory experiment. If the wrong solution is used, the results of the experiment may not be accurate.

Therefore, II is the only option that would NOT be considered a valid source of error in a laboratory experiment.

The answer is O II only.

I: Calculation errors would be considered a valid source of error in a laboratory experiment. If the calculations made during the experiment are incorrect, it can affect the accuracy of the results.

II: Inability to calibrate measuring devices would NOT be considered a valid source of error in a laboratory experiment. Calibrating measuring devices is an essential step in any experiment to ensure that the measurements being taken are accurate. If the measuring devices are not calibrated correctly, the results of the experiment will be invalid.

III: Using the wrong solution for a reaction would be considered a valid source of error in a laboratory experiment. If the wrong solution is used, the results of the experiment may not be accurate.

Therefore, II is the only option that would NOT be considered a valid source of error in a laboratory experiment.

Matter are anything that is made up of atoms. The quantity of matter can be observed only on the basis of mass and volume calculation. Thus option C is correct option.

Matter is a substance that has some mass and can occupy some volume. The matter is mainly used in science. Matter can be solid, liquid or gas.

Matter is anything that is made up of atoms. Anything around us that can be physically seen and touched are matter. Ice, water and water vapors are example of matter.

Giant planet atmospheres have layers of clouds and aerosols (tiny liquid droplets) made from different chemicals because different chemicals condense at different temperatures.

Therefore,  option C is correct option.

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Answer:

a. 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2

Explanation:

The equation in which the enthalpy of formation is the same as the enthalpy of reaction is option A.

The term enthalpy has to do with the heat that is giving out or is absorbed in a reaction. We know that the enthalpy of formation would refer strictly to the heat that is given out or absorbed when a substances is formed from its constituents under standard conditions.

We know that when we are looking at the enthalpy of formation of a substance, we are looking at the way that the elements that make up the substance are able to combine and these elements that are becoming combined in the substance would have to do that under standard conditions so as to generate the equation of the enthalpy of formation of the substance.

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Answer:

3.2877204

Explanation:

The percent composition of a given element in a compound is the number of molar mass in one mole of that compound.

The percentage of each element in a compound measured by mass is known as the composition. A compound's chemical formula can also be used to estimate its % makeup. To start, the formula's subscripts are employed to determine how much of each element there is in a mole of the compound.

Percentage Composition. Find the molar mass in grams per mole of each component in the compound. Find the compound's total molecular weight. Divide the total molecular mass by the molar mass of the component. Your new number will range from 0 to 1. To obtain the percent composition, multiply it by 100%.

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The moles of [tex]O_{2}[/tex] present in an infant's lungs, if the infant takes a full breath of air is [tex]1.46*10^{-4}[/tex] moles

We can calculate the moles in the following way

We have been given the following data,

The infant takes a full breath of air

Full breath of air= volume of lungs of the infant= 17 mL= [tex]\frac{17}{1000}[/tex] L

Pressure inside lungs(P)= 101.3* [tex]10^{3}[/tex] Pa= 1 atm

Temperature(T)= Room temperature= 298 K

Volume of Oxygen(V)= 21% of total volume of lungs= 21% of 17 mL

= [tex]\frac{21*17}{100}[/tex] mL

= 3.57 mL

= [tex]\frac{3.57}{1000}[/tex] L

Now, let the number of moles of oxygen the infant breathes be n.

Since PV=nRT

Therefore, n= [tex]\frac{PV}{RT}[/tex]

We know that the value of R is 0.082 L atm/K mol

n = [tex]\frac{(1* 3.57)}{(0.082*298*1000)}[/tex] moles of oxygen

=  [tex]1.46*10^{-4}[/tex] moles of oxygen

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In joules, electrical energy could be quantified.Volts are used to measure electrical potential.

When referring to this attribute in relation to electrical applications, it is more frequently referred to as voltage. Voltage is a measurement of the energy that accompanies the transfer of charge.The unit of measurement for potentials is the volt (V), which is equal to one joule in energy for every coulomb of charge.

The potential differential between both the two electrodes of an electrochemical cell, which develops when electrons are transmitted through the open circuit of the a cell that has not yet reached equilibrium, is known as the cell potential.

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Considering the Gay-Lussac's law, the final temperature when the gas is heated at constant volume until the pressure triples is 909 K or 636° C.

Gay-Lussac's law establishes the relationship between the temperature and pressure of a gas when the volume is constant. This law says that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature: if the temperature increases, the pressure will increase, while if the temperature decreases, the pressure will decrease.

Mathematically, Gay-Lussac's law states that the ratio between pressure and temperature always had the same value:

P÷ T= k

where

Analyzing an initial state 1 and a final state 2, it is fulfilled:

P₁÷ T₁= P₂÷ T₂

In this case, you know that the gas is heated at constant volume until the pressure triples. This is, P₂=3×P₁

Replacing in Gay-Lussac's law:

P₁÷ T₁= (3×P₁)÷ T₂

T₂× (P₁÷ T₁)=(3×P₁)

T₂= (3×P₁)÷ (P₁÷ T₁)

T₂= 3×T₁

If one mole of oxygen gas is at a temperature of 30°C of 303 K (being 0 C= 273 K), then:

T₂= 3×303 K

T₂= 909 K = 636° C

Finally, the final temperature is 909 K or 636° C.

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The final volume will be larger than 1.12L.

What is ideal gas equation?

The Ideal Gas Law is an equation of state for a gas and is also known as the equation of state of an ideal gas. It states that the product of the pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas is a constant. Mathematically, the Ideal Gas Law can be written as PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles of the gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is temperature. The constant R is equal to the gas constant, 8.314 J/mol-K, divided by the molar mass of the gas. The Ideal Gas Law is an approximation of the behavior of many gases under many different conditions. It is useful because it relates the variables of pressure, volume, and temperature in a simple mathematical relationship.

PV=nRT

Using ideal gas equation

V2= P1V1/T1 ×T2/P2

In this equation P2 is in denominator so when pressure is decreased V2 increases.

T2 is in numerator so when temperature increases V2 increases.
Overall V2 increases.

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The final gas volume will increase

Define the ideal gas law.

The ideal gas law, also known as the perfect gas law, is a relationship between a gas's pressure P, volume V, and temperature T in the range of low pressures and high temperatures where the gas's molecules move virtually independently of one another.

The ideal gas law (PV = nRT) connects the macroscopic characteristics of ideal gases. An ideal gas is one in which the particles are both non-repellent and non-attractive to one another (have no volume).

PV = nRT

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

From tis .pressure is directly proportional to volume

So if pressure is decreased, volume also decreases

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Based on Figure 1, the following statement best predicts the effect that a change from a moderately acidic environment ( pH near 6) to a basic environment will have on peroxidase activity:

Peroxidase activity will decrease.

Peroxidases are the most common enzyme and are thought to exist in every living genus. They produce reactive oxygen species and catalyse peroxide reduction. In the current study, we showed that insect infestation causes peroxidase activity in sap and total soluble protein of plant leaves.

For this study, three significant crop plants—cotton, cowpea, and the tomato—were used. Peroxidase activity in the sap and TSP of all the studied plants increased by 1.6 to 3.14 times after chewing insect infestation.

Similar findings were made when sap-sucking insects were fed, increasing the peroxidase activity of the sap and TSP by 1.8 to 2.53 fold. In-gel peroxidase assay confirmed the increased peroxidase activity.

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A reactant or product being added to or removed Variations in the container's volume Addition of an inert gas

Dangerous gas emissions are also coming from the planet's surface. Human activity has caused the atmosphere's quantities of carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide to rise dramatically above pre-industrial levels.

The plural version of the word "gas" is "gase," and it refers to a substance that expands to fill any container. Many distinct meanings can be assigned to third-person present tense verbs, such as "gasses."

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Butane's experimental molar mass is 0.23 g/0.0040 moles, or 58 g/mole.13. The molecular formula for butane is C4H10.Calculate its molar mass.58.1 g/mole

We may determine the atomic weights of the elements using their periodic tables, and we discover the hydrogen has had an atomic mass of 1, while that of oxygen is 16.We sum the contributions out of each atom to determine the molecular weight with one water molecule, which is 2(1) + 1(16) = 18 grams/mole.

The ratio of a average mass with one molecule of the a compound or element to one-twelfth the mass of an atom or carbon-12 is known as the relative molecular mass.Ar has a mass number that is the same as its numerical value.

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The right order of processes for converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is by the decarboxylation of pyruvate by thiamine pyrophosphate to produce hydroxyethyl-TPP.

Given that no heat is introduced when edibles, tinctures, or other consumable products are made, decarboxylation one of the most crucial processes. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol, two of the plant's most important cannabinoids, are activated by decarbing (CBD).

To get high from any cannabis product, decarboxylation must occur. The decarboxylation procedure is still required in order to activate the marijuana in the edible before intake even if eating edibles doesn't include heat like smoking a joint or using a vape pen.

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The energy of the wave can be obtained as 6.6 * 10^-16 J.

We know that the energy of a wave has to do with the energy that is possessed by the wave and we can be able to obtain this energy by the means of the equation of Max Plank.

We know that we have the following equation;

E = hf

h = Plank's constant

f = Frequency of the wave

Then we have;

E = 6.6 * 10^-34 Js * 1 * 10^18 Hz

E = 6.6 * 10^-16 J

The radio waves have an energy of about 6.6 * 10^-16 J.

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Answer:

At equilibrium, the partial pressure of a gas is equal to the product of its equilibrium constant and the partial pressure of the other gases it reacts with. In this case, the equilibrium constant is given as K=6.9×10−6 at 1000 K, and the partial pressure of SO2 and Cl2 are both 0.760 bar. Therefore, the partial pressure of SO2Cl2 at equilibrium is:

6.9×10−6 * 0.760 bar * 0.760 bar = 4.3×10−8 bar

So the partial pressure of SO2Cl2 at equilibrium is 4.3×10−8 bar.

There are so many types of chemical reaction reaction like combination reaction, double displacement reaction. To solve such this we must know the concept of equilibrium reaction. Therefore, the partial pressure of SO[tex]_2[/tex]Cl[tex]_2[/tex] at equilibrium is 4.3×10⁻⁸bar.

Chemical reaction is a process in which two or more than two molecules collide in right orientation and energy to form a new chemical compound. The mass of the overall reaction should be conserved.

The balanced equation can be written as

SO[tex]_2[/tex](g)+Cl[tex]_2[/tex](g)⇌SO[tex]_2[/tex]Cl[tex]_2[/tex](g)

K=partial pressure of SO[tex]_2[/tex]Cl[tex]_2[/tex] ÷(partial pressure of SO[tex]_2[/tex] × partial pressure of Cl[tex]_2[/tex] )

Substituting all the given values, in the above equation, we get

6.9×10⁻⁶ = (0.760 bar × 0.760 bar)÷partial pressure of SO[tex]_2[/tex]Cl[tex]_2[/tex]

              = 4.3×10⁻⁸bar

Therefore, the partial pressure of SO[tex]_2[/tex]Cl[tex]_2[/tex] at equilibrium is 4.3×10⁻⁸bar.

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) for the miscellaneous organic chemical manufacturing (MOCM) source category.

What are Air pollutants?

Air pollutants are substances in the air that can have negative impacts on the environment, human health, and the planet. Common air pollutants include ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and lead.

The proposed standards would include national emission limits for hazardous air pollutants (HAP) and work practice standards to reduce emissions of HAP from existing and new MOCM sources. The proposed standards would also require risk and technology reviews to ensure that residual risk to human health and the environment is minimized and that the most stringent emission limits and work practice standards are implemented. The technology review would include a review of available control technologies, as well as a review of the remaining health and environmental risks after controls are implemented. The risk review would consider the overall risk to public health and the environment from the MOCM source category, including both source-specific and cumulative risk. The proposed standards would also require compliance demonstrations, periodic monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting.

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Chlorine atoms are released when CFCs, which are composed of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon, degrade over time as a result of exposure to UV radiation, and these atoms interact with the ozone molecule to destroy it.

Because they contain hydrogen, HCFCs degrade in the atmosphere more quickly than CFCs do. As a result, HCFCs have less potential to cause global warming as well as ozone depletion. Because they don't contain chlorine, HFCs don't help destroy stratospheric ozone.

All new products don't contain CFCs, which were completely phased out of production in 1995. Your local air conditioning expert can replace very old air conditioners with more modern, environmentally friendly models if they still contain CFCs.

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Question-"A class of widely used chemical coolants known as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have been adopted as replacements for chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) in refrigerators and air conditioners. Based on the results of a NASA-derived atmospheric chemistry climateâ model, HFCs cause all except which of the following?"

The different types of atomic spectrometers are emission spectrometer, absorption spectrometer and continuous spectrometer which give emission spectrum, absorption and continuous spectrum respectively.

Emission spectrum is defined as a spectrum of a chemical compound or substance composed of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Radiations which are emitted while electron make transition from higher to lower energy level.

Energy of photon is equal to the difference between the two energy states . There are many possible electronic transitions in an atom and every transition has a specific wavelength.

Collection of different transitions with respect to different wavelengths makes up an emission spectrum.Emission spectrum of each element is unique and therefore spectroscopy is used to identify elements which are present in different substances.

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The standard cell potential (also known as the standard electrode potential) is a measure of the potential difference between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell under standard state conditions.

(a) Standard Cell Potential for Mg(s) + Ni2+(aq)⟶ Mg2+(aq) + Ni(s):

E0cell = (0.79 - (-0.25))V = 1.04 V.

This reaction is spontaneous under standard state conditions.

(b) Standard Cell Potential for 2Ag+(aq) + Cu(s)⟶ Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s):

E0cell = (0.34 - (-0.52))V = 0.86 V.

This reaction is spontaneous under standard state conditions.

(c) Standard Cell Potential for Mn(s) + Sn(NO3)2(aq)⟶ Mn(NO3)2(aq) + Sn(s):

E0cell = (0.15 - (-0.14))V = 0.29 V.

This reaction is spontaneous under standard state conditions.

(d) Standard Cell Potential for 3Fe(NO3)2(aq) + Au(NO3)3(aq)⟶ 3Fe(NO3)3(aq) + Au(s):

E0cell = (1.23 - (-1.50))V = 2.73 V.

This reaction is spontaneous under standard state conditions.

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The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom, while the mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The atomic number is unique to each element and determines the identity of the element, while the mass number is a measure of the mass of the atom and can vary within an element.

Atoms are electrically neutral when the number of protons in the nucleus is equal to the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus. This means that the positive charge of the protons is balanced by the negative charge of the electrons, resulting in an overall neutral charge for the atom.

The atomic number of each atom represents the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. This number is unique to each element and determines the identity of the element. For example, the atomic number of hydrogen is 1, which means that it has one proton in its nucleus and is therefore a unique element. The atomic number is used to arrange the elements in the periodic table and is an important property of atoms.

The given question is incomplete, hence, can not be answered. Still, adding some relevant information for your reference.

What are formal charges?

Formal charge (FC) is the charge associated with the atoms in a molecule, assuming that the electrons of all chemical bonds are shared equally between atoms, regardless of their relative electronegativities. In determining the optimal Lewis structure (or dominant resonance structure) of a molecule, structures are chosen such that the formal charge of each atom is as close to zero as possible.

In chemistry, the formal charge in the covalent view of a chemical bond is assigned to the atoms in a molecule assuming that all chemical bond electrons are equally shared between atoms, regardless of their relative electronegativities. is the virtual charge that Simply put, the formal charge is the difference between the number of valence electrons of an atom in the neutral free state and the number assigned to that atom in the Lewis structure. In determining the optimal Lewis structure (or dominant resonance structure) of a molecule, structures are chosen such that the formal charge of each atom is as close to zero as possible.

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d. Despite the fact that kf and kr will continue to be unequal, rates will become equal due to concentration changes.

When the forwards rate (kf[A]) equals equal reverse rate (kr[B]), the system has reached equilibrium and the concentrations of the reactant and product have stopped changing.

Chemical kinetics governs all chemical reactions, whether they are reversible or not.So, by applying the idea of chemical kinetics, we may better grasp the equilibrium constant K.As illustrated below, let kr be the rate of the reverse reaction and kf be the rate of the forward reaction.

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If the reaction producing KCl from its elements goes essentially to completion, it is likely that the reaction is thermodynamically favorable. This means that the reaction will proceed spontaneously and release energy as it occurs.

Thermodynamic favorability is determined by the change in the enthalpy (heat) and the change in the entropy (disorder) of the system. If the change in enthalpy is negative (exothermic) and the change in entropy is positive (increase in disorder), the reaction is likely to be thermodynamically favorable.

In general, reactions that are thermodynamically favorable are more likely to occur spontaneously and go to completion, while reactions that are thermodynamically unfavorable are less likely to occur spontaneously and may not go to completion. However, other factors, such as the presence of catalysts or the rate at which the reaction occurs, can also affect the likelihood of a reaction occurring.

If the reaction producing KCl from its elements goes essentially to completion, it is likely that the reaction is thermodynamically favorable. This means that the reaction will proceed spontaneously and release energy as it occurs.

Thermodynamic favorability is determined by the change in the enthalpy (heat) and the change in the entropy (disorder) of the system. If the change in enthalpy is negative (exothermic) and the change in entropy is positive (increase in disorder), the reaction is likely to be thermodynamically favorable.

In general, reactions that are thermodynamically favorable are more likely to occur spontaneously and go to completion, while reactions that are thermodynamically unfavorable are less likely to occur spontaneously and may not go to completion. However, other factors, such as the presence of catalysts or the rate at which the reaction occurs, can also affect the likelihood of a reaction occurring.

Answer:

3.51 x 10²¹ molecules H₂O

Explanation:

To find the amount of molecules in the sample, you need to multiply the amount of moles by Avogadro's Number. Avogadro's Number is a ratio comparing the amount of molecules per every 1 mole. It is important to arrange the ratio in a way that allows for the cancellation of units (moles should be in the denominator). The final answer should have 3 sig figs like the given value (0.00583 = 3 sig figs).

Avogadro's Number:

6.022 x 10²³ molecules = 1 mole

0.00583 moles H₂O           6.022 x 10²³ molecules
--------------------------------  x  --------------------------------------  =  3.51 x 10²¹ molecules
                                                          1 mole