Rusting as a redox reaction in details

He came to the conclusion that mass and positive charge are concentrated at the center of the atom from a small number of alpha particles deflected by huge angles with a 180.

Rutherford discovered that most positively charged alpha particles in his gold foil experiment passed straight through the foil without being deflected, leading him to believe that the majority of the atom's space is largely empty.

He came to the conclusion that mass and positive charge are concentrated at the center of the atom because there are few alpha particles that are deflected by huge angles with a 180. Rutherford Atomic Model - J. J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model was unable to account for some experimental findings related to the atomic structure of elements. British scientist Ernest Rutherford performed.

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The frequency of a photon with an energy of 4. 26 x10-19 J and a wavelength of 4. 67 x 10-7m.  [E= 6. 626 x 1034 x frequency C(3. 0 x 108 m/s) = wavelength x frequency] is 28.22 × 10¹⁵hz.

So formula is :-

Energy of photon, E=hc/λ  or λ=hc/E

E = hν = hc/λ,

Where, h=6.626×10−³⁴Js,c=3×10⁸

By putting all these values, we get:-

4.26× 10-¹⁹ = 6.626×10-³⁴ × ν

 v = 4.26 × 6.626 × 10¹⁵

 = 28.22 × 10¹⁵ hz

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The three elements that are highly reactive belongs to alkali metals i.e., s-block elements that are lithium, sodium and potassium.

The elements that belongs to s block elements are hydrogen (H), lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). The nature of alkali metals is soft and shiny in appearance. They have low melting point and are highly reactive in nature and usually tarnish when exposed to air. Sodium (Na) is the most reactive element since it's valence electrons are not tightly held together in the atom. The three elements that are highly reactive are Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), and potassium (K). The elements toward the bottom left corner of the periodic table are the metals that are the most active in the sense of being the most reactive

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Answer:

  2

Explanation:

You want the coefficient of silver iodide in the equation ...

  _AgI +_Na₂S ⇒ _Ag₂S +_NaI

The equation is balanced when the numbers of each of the species is the same on each side of the equation.

We can write four equations in the four unknowns to find the coefficients, or we can use a little guesswork.

If we suppose the coefficient of silver sulfide (Ag₂S) is 1, that tells us the coefficient of silver iodide (AgI) will be 2. If that is the case, then there are two atoms of iodine that will make the coefficient of NaI be 2. This is consistent with the coefficient of Na₂S being 1, giving one Sulfur atom on each side of the equation.

The balanced equation is ...

  2AgI +Na₂S ⇒ Ag₂S +2NaI

The coefficient of silver iodide is 2.

__

Additional comment

If the reaction is ...

  a·AgI + b·Na₂S ⇒ c·Ag₂S + d·NaI

We can write the relationships between the coefficients as follows. This ultimately gives rise to 3 equations in 4 unknowns, so the choice of any given coefficient is arbitrary. We choose to use the smallest integers that satisfy the conditions.

The balance for Ag is ...

  a = 2c

The balance for I is ...

  a = d

The balance for Na is ...

  2b = d

The balance for S is ...

  b = c

Then, in terms of 'a' and 'b', we have ...

  a = d = 2b = 2c

For b = c = 1, a = d = 2, as we determined above.

The inland area has a Continental climate.

Inland climates are typically more severe. Summers might be quite hot, and winters could be very frigid. Rainfall can be scarce.

In inland area the water bodies take long time to heat up and cool down, so they absorb all the heat during the spring and summer when the sun is at its greatest before slowly losing it throughout the fall and winter when the temperature starts to drop.

On the other hand, it warms up and cools down far more quickly on land, that's why the  inland are more cooler.

Inland absorbs and releases heat energy more quickly than water, inland places typically experience higher temperature variations from day to night and from season to season, so that inland is hotter area also.

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The methods used to monitor a reaction as it occurs in the reaction flask are d) all the above

A polarimeter is an analytical hardware component that measures the polarization of light and is used to analyze the optical activity of chemicals. Optical activity refers to the ability of a material to rotate polarized light and the extent to which such a phenomenon occurs.

A spectrometer is one of the scientific instrument/method used to separate and measure the spectral components of physical phenomena. A spectrometer is a broad term often used to describe an instrument that measures a continuous variable of a phenomenon whose spectral components are mixed in some way.

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It would be due to the scientific method

Hope this helps :)

The concentration of the HCl solution is 0.816 M (or 816 mM).

To determine the concentration of the HCl solution, we can use the balanced equation for the neutralization reaction between HCl and NaOH:

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

This reaction is a neutralization reaction, which means that the number of moles of H+ ions (from the HCl) is equal to the number of moles of OH- ions (from the NaOH).

Given that 20.4 mL of a 1 M NaOH solution was needed to completely react with 25 ml of HCl, we can use the volume and molarity of the NaOH solution to determine the number of moles of OH- ions:

Molarity = moles of solute/litres of solution

Moles of OH- = (20.4 mL x 1 M) / 1000 mL/L = 0.0204 moles

Since the number of moles of H+ ions is equal to the number of moles of OH- ions, we can use the number of moles of OH- to determine the number of moles of H+ ions:

moles of H+ = moles of OH- = 0.0204 moles

We can then use the number of moles of H+ ions and the volume of the HCl solution to determine the concentration of the HCl solution:

Molarity = moles of solute/litres of solution

concentration of HCl = moles of H+ / (25 mL / 1000 mL/L) = 0.0204 moles / 0.025 L = 0.816 M (or 816 mM)

Therefore, the concentration of the HCl solution is 0.816 M (or 816 mM).

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On the basis of arrangement of atoms, the matter is classified into three states: solid, liquid and gas.

In Chemistry, there are three fundamental states of matter based on the arrangement of molecules and atoms inside it.

Generally, solids have strict and rigid arrangement of atoms as they posses strong intermolecular forces and have high melting and boiling points. solids have fixed composition of atoms.

Similarly, liquids have loose arrangement of atoms and molecules keep moving randomly in a liquid. Liquids have low melting and boiling points as compared to solids. Gases have weakest intermolecular forces and atoms are arranged randomly in them. Also, their molecules keep moving in all directions.

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Hello there!

Answer:

A. <

Explanation:

You should remember that all negative numbers are smaller then positive numbers. For example, -10 < 7 or -9479 < 1

-4 is a negative integer

0.598 is a positive number

So -4 < 0.598 (negative < positive)

O copper of the following elements can be prepared by electrolysis of their aqueous salts

H+ ions are drawn to the cathode during the electrolysis of water, where they pick up electrons to create hydrogen gas. The oxygen gas is formed when OH-ions are drawn to the anode and lose their electrons.

Sodium chloride solution electrolysis is a significant industrial process. Chlorine gas is created at the positive electrode; hydrogen gas is created at the negative electrode; and an alkali is left in the solution as three valuable chemicals.

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The freezing point of the solution after you add an additional 1.34 g is -0.808°C.

A solution's freezing point is lower than the pure solvent's freezing point. This means that for freezing to happen, a solution needs to be cooled to a lower temperature than the pure solvent.

We use the equation: to determine the mass of the solution

Density = mass/volume

1.05 g/ml = mass/ 50ml

mass = 1.05×50

mass = 52.5g.

Percentage of magnesium chloride in the solution is 1.52%

Mass of magnesium chloride in the solution = 1.52 % of 52.5 g

Mass of magnesium chloride in the solution = 1.52/100×52.5

Mass of magnesium chloride in the solution = 0.798g

The following equation is used to determine depression in freezing point:

ΔTf = Freezing point of pure solution - Freezing point of solution

ΔTf = i Kf m

Freezing point of pure solution - Freezing point of solution = i Kf m

m =  m solute × 100/M solute × W solvent

Given values,

Freezing point of pure solution (water) is 0°C

i is Vant hoff factor = 2.5

Kf molal freezing point elevation constant = 1.86°C/m

m solute given mass of solute (magnesium chloride) = [0.798 + 1.34] g

m solute = 2.138 g

M solute molar mass of solute (magnesium chloride) = 95.2 g/mol

W solvent mass of solvent (water) = [52.5 - 0.798] g = 51.702 g

substitute the given values,

0 - Freezing point of solution = 1×1.86×2.138×1000/95.2×51.702

Freezing point of solution = -0.808°C.

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Complete question is " A 50 mL solution is initially 1.52% MgCl₂ by mass and has a density of 1.05 g/ml

What is the freezing point of the solution after you add an additional 1.34 g MgCl₂? (Use i = 2.5 for MgCl₂)."

On adding 200g hydrochloric acid to excess calcium carbonate, the percent yield of carbon dioxide is equal to 82.84%.

200g of HCl was added to an excess amount of calcium carbonate to produce 100g of carbon dioxide along with water and calcium chloride. The reaction is written as:

CaCO₃ + 2HCl → H₂O + CO₂ + CaCl₂

Since calcium carbonate is excess, two moles of hydrochloric acid gives rise to one mole of carbon dioxide.

To calculate the percent yield, we can use stoichiometry,

The molar mass of hydrochloric acid = 36.46 g/mol

The molar mass of carbon dioxide = 44.01 g/mol

To calculate theoretical yield,

200g HCl/1 × 1 mole HCl/36.46g HCl × 1 mol CO₂ /2mol HCl × 44.01 mol CO₂/ 1 mole CO₂

= 120.707 g

To calculate the percent yield,

The amount of CO₂ produced = 100g

Dividing 100 by the theoretical yield

=  100/120.707 = 0.8284

Now multiplying the value by 100

= 0.8284 × 100 = 82.84 %

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TSO-C129 and TSO-C196 refer to non-WAAS GPS systems. TSO-C146 refers to WAAS-enabled GPS systems. If non-WAAS GPS is used for navigation and instrument approaches, all required alternate airports must have non-GPS approved operational instrument approach procedures.

TSO-C129 - Airborne Auxiliary Navigation Sensor for Global Positioning System equipment with airborne extensions. TSO-C196 – Auxiliary airborne navigation sensor for GPS units with airborne augmentation.

TSO certification means minimum performance standards for certain materials, parts and equipment used in commercial aircraft. Authorization to manufacture materials, parts, or equipment in accordance with TSO standards is referred to as TSO authorization.

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The balloon has a capacity of 0.7 L after being heated to 250°C.

We utilize the Charles' Law equation to determine the system's ultimate volume. According to this rule, the volume of a gas under constant pressure is precisely proportional to its temperature.

Mathematically,

V1/T1 = V2/T2

where,

V1 and T1 are the gas's starting volume and temperature.

V2 and T2 are the gas's ultimate volume and temperature.

We receive:

V1 = 0.4L

T1 = 20.C = (20 + 273)K = 293K

V2=?

T2 = 250.C = (250 + 273)K + 523)K

Using the values in the equation above, we obtain:

0.4/293 = V2/523

V2 = 0.7L.

As a result, the balloon has a capacity of 0.7 L after being heated to 250°C.

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There are 5,944 carbon atoms in 2.12 moles of propane, and 15,528 hydrogen atoms in 2.12 moles of propane.

What is carbon?

Carbon is an element that occurs in nature and is essential for life. It is the fourth most abundant element in the universe and is present in all living organisms. Carbon exists in many different forms, including graphite, diamond, amorphous carbon, and fullerenes. Carbon is a key component of organic molecules, which are the building blocks of life. Carbon also plays an important role in the global carbon cycle.

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Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a material by 1°c per mass

Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat energy required to elevate the temperature of a material by  1°C  per unit mass.

It is a material's physical attribute. The joule per kelvin per kilogram (J/K/Kg) is the standard international measurement of heat capacity.

If a substance has a high specific heat, it simply implies that it will take a long time to heat up, but it will also take a long time to cool down once heated. Water has the highest specific heat value.

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The correct response is b) N - H. Because nitrogen is one of the most electronegative elements in the periodic table, its bond with hydrogen will be the most polar of all.

A polar covalent bond is a covalent association in which the atoms' electron attraction is uneven, resulting in unequal electron sharing. In a polar covalent bond, also known as a polar bond, the distribution of electrons surrounding the molecule is no longer symmetrical. Polar covalent bonds have an unequal distribution of electrons. The difference in electronegativity between the two elements would be between 0.4 and 1.7. The electronegativity gap between polar and nonpolar bonds is less than 0.4.

In this case, the right answer is b) N - H. Because nitrogen is one of the periodic table's most electronegative elements, its bond with hydrogen will be the most polar of all.

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The correct representation about resonance structures is that The structure of the species cannot be correctly predicted by a single resonance structure and the only way resonance structures vary is in the way the electrons are arranged.

In valence bond theory, resonance is defined as a hybrid structure formed by combining a variety of contributing structure into a resonance hybrid. Because orbitals overlap, resonance happens. Pi bonds, created when two 2p orbitals overlap, are the building blocks of double bonds. These pi orbitals' electrons are delocalized since they will be dispersed across more than two atoms.

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In the gold foil experiment, alpha particles shot at gold foil bounced in the opposite direction from a gold foil which indicated atoms have a small, dense nucleus.

Rutherford’s α-particle scattering or gold foil experiment changed our perception of the atomic structure of an atom. Rutherford bombarded beams of α-particles at thin gold foil and observed how the α-particles scattered from the gold foil.

Rutherford showed that the atom has the most empty space with the nucleus at the center and electrons rotating around the atomic nucleus. Highly charged α-particles passed straight undeflected through the foil. This will be the expected result if the plum pudding model of Thomson was correct.

A few charged alpha particles were deflected backward direction leading to the positive charge concentrated in a small space.

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At a pressure of 5.0 atm, IS 200 L of gas would need to be stored in the volume tank (V2).

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Metal reactivity decreases on moving from left to right in the modern periodic table due to the decrease in atomic size and inability to lose valence electrons.

Metals have the tendency to lose electrons and form cations. In the modern periodic table, consisting of 7 horizontal periods and 18 vertical  groups, when we move left to right across a period, the size of atoms decreases and the nuclear pull also increases due to which the elements cannot readily lose electrons and show metallic property.

Hence, on moving from left to right in a period, metallic character decreases and non-metallic character increases.

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Hydroelectric power is one of the oldest and most widely used renewable sources of energy.

Globally we see that hydropower is by far the largest modern renewable source. Every country's top priority is to generate hydroelectric power so they have to rely less on nuclear and coal power plants.

Hydroelectric power is generated by using the elevation difference,  created by a dam or diversion-like structure of water flowing in on one side and out, far below, on the other side.

If we talk about some countries, Hydropower currently generates 31.5% of total U.S. renewable electricity generation.

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corkscrew-shaped ridge

The screw’s applied force (output force) is always larger than the screw’s applied force (input force). As a result, a screw’s mechanical advantage is always larger than one.Screws are a type of basic machine. They have a thread, which is a corkscrew-shaped ridge wrapped around a cylinder. When driving in a screw, the head is particularly designed to allow a screwdriver or wrench to hold the screw.

Another sort of inclined plane is the screw. When an inclined plane wraps around a straight rod-like structure, a spirally grooved surface with a pointed end is generated. It serves to keep things together.

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Te, S, and c are the following sets of elements, and they will all produce ions with a charge of two (option b).

An essential element of a totality. In chemistry, a simple substance is one that cannot be divided into smaller components or transformed into another substance. An element's fundamental building block is an atom, which is made up of protons, neutrons, & electrons. The number of atoms in an element's protons is continuous.

Earth, Water, Wind, Fire, Ice, Thunder, Time, Flower, Shadow, Light, and Moon are the twelve natural elements. These simplified terminology for more advanced and complicated compounds refer to each of these elements.

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HCl is the most polar due to the high electronegativity of Cl.

Hydrogen chloride is a diatomic molecule, composed of a hydrogen atom, H, and a chlorine atom, Cl, joined by a polar covalent bond. The bond is a polar covalent bond because the chlorine atom is much more electronegative than the hydrogen atom.

Positively charged protons in the nucleus attract negatively charged electrons. As the number of protons in the nucleus increases, the electronegativity, or attractive force, increases. Therefore, electronegativity increases in a row from left to right on the periodic table.

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Taking into account the definition of molarity,  the molarity of a solution made up of 15.5 mol of ammonium sulfate dissolved in enough water to make 45 liters of solution is 0.34 moles/L.

The molar concentration is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution, be it some molecular, ionic or atomic species and indicates the number of moles of solute contained in one liter of solution.

The molarity of a solution is calculated by:

molarity= number of moles÷ volume

Molarity is expressed in units moles/L.

In this case, you have:

Replacing in the definition of molarity:

molarity= 15.5 moles÷ 45 L

Solving:

molarity= 0.34 moles/L

Finally, the molarity of the solution is 0.34 moles/L.

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Sodium chloride reacts with silver nitrate.  NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3

intermolecular forces present in it.

The attracting and repellent forces that develop between the molecules of a substance are known as intermolecular forces or IMF for short. Individual molecules of a substance interact with one another through the mediation of these forces.

Most of the physical and chemical features of matter are caused by intermolecular forces.

An intermolecular force is an attractive force that develops between the protons or positive parts of one molecule and the electrons or negative parts of another molecule. This force affects a substance's many physical and chemical properties. The strength of a material's intermolecular forces directly relates to the boiling point of that substance; the stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the boiling point.

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Answer:

both are only physical changes

Answer:both are only chemical

Explanation: