Select the correct statement about the three-chambered hearts of amphibians and nonbird reptiles. A scheme of blood circulation of reptiles except for birds. The reptiles have a three-chambered heart that consists of two atria and one ventricle with an incomplete septum. There are two circuits: pulmonary and systemic. In the pulmonary circuit, the blood from the right ventricle is pumped in to lung capillaries and returned to the left atria. In the systemic circuit, the blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the systemic capillaries via the left systemic aorta and is then returned to the right atria. There is also one vessel going from the right ventricle to the aorta right before it branches to smaller arteries. This vessel carries mixed blood. All blood on the right side of the circuits is venous and all blood on the left side is arterial. Select the correct statement about the three-chambered hearts of amphibians and nonbird reptiles. The three-chambered hearts of amphibians and nonbird reptiles are facultative, allowing variation in blood flow through the heart. The three-chambered heart is inferior to the four-chambered hearts of birds and mammals, limiting the evolutionary success of amphibians and nonbird reptiles. Pulmonary and systemic blood fully mixes in the ventricle of a three-chambered heart.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

The three-chambered hearts of amphibians and nonbird reptiles are facultative, allowing variation in blood flow through the heart.

Explanation:

In Anatomy, cardiac cycle can be defined as a complete heartbeat of the human heart which comprises of sequential alternating contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles, therefore causing blood to flow unidirectionally (one direction) throughout the human body.

Generally, the cardiac cycle occurs in two (2) stages;

I. Diastole : in this stage, the ventricles is relaxed and would be filled with blood.

II. Systole: at this stage, the muscles contracts and thus, allow blood to be pushed through the atria.

All amphibians and reptiles except for crocodiles (having four-chambered heart) have three-chambered hearts, which typically comprises of a partially divided ventricle and two atria.

Hence, the correct statement about the three-chambered hearts of amphibians and nonbird reptiles is that, the three-chambered hearts of amphibians and nonbird reptiles are facultative, allowing variation in blood flow through the heart due to the partially divided ventricle.


Related Questions

How many offspring did generation I have?

Group of answer choices

2

3

4

1

Answers

Answer:

2

Explanation:

Because

describe how ingestion of very salty food may reduce the amount of water excreted in urine​

Answers

Essentially ingesting too much salt can cause the salt to absorb the water in your body and this can make you dehydrated and lose water you need.

if transported to the pm, will the c-terminus of this protein be extracellular or intracellular?

Answers

If a protein is transported to the plasma membrane (PM), the location of its C-terminus will typically be intracellular. This is because the C-terminus of most proteins is synthesized first and is usually oriented towards the cytoplasm during protein synthesis and maturation.

To determine whether the C-terminus of a protein will be extracellular or intracellular if transported to the plasma membrane (PM), we need to consider certain factors.

The location of the C-terminus depends on the protein's structure, function, and the orientation of the plasma membrane.

Proteins that are transmembrane proteins, meaning they span the plasma membrane, have both N- and C-termini positioned in different cellular compartments.

The N-terminus is typically located intracellularly, while the C-terminus faces the extracellular space.

In general, proteins that are involved in cell signaling, cell adhesion, or receptor functions often have extracellular C-termini.

These proteins interact with the extracellular environment to transmit signals or bind to ligands.

On the other hand, proteins that participate in intracellular processes, such as enzyme activity or cytoskeletal organization, often have intracellular C-termini.

These proteins function within the cell and may interact with other intracellular components.

Therefore, if the protein in question is known to be a transmembrane protein and its C-terminus is essential for its function or interaction with extracellular factors, it is likely that the C-terminus will be extracellular when transported to the plasma membrane.

However, if the protein primarily performs intracellular functions, the C-terminus would be oriented intracellularly.

It's important to note that the specific protein and its characteristics would ultimately determine the orientation of the C-terminus in the plasma membrane.

The orientation of the C-terminus in the plasma membrane would depend on the specific protein and its structural and functional characteristics.

Additional information about the protein's structure, localization, and function would be needed for a more precise determination.

For similar question on plasma membrane.

https://brainly.com/question/25978989

#SPJ8

The different forms of a gene are called *
O points
gametes
alleles
genes
zygotes

Answers

Answer:

An allele is a variant form of a gene. Some genes have a variety of different forms, which are located at the same position, or genetic locus, on a chromosome. Humans are called diploid organisms because they have two alleles at each genetic locus, with one allele inherited from each parent.

Explanation:

Describe what it means when we say that DNA replication is semi-conservative:

Answers

Answer: Semi-conservative replication means that during DNA replication, the two strands of nucleotides separate. Both strands then form the template for free nucleotides to bind to to create the two identical daughter strands. Hence each daughter strand has half of the DNA from the original strand and half newly-formed DNA.  brainliest

Explanation:

Who formulated the Universal law of Gravitation (G)​

Answers

Answer: Isaac Newton

Explanation: Sir Isaac Newton put forward the universal law of gravitation in 1687 and used it to explain the observed motions of the planets and moons

Why are water and sunlight two abiotic factors that are important to most organisms?

Answers

All organisms need water to survive and plants/algae need sunlight to make food in photosynthesis. ... Organism, Population, Community and Ecosystem.

HOPE THIS HELPS

Describe Claire’s symptoms. Explain how they were related to metabolism and homeostasis.
How did Claire’s digestion reaction rates tell you that the problem was in her small intestine, and not in her stomach?

Answers

Claire's symptoms, related to metabolism and homeostasis, indicated a problem in her small intestine rather than her stomach. The digestion reaction rates suggested that the issue was specific to the small intestine.

Claire's symptoms, not specified in the prompt, were likely indicative of disrupted metabolism and homeostasis. Metabolism refers to the chemical processes that occur within an organism to maintain life, while homeostasis involves maintaining a stable internal environment. The symptoms could include difficulties in nutrient absorption, weight loss, imbalanced blood glucose levels, or disrupted electrolyte levels.

Digestion reaction rates provide important clues to pinpoint the source of the problem. The stomach primarily digests proteins using gastric enzymes like pepsin, while the small intestine is responsible for further digestion and absorption of nutrients. If Claire's digestion reaction rates were normal, indicating proper protein digestion, it suggests that the issue lies in the small intestine rather than the stomach. This could imply problems with the production of digestive enzymes, impaired absorption surfaces, or other factors affecting the small intestine's ability to process and absorb nutrients effectively.

In summary, Claire's symptoms suggested a disturbance in metabolism and homeostasis, possibly linked to a problem in her small intestine. The digestion reaction rates pointing towards the small intestine as the issue indicate a specific problem with nutrient digestion and absorption in that region of the digestive system.

learn more about metabolism click here;

https://brainly.in/question/6129410

#SPJ11

How many years might primary succession take with medium amounts of rainfall and temperature? Explain why ​ HELPP PLEASE HELP

Answers

Answer:

The primary succession process can take hundreds of years to happen, even in medium amounts of rain and temperature.

Explanation:

The primary succession occurs when a community of plants begins to sprout in areas that have never been occupied by any type of living being. The primary succession occurs, for example, with the sprouting of vegetables in rocky outcrops. These plant species are known as primary species and although they are able to survive, these environments offer few resources for the development of living things. Generally, it takes hundreds and even thousands of years for primary succession to occur, even in environments with average temperature and precipitation.

Primary succession takes more than 100 years to occupy with medium amounts of rainfall and temperature.

What do you mean by Succession?

Succession is the gradual and continuous replacement of one community by another community over a long period of time.

Primary succession is the succession that is starting for the very first time, where there is no life that existed before. It usually started from a bare area. Examples of primary succession include Igneous rock, Glaciers, etc.

It is associated with the occurrence of new sprouted life forms arising in a given area. This activity requires more than 100 years when there is a sufficient amount of rainfall and temperature is there.

Therefore, Primary succession takes more than 100 years to occupy with medium amounts of rainfall and temperature.

To learn more about Succession. refer to the link:

https://brainly.com/question/1824935

which structure provides the main source of sensory input to the cerebral cortex?

Answers

The thalamus is the structure that provides the main source of sensory input to the cerebral cortex. The thalamus's structure provides a foundation for the different functions it performs. The various nuclei of the thalamus are grouped into three broad groups based on their functions: the anterior group, the medial group, and the lateral group.

The thalamus is a mass of gray matter situated in the brain's posterior part, between the midbrain and the cerebrum. The thalamus is a crucial part of the brain that controls and regulates a variety of bodily functions.The thalamus is a complex structure that plays an important role in transmitting sensory information. It acts as a relay station for sensory and motor information, processing and filtering all incoming sensory stimuli and then transmitting them to the relevant regions of the brain.The thalamus receives and processes sensory input from all of the body's sensory systems, including sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. The thalamus' main function is to filter and process sensory information before it is transmitted to the cerebral cortex. Therefore, the thalamus is the structure that provides the main source of sensory input to the cerebral cortex.Structure of the thalamus. The thalamus is divided into a variety of different nuclei that perform distinct functions. The thalamus's structure provides a foundation for the different functions it performs. The various nuclei of the thalamus are grouped into three broad groups based on their functions: the anterior group, the medial group, and the lateral group.

To know more about thalamus visit:

https://brainly.com/question/6330373

#SPJ11

Cell division allows multicellular organisms to grow.

Question 6 options:
True
False

Answers

All multicellular organisms use cell division for growth and the maintenance and repair of cells and tissues. So true

The statement cell division allows multicellular organisms to grow is definitely true.

What do you mean by Cell division?

Cell division may be defined as the process by which cells multiply involving both nuclear and cytoplasmic division.

Almost all multicellular organisms use the mechanism of cell division for growth and the proper maintenance and repair of cells as well as tissues.

Therefore, the statement cell division allows multicellular organisms to grow is definitely true.

To learn more about Multicellular organisms, refer to the link:

https://brainly.com/question/1292487

plants absorb from the atmosphere and release to the atmosphere.
a. true
b. false

Answers

a. true. Plants do absorb certain gases from the atmosphere and release certain gases back into the atmosphere through various physiological processes.

One of the most well-known processes is photosynthesis, where plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and release oxygen (O2) as a byproduct.

This is a crucial role that plants play in the carbon cycle and in maintaining the balance of atmospheric gases.

Additionally, plants can also release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other gases as part of their normal metabolic activities, which can have impacts on air quality and atmospheric chemistry.

Learn more about plants at:

https://brainly.com/question/31220793

#SPJ1

state any one way of controlling the spread of ringworms among children​

Answers

Answer: Teach kids not to wear each other's hats, and make sure each family member uses their own comb and brush. Other basic hygiene practices, like not sharing razors, can help prevent the spread of ringworms

CREDIT: everydayhealth

!! This was taken from a website, make sure to give credit or else it will be plagiarism !!

Which part of the female reproductive system is highlighted below?
A. Fallopian tube
B. Ovary
C. Uterus
D. Cervix

Answers

Answer:

C. Uterus

Explanation:

Uterus is the female reproductive system.

What is Female reproductive system?

The female reproductive system serves a number of purposes. It aids in sexual reproduction in addition to enabling sexual activity.

You make eggs using your ovaries. During ovulation, these eggs are subsequently moved to your fallopian tube where sperm fertilization may take place. The fertilized egg is then transferred to your uterus, where the lining of the uterus has expanded due to the typical hormones produced during your menstrual cycle, also known as your reproductive cycle.

The fertilized egg can implant into the thicker uterine lining once it's within your uterus and continue to grow there. Your menstrual period causes the uterine lining to shed if implantation doesn't occur.

Therefore, Uterus is the female reproductive system.

To learn more about Uterus, refer to the link:

https://brainly.com/question/9778292

#SPJ7

How might we determine if the trait of albinism is sex-linked?

Answers

Answer:

Throught genetics varaition. Crossing over and all

Explanation:

Becuase I said so

Is it possible for genetic recombination to occur during meiosis II?
a.Yes, sister chromatids on one chromosome can exchange genetic material.
b.Yes, slight overlap of adjacent chromosomal arms makes it possible for crossing over to occur between two nonhomologous chromosomes.
c.No, recombination requires two homologous but nonidentical chromosomes.
d.No, sister chromatids cannot get close enough during metaphase II.

Answers

No, sister chromatids cannot get close enough during metaphase II so genetic recombination does not occur, option d is correct.

During meiosis I, genetic recombination occurs when homologous chromosomes exchange segments of genetic material through a process called crossing over. This results in the formation of recombinant chromosomes with a combination of genetic information from both parents. Meiosis II is the second stage of meiosis and involves the separation of sister chromatids.

The sister chromatids, which are identical copies resulting from DNA replication in the S phase of the cell cycle, are pulled apart and distributed to the daughter cells during anaphase II. However, there is no opportunity for genetic recombination to occur during this stage because the sister chromatids are too close together and do not have the opportunity to exchange genetic material, option d is correct.

To learn more about genetic follow the link:

https://brainly.com/question/11993707

#SPJ4


can someone help me fill this out i have no idea

Answers

Answer:

1. Renewable

2. wood

3. Sun ... Wind

4. Water

5. Electricity

Explanation:

When does the body make most of its nerve cells

Answers

Answer:The target cells of neurons include other nerve cells in the brain, spinal cord, and autonomic ganglia, and the cells of muscles and glands throughout the body.

Explanation:please give braineest

Answer:

A nerve is formed by a bundle of many neurons. Neurons develop from the neural tube of the early embryo and in many animals continue development until sometime after birth. The development of motor neurons that have elongated axons is best understood. These cells are derived from tissue on the ventral side of the neural tube.

Explanation:

i found it on bing for you can you answer my newest qu plz i really need help

Which direction does Xylem flow? Phloem?

Answers

Answer:

The movement of Xylem is unidirectional and phloem is bidirectional

Explanation:

The tension created by transpiration “pulls” water in the plant xylem, drawing the water upward in much the same way that you draw water upward when you suck on a straw.

Phloem transport is bidirectional because sucrose gets accumulated in the phloem tissue and absorbs water creating a high turgor pressure. ... Hence the water flows from regions of high turgor pressure to low turgor pressure and the direction can be upwards or downwards from the leaves based on the gradient.

Which are steps that could be used to solve 0 = 9(x2 + 6x) – 18 by completing the square? Check all that apply.
18 + 81 = 9(x2 + 6x + 9)
18 + 9 = 9(x2 + + 6x + 9)
18+ 36 = 9(x2 + 6x + 36)
11 = (x + 3)2
= (x + 6)2
342 =
V99 = (x +
Nbbff

Answers

Explanation:

What is the name of this website

or the book?

Answer:

A and D

Explanation:

a) identify the three groups of animals which have the greatest ability to conserve water.

Answers

The three groups of animals which have the greatest ability to conserve water are as follows: Reptiles, desert mammals, and birds are the three groups of animals that have the greatest ability to conserve water.

What is water conservation?

Water conservation is the process of utilising water more efficiently to guarantee that there is enough water to fulfil current and future needs. The primary objective of water conservation is to reduce the amount of water used in agriculture, industry, and homes.

The three groups of animals that have a significant ability to conserve water are:

Reptiles: Many reptiles, including snakes, lizards, and tortoises, have evolved adaptations to minimise water loss. They have scaly skin that helps reduce water evaporation, and some species can obtain water from their diet or by licking dew or water droplets. Additionally, some reptiles can enter a state of dormancy (aestivation) during dry periods to conserve water.

Desert-adapted mammals: Animals that are specifically adapted to arid desert environments have developed various physiological and behavioural adaptations to conserve water. Examples include camels, kangaroo rats, and fennec foxes. These animals have efficient kidneys that concentrate urine, limited sweat glands, and the ability to obtain water from their food.

Birds: Certain bird species, particularly those living in arid or desert regions, have evolved remarkable adaptations to conserve water. For instance, desert-dwelling birds such as ostriches, sandgrouse, and certain species of owls have the ability to concentrate their urine and produce highly concentrated faeces to minimise water loss. Some birds can also extract moisture from their food or rely on specialised glands to collect and store water.

It's important to note that while these animal groups have developed effective mechanisms for water conservation, the specific abilities to conserve water may vary among species within each group.

Learn more about animals : https://brainly.com/question/29594

#SPJ11

Do you think new helpful species of bacteria will evolve with different functions? What would they do? What traits could they have to help them do these things?
please help

i will give brainliest and 5 * and 10 points for the best answer

i don't want to see any link as an answer

if i do you will be reported

Answers

Answer:brainly The French Revolution began less than two decades after the American Revolution. In many ways, the American experience was an inspiration for the citizens of France. But the people of the two countries had different situations and had different concerns, which influenced the way each revolution began, progressed, and ended. In this assignment you will write an essay that compares and contrasts the two revolutions.

Explanation:

Protists
Question 1
Give the correct biological term for each of the following:
1. Type of symmetry displayed by Amoeba.
2. Projections of the Amoebe used for locomotion
3. Protective layer found around Amoeba
4. Inner granular liquid medium of the cytoplasm.
5. Organelle that stores digestive enzymes.
6. Structure that stores food
7. Structure that plays an important role in osmoregulation​

Answers

Answer:

1.Asymmetrical symmetry

2. Pseudopodia

3. Cyst

4. Endoplasm

5.Lysosomes

6.vacuole

7.Contractile vacuole complex (CVC)

1. Asymmetrical
2. Pseudopodia
3. Cyst membrane
4. Endoplasm
5. Lysosomes
6. Vacuole
7 Kidney

I hope this was helpful

Please no links to download thingies-Examine the data table, which shows data for quadrat #18.

Table

Compare the data you recorded in Table D of your Student Guide with Table D from quadrat #18 in the control group.

The average height of the sunflower sprouts in your quadrat is _______
the average height of the sunflower sprouts in quadrat #18.

Answers

Answer:

The answer to your question would be more than.

Explanation:

The average height of the sunflower sprouts in your quadrat is

greater than

the average

height of the sunflower sprouts in quadrat #18.

Brainliest? sorry it's late.

Answer:

greater or more than just did it

Explanation:

Why does asexual reproduction produce offspring with less diversity and therefore LESS chance of adapting to its environment​

Answers

Answer:

Sexual reproduction provides genetic diversity because the sperm and egg that are produced contain different combinations of genes than the parent organisms. Asexual reproduction, on the other hand, does not need sperm and eggs since one organism splits into two organisms that have the same combination of genes.

Explanation:

Explanation:

With asexual reproduction rather then there being two parents there is one. So the offspring is just a clone of the singular parent. This means there isn't a second set of genes or dna to mix into the child which would create changes and adaptions by inheritance. Though since there is one parent it is a clone of the first with nothing to inherit so it can't adapt as it only has the one set of genes instead of two.

What is nontherapeutic research, and why, according to Fremgen, is obtaining informed consent, particularly important in this sort of research?

Answers

Nontherapeutic research refers to studies conducted primarily for scientific or academic purposes rather than directly benefiting the participants' health or well-being.

According to Fremgen, obtaining informed consent is particularly important in nontherapeutic research due to the potential risks and ethical considerations involved. In nontherapeutic research, participants may be subjected to procedures or interventions that are not directly intended to improve their health outcomes. Informed consent ensures that participants fully understand the purpose, risks, benefits, and alternatives associated with the study before voluntarily agreeing to participate.

It allows individuals to make autonomous decisions regarding their involvement and protects their rights, autonomy, and welfare. Obtaining informed consent demonstrates respect for participants' autonomy and helps uphold ethical principles, such as beneficence, non-maleficence, and respect for persons, in the realm of nontherapeutic research.

To learn more about nontherapeutic follow the link:

https://brainly.com/question/31794035

#SPJ4

Although animal nervous systems differ in complexity, their nerve cells are still remarkably similar. true false

Answers

Answer:

TRUE

Explanation:

The nervous system only exists in animals. Neurons are the nerve cells that compose the nervous system.

The neuron´s principal function is to catch stimuli from the exterior convert them into nerve impulses that get transported to the control centers. These control centers interpret the signal and send an answer to the stimuli.

The control centers in invertebrates are ganglia, while the vertebrate´s control centers are the spinal medulla and the encephalon.

The signal transport occurs from cell to cell in inferior animals and through nerves in superior animals.

There is a progressive increase in the complexity of the nervous system. It evolved from primitive animals to the most superior ones. This evolution is especially noticeable in the development of the encephalon as the control center.

However, the basic nerve cell is very similar in all animals.

ANSWERRR FAST Earthquakes happen as a result of:

Two continental plate's converging

Two oceanic plate's converging

Two tectonic plates transforming
( i have more questions!!!)

Answers

Answer:

Hey mate......

Explanation:

This is ur answer.....

Two tectonic plates transforming

Hope it helps!

Brainliest pls....

Follow me! ;)

BILL NYE NUTRITION VIDEO
You are made of

Answers

Answer:

sounds good , but I don't get you

can anyone help me with this question?

Answers

Answer: Organic chemicals can contribute to local and regional losses of freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem services. ... Organic chemicals were likely to exert acute lethal and chronic long-term effects on sensitive fish, invertebrate, or algae species in 14% and 42% of the sites, respectively.

Explanation:

Other Questions
can someone explain scatter plots A number pattern starts with 10 and follows the rule multiply by 3." What is trueabout all of the numbers in this pattern?1:They have a 3 in the tens place.2:They have a 0 in the ones place.3:They are odd numbers.4: They can be odd or even numbers. help me help me help me Can some plz help me DeConinck Soup Co. found that its canned nacho cheese sauce was too spicy for Americans in the East and not spicy enough for those in the West and Southwest. Today, DeConinck's plants in Texas and California produce a spicier nacho cheese sauce than what is produced in the other plants. DeConinck's is using __________ segmentation. solve the following question If you have ever been treated unfairly, you may have been told, Who ever said life has to be fair? Describe a time you were treated unfairly and how you handled the situation. Solve for x and the length of segment GH. PLSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS HELP!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! will give brainlest PLSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Zoominiftoosmallpls 3. When the heart is contracting, the pressure is .highest. This is called thea. blood pressure. b. systolic pressure.c. heart pressure.d. diastolic pressure.4. What is the balance between heat produced and heat lost in the body?a. pulse rateb. body temperature C. respiratory rated. blood pressure5. This type of thermometer uses mercury and, therefore, is considered unsafe to use.a. ear thermometer b. infrared thermometer c. digital thermometer d. clinicalActivit ? (Day 2) To increase total revenue, firms with ______ demand should lower price, and firms with ______ demand should increase price.elastic;unitelastic; inelasticinelastic; elasticunit; inelastic The bones that make up the skeletal system determines the ______ of the body. Aim High To The SkyJames McDonaldAim high to the sky,In all that you do.Because you just never know,What it takes to be you.Be strong and be brave,But at the same time be kind.And always be sure,That you're using your mind.Based on the poem the reader can conclude that the speaker -A. feels effort and thoughtfulness to others are all importantB, thinks trying your best is the only important thingC.feels that success is the most important thing in lifeD. thinks that everyone will succeed if they work hard enough ( PLEASE HELP ) Find a basis of the subspaceFind a basis of the subspace of R4 that consists of all vectors perpendicular to both[1,0,5,-9] and [0,1,9,-7]. A difference between a trespass and a conversion is a matter ofO A. the degree of damage or lossB. the number of defendantsC, the age of the defendantO D. the intent of the defendant Whats another word for average 10 minus the sum of 2 and 3Solution: 33 times the difference of 4 and 2Solution: 5t he difference of 5 and 2, times 3Solution: 724 divided by the product of 6 and 2Solution: 912 minus half the sum of 6 and 4Solution: 113 times the sum of 4 and 1, minus 9Solution: 210 minus the product of 2 and 3Solution: 4t he sum of 3 and 5, divided by 4Solution: 65 plus the difference of 9 and 4Solution: 88 plus the quotient of 27 and 3Solution: 10t he sum of 4 and 1__2, multiplied by 2Solution: 12half the product of 3 and 6, plus 2Solution: Write an expression for each phrase. Then solve the problem.13Could you write the expression for problem 2 without parentheses? Explain. Over the past month, a garment manufacturer produced 800 dresses. The distribution of the amount of fabric required to make the dresses isnot normal.The average amount of fabric needed to make a dress is 4 yards, with a standard deviation of 2 of a yard. Suppose a series of samples, eachcontaining 180 dresses, are selected from the dresses produced in the past month.Would it be appropriate to model the distribution of a sample mean with a normal model? Help me please :(..... 1. Dylan invested $47,000 in an account paying an interest rate of 4% compounded annually. Assuming no deposits or withdrawals are made, how long would it take, to the nearest tenth of a year, for the value of the account to reach $79,200?2. x^2 + y^2 = 153 and y = -4x. If (x, y) is a solution to the system of equations above, what is the value of y^3?