Some pathogens, such as HIV, can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally. How do you expect virulence of such pathogens to compare with that of pathogens that are transmitted?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Some pathogens are transmitted by a single route and others by several, the more transmission routes are recorded, the more pathogens they are, in the HIV virus the transmission is vertical and horizontal therefore it has high pathogenicity, on the other hand, the varicella virus is transmitted only by inhalation.

Explanation:

The vertical route is the transmission through childbirth, it is the moment in which the mother contacts the child's blood and transmits the virus, nowadays the vertical contagion of HIV is highly controlled.

On the other hand, the horizontal route is also called parenteral, it is one that consists of the inoculation of the virus through uncontrolled blood transfusions, intravenous drug addiction by syringe compartment, or uncontrolled injections.


Related Questions

Red blood cells are able to maintain homeostasis because they are bathed in blood, which is to the fluid in the cells themselves.

Answers

Answer:

this is not a question it is a statement

Explanation:

Which organelle makes energy for the animal cell?
A. mitochondria
B. chloroplasts
C. chromatin
D. golgi apparatus

Answers

The answer for that question is A

Answer:

A. mitochondria

Explanation:

The mitochondria makes energy for the animal cell. The mitochondria organelle is known as the "power house of all cells". It makes energy for the cell.

Hope this helped! If so, plz mark brainliest!

A(n) ________ is a procedure in which blocked heart vessels are opened physically by passing a catheter into the narrowed vessel.

Answers

Answer:

Angioplasty uses a balloon-tipped catheter to open a blocked blood vessel and improve blood flow.

Explanation:

please help me with this question:)

Answers

400x

Is the answer to this question.

What would be the best control group for global warming? Select one: (A)laboratory simulation,(B )a computer simulation or (C) another identical earth that has not seen increases in greenhouse gases (even though this is not possible)​

Answers

Answer:

C. another identical earth that has not seen increases in greenhouse gases

The best control group for global warming would be another identical earth that has not seen increases in greenhouse gases.

What do you mean by Global warming?

Global warming may be defined as the gradual increase in the Earth's average temperature due to the trapping of greenhouse gases by the atmosphere.

The excessive release of greenhouse gases like methane, Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and ozone are responsible for global warming. These gases are released by automobiles, industrial smoke, etc.

Deforestation is also considered the cause of global warming. Trees help in the reduction of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it into oxygen.

Therefore, the best control group for global warming would be another identical earth that has not seen increases in greenhouse gases.

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Which sentences describe the differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Check all that apply. Cellular respiration uses oxygen as a reactant and photosynthesis does not​

Answers

Answer:

Cellular respiration uses oxygen as a reactant and photosynthesis does not​

Explanation:

Autotrophs use CO2 to make energy while heterotrophs use Oxygen.

Check all that apply?

You only gave one option so that's as far as I can get, sorry!

Which is greater 1,000 ml or 1,000 cm?

Answers

Answer:

Neither, they are equal.

1,000 cm3 = 1000 mL

Explain one way the water cyce affects weather.

Answers

Answer:Consequently, the temperature will fall. Rainfall and snow are results of water cycle and can lead to severe weather conditions. Excessive rainfall due to water cycle can cause floods. Extremely low rainfall, lack of adequate water sources can lead to draught in a given region.

Explanation:

How many cycles of β oxidation are required for the complete oxidation of activated oleic acid, 18:1(9)?

Answers

Answer:

The answer is "8 beta-oxidation cycles".

Explanation:

Please find the complete question in the attached file.

In this complete oxidation of active oleic acid 18:1(Δ9), 8 beta-oxidation cycles are required. Oleic acid is saturated fat, 9 to 10-carbohydrate fatty acid. Its double bonding is cis-focused. Its cycles for beta-oxidation required to oxidize an active oleic acid fully are 8.

It's initial two fatty acids are removed by oxidation in β - oxidation from the initial two carbon atoms. The recently formed carbon units are made up of creating temporary A molecules (acetyl- CoA). That cycle for oxidative begins with both the coffee grounds terminals of the fat lactone chain.

The region in a plant that is analogous to animal stem cells, and can develop into various types of tissues and organs, is the ______.

Answers

he root system includes those parts of the plant below ground, such as the roots, tubers, and rhizomes. Plant cells are formed at meristems, and then develop into cell types which are grouped into tissues

What effect does development, through erecting buildings and concrete pavement, have on the recharge of aquifers and the quality of the water?

Answers

Answer:

Infiltrate rate decreases and also water quality.

Explanation:

There is adverse effect of erecting buildings and concrete pavement on the recharge of aquifers and the quality of the water because the water is unable to infiltrate inside the soil due to concrete floor and the recharging of aquifers is not possible. These buildings and concrete pavements also reduces the quality of water due to degradation of sediments present in the building with the passage of time.

which sentence best describes the process of drawing conclusions based on the information in table​

Answers

Answer:

Conclusions, like inferences, involve educated guesses about what information means, beyond what is stated directly.

Explanation:

Hope this helps.

The reaction shown below is known as what type of reaction?
Reactants → Products + Heat

А. activation
B. endothermic
c. enzymes
D. exothermic

Answers

exothermic becauase they release heat !!

What stages of replication do both cycles have in common? Describe the virion action at each of these stages.

Answers

Answer:

Attachment, Penetration and Replication

Explanation:

A bacteriophage is a virus that attacks bacterial cells. The lytic and lysogenic cycles are two methods of viral replication. In the lytic cycle, the virions produced are released from the host cell whereas in the lysogenic cycle, viral nucleic material are incorporated into host nucleic material and are copied to daughter cells when the host cell reproduces. The common steps in both cycles are given below:

1  Attachment – in this step, the bacteriophage attaches itself to the surface of the host cell so as to insert its DNA into the host cell.

2. Penetration – the virus inserts its DNA into the host cell by penetrating the cell membrane of the host cell.

3. Replication – the viral nucleic material is replicated using the host cell's replication mechanism.

The stages of replication is  Attachment, Penetration and Replication

The following information should be considered:

A bacteriophage means the virus that attacks bacterial cells. The lytic and lysogenic cycles comrpise of two methods of viral replication. In the lytic cycle, the virions generated are released from the host cell while on the other hand in the lysogenic cycle, viral nucleic material are existed into host nucleic material and also they are copied to daughter cells at the time when the host cell reproduces.

The common steps in both cycles are given below:

Attachment – in this step, the bacteriophage attaches itself to the host surface cell to insert its DNA into the host cell. Penetration – the virus inserts its DNA into the host cell via penetrating the cell membrane of the host cell. Replication – the viral nucleic material is replicated using the host cell's replication mechanism.

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The most important structure in the lower respiratory tract is the alveolus.
O True
O False

Answers

Answer:

true

Explanation:

the lower respiratory tract contains:- trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.

What does the cell membrane do for the cell?
O maintain homeostasis
O all of the above
O communication
O protection

Answers

Answer:

Protection

Explanation:

The plasma membrane, or the cell membrane, provides protection for a cell. It also provides a fixed environment inside the cell. And that membrane has several different functions. One is to transport nutrients into the cell and also to transport toxic substances out of the cell.

Which two pieces of equipment did the geologist most likely use to determine the density of the copper nuggets?

Answers

A glass flask and sodium and hydrogen hope it helped

In which state of matter do the particles move independently of one another?
A.amorphous solid
B.Gas
C.Crystalline solid
D.Liquid

Answers

Answer:

I Think Gas

The gaseous state has very loose and unorganized structuring of particles, making them have little attraction and move independently.

Please help it’s urgent!!! For these 2 questions

Answers

First one is endothermic since you are adding heat
Second one is 75% of our body is water
Hope this helps!!
Plz make me brainliest!

Answer:

The first question is endothermic change of state. The second answer is 75% of our bodies are made up of water

Explanation:

I think this is the answer Hope this helps and I'm sooo sorry if this is wrong.

SOMEONE PLZ HELP ME!!!!!!!

Answers

Answer:

nucleus  mitochondria ,

, lysosome i think

Explanation:

Answer:

A) nucleus

B) mitochondria

D) lysosomes

Explanation:

you can look at a diagram and find the differences

Which type of mining is likely the least harmful to the environment?
a. surface mining
b. placer mining
c. subsurface mining
d. none of the above

Answers

Answer:

Placer mining

Explanation:

Placer mining can be less damaging to the environment than surface mines, as the sediment is returned to the water after the minerals have been extracted.

The mining that is likely the least harmful to the environment is the placer mining that is present in Option B, water is used in placer mining to separate mineral particles from soil.

What is placer mining?

Placer mining involves the extraction of minerals from riverbeds, streambeds, and other bodies of water, and this method involves the use of water to separate mineral particles from soil, while placer mining is generally considered to be less harmful to the environment compared to surface and subsurface mining, but it can still have negative impacts if not properly managed. For example, the use of mercury in the gold extraction process can lead to water pollution and harm to aquatic life.

Hence, the mining that is likely the least harmful to the environment is the placer mining that is present in Option B.

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Step 1: Add approximately 25 mL of water to a 50-mL graduated cylinder.

Step 2: Measure and record the initial volume of the water to the nearest 0.1 mL.

Step 3: Carefully slide the object into the graduated cylinder. Measure and record the final volume of the water to the nearest 0.1 mL.

Step 4: Determine the volume of the object by subtracting the measurements in steps 2 and 3.


What pattern in these data could be used to predict the final volume if the initial volume is known?


The final volume is the sum of the initial volume and the volume of the object.


The initial volume is the sum of the final volume and the volume of the object.


The volume of the object is the sum of the initial volume and the final volume.


The final volume is the difference between the initial volume and the object’s volume.

Answers

Answer:

The final volume is the sum of the initial volume and the volume of the object.

Explanation:

Since we know that the volume of the object is the difference between the final and the initial volume, let the volume of the object be ∆V, let the initial volume be V1 and let the final volume be V2.

From;

∆V= V2 - V1

V2= ∆V + V1

Hence the answer above

There is a healthy bacterial culture growing in the exponential phase . A technician wants to make a growth curve by making cell counts over the day . She plans to take the samples every 30 minutes during the day , hold the samples at room temperature , and then process all samples together at the end of the day .

A) what is the problem with her plan?
B)can she do anything to improve the accuracy of her results ?

Answers

A) WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH HER PLAN?

Binary fission is one of the asexual process by which most bacteria reproduce, the binary fission brings about a doubling of the number in bacterial cells that are viable.

Generation time is that time that it will require for a cell population to divide and double, it is also known as doubling time. This Generation time varies among distinct organisms and also varies among culture conditions.

Take for instance,a fast growing bacterium that is under an ideal culture conditions has a doubling time of 20minutes and for the bacteria that is grown in a condition that is not so ideal,may have a doubling time of hours.

The major challenge/ problem with her plan is that as she takes the bacterial sample every 30minutes, and then hold the sample till the last sampling is done in the day,those bacterial cells that are collected in the initial intervals will then get divided and further gives a result that is false.

However,if those bacteria that are collected aren't stored in a culture environment that is standard,the bacterial cells may die off and thus will further bring about a false result.

2) CAN SHE DO ANYTHING TO IMPROVE THE ACCURACY OF HER RESULT?

Solution for rectifying the error in her plan;

She can go ahead and add 50-100 μl of formaldehyde to all the culture suspensions that she has and has taken every 30minutes.

As the formaldehyde will fix the bacterial cells,The optical density present in all those aliquots can then be retrieved/taken at the end of the day.

Looking at it alternatively, aliquot 1ml of the culture suspension at an interval of every 30 minutes,and then take the optical density that is OD at a wavelength of 600nm making use of spectrophotometer until the reason you get becomes static.

9. A pattern of stars that has been named is called a constellation. One winter evening, Jason
found the star called Sirius in the constellation called Canis Major.
Canis Major
Sirius
Muliphen.
Murzim
Wezen
Aludra
Adara
If Jason came outside again a few hours later, what would the stars in Canis Major look like?
A. The pattern of stars would appear to be in the same place in the sky.
B. The pattern would change because each star would have moved in a different direction.
C. The pattern of stars would appear to have moved together across the sky.
D. The pattern would be smaller because the stars moved closer together.

Answers

Answer

i think its C.

a metacentric chromosome is one that has a centrally located centomere and chromosome arms with approximately equal length. which of the human chromosomesare metacentric

Answers

Answer:

Human chromosomes 1 and 3

Explanation:

There are four types of chromosomes classified based on the position of their centromere. These chromosomes are metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric and telocentric. As rightly stated in this question, metacentric chromosome is the chromosome that has a centrally located centomere making the chromosome arms to be approximately of equal length.

The metacentric type of chromosomes are present in humans as viewed using KARYOTYPE (a pictorial display of chromosome arrangement). Based on karyotyping, chromosomes 1 and 3 are METACENTRIC.

You and your friends go to the beach for vacation. You all walk down to the beach to go swimming. When you get there, you see the water is murky and green, and there are algae blooms floating on top. If it is excess nutrients which are feeding the algae blooms and lowering the oxygen content in the water, that process is called:_______.a. nutrient cycling.
b. nitrification.
c. eutrophication.
d. hypoxia.

Answers

Answer: The process is called EUTROPHICATION. The correct option is C.

Explanation:

Eutrophication is a type of environmental pollution where by there is an increase in nutrient salts of a water body which can lead to structural changes in the affected aquatic ecosystem. These changes includes:

--> Increase in production of algae: this effect causes algae blooms which makes the water murky, greenish and unpleasant for certain activities such as swimming.

--> Decrease in aquatic life: the presence of excessive growth of algae which are often degraded by microorganisms. When the rate of degradation of the algae by microorganisms is greater than that of oxygen regeneration a hypoxic state occurs which is harmful to aquatic life example fishes.

Due to the higher concentration of oxygen (O2) in the air than your blood, oxygen goes from the lungs into the red blood cells by ... *

PLEASE HELP I WILL MARK BRAINLY

THANK YOU

Answers

oxygen goes from your lungs into the red blood cells by simple diffusion

Due to the higher concentration of oxygen in the air than your blood, oxygen goes from the lungs into the red blood cells by simple diffusion.

It should be noted that oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the red blood cells. It then binds to hemoglobin. A molecule of hemoglobin can bind with four molecules of oxygen.

Since the red blood cells have cell membranes that are thin, this then enables oxygen to be able to diffuse quickly.

In conclusion, the correct option is simple diffusion.

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10.
_________produces pollens and______
develops into the fruit.

Answers

Answer:

stamen produces pollen ovules develops into fruit

Explanation:

What conditions must be ideal for an enzyme to function?

Answers

The conditions for an enzyme to work properly would be around a specific temperature & pH ranges.

Higher temperatures (heat) would speed up the functioning of the enzyme while lower temperatures (cold) would do the opposite..

A depiction of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway that leads to cell growth is shown in the image.

What would be observed if a carcinogenic compound in coal tar activated step 3 of the pathway, even in the absence of the signaling molecule?

A) The transduction molecules in step 5 would always be active.
B) Step 2, the step linking the receptor to transduction, would always be active.
C) Step 4, a transduction step, would be prevented from activating the target protein.
D) The transcription factor in step 6 would be prevented from transcribing the target genes.

Answers

the correct answer is D

Answer:

a

Explanation:

I am pretty sure its a

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write a letter giving advice to my sister about my former school The next question refers to the written dialogue that follows. The paragraphs have been numbered to help you identify them more easily.Ellie sighed as she petted her cat. I cant believe this storm, she said. We should be surfing, and were stuck on the couch!Well just have to figure out something else to do. said Sam.Ive got it! shouted Ellie. If we leave now, we can see the new surf film at noon then hit the surf museum and look at old surfboards.Youre pretty smart for a little sister, said Sam. Ill ask mom if we can borrow the car!Which paragraph features dialogue that reveals details about the characters relationship? Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 Paragraph 4 WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST!!!! Which drug is commonly prescribed to treat gout? allopurinol prednisone naproxen alendronate A water tank is filled with up to 3.5 m height.Calculate the pressure given by the tank at its bottom Please help me due today by 3:00pm please help me it rained 40% of the days during casey vacation .what fraction of the days it rain Statistics can help decide the authorship of literary works. Sonnets by a certain Elizabethan poet are known to contain an average of new words (words not used in the poet's other works). The standard deviation of the number of new words is . Now a manuscript with 6 new sonnets has come to light, and scholars are debating whether it is the poet's work. The new sonnets contain an average of words not used in the poet's known works. We expect poems by another author to contain more new words, so to see if we have evidence that the new sonnets are not by our poet we test the following hypotheses.H0 : = 8.88 vs Ha : > 8.88Give the z test statistic and its P-value. What do you conclude about the authorship of the new poems? (Let a = .05.)Use 2 decimal places for the z-score and 4 for the p-value.a. What is z ?b. The p-value is greater than ?c. What is the conclusion? a)The sonnets were written by another poet b) There is not enough evidence to reject the null. Giving BRAINLIEST Select the table that represents a linear function. (Graph them if necessary.)A.x0123y0258B.x0123y8675C.x0123y10974D.x0123y11852 Identifying Slope and Y-intercept (WordProblems)Alimousine service charges a $35 flat rate fee plus $2.50 per mileif traveled. Identify the slope and y-intercept.Identifying slope and y- intercept have a nice day! and guudnight!!for the best quote gets brainliest! Write out everything. Fill in the blank.1. _____ volunteered to lead westerners campaign and surveyor along the Ohio and Kentucky rivers.2. _______ a young French man bought his own ship and arrive in America in 1777.3. I was dressed as a man and fought in served battles, who I am?_____.4. The ______ were _____ foreign soldiers who fought not out of loyalty, but for pay.5. Patriot troops led by ________ captured Montreal in _____.6. ______ an experience military officer and train the American troops.7. On October 11, 1777, ______ was forced to surrender his entire army to General Horatio Gates.8. The Continental army was running very low on ___ and ___.Write these two questions in a complete sentence.1. Why did the Patriots called John Paul Jones a naval hero?2. What Marquis de Lafayette did to help support the Patriots in the Revolution o.1. Whywas Russia in such a rush to industrialize in the mid 1800s A report that lists accounts and their balances, in which the total debit balances should equal the total credit balances, is called a(n):____________. a. Account balance. b. Trial balance. c. Ledger. d. Chart of accounts. e. General Journal. A new version of your operating system is released with several changes made to the transport layer protocols. Specifically, TCP has been removed completely but UDP was not changed. What specific changes must be made to your application to accomodate these changes? how did the Atlantic slave trade lead to the African diasporaplz help will give brailiest for best answer un automovil tiene ruedas de 80 cm de diametro el automovil avanca 10 metros en 5 segundos a velocidad constante likewise 133 degree is equal to 87 degree in the second at what temperature will both thermometer read the same In the article, Invasion of the Periodical Cicadas, why do scienctists believe that cicadas only reproduce every 13 or 17 years? Explain your answer with evidence from the text. You have eight more dogs than cats. You have 2 fewer chickens than dogs. You have three fewer guinea pigs than cats. If you have a total of 59 pets, write an equation that would help you find how many of each pet you have. Describe what the variable represents (Let __ represent...).