The predicted moose population 30 years later is ≈442 with the help of logistic growth model equation.
To predict the moose population on Isle Royale 30 years later, we need to consider the rate of plant growth, carrying capacity, and the growth rate of the moose population.
If the rate of plant growth remains constant and the environment remains stable, we can assume that the carrying capacity (equilibrium population) of 380 moose will still be maintained.
However, with the arrival of an additional 200 moose, the population will initially exceed the carrying capacity.
To estimate the future population, we can use a logistic growth model. The logistic growth model accounts for a population's growth rate slowing down as it approaches its carrying capacity.
The logistic growth model can be represented by the following equation:
P(t) = K / (1 + (K / P₀ - 1) * e^(-r * t))
Where:
P(t) is the population at time t,
K is the carrying capacity,
P₀ is the initial population,
r is the growth rate, and
t is the time period.
In this case, the carrying capacity (K) is 380 moose, the initial population (P₀) is 380 + 200 = 580 moose, and the time period (t) is 30 years. The growth rate (r) is not provided, so we'll assume a growth rate of 0.03 (or 3%) per year for illustration purposes.
Using these values, we can calculate the predicted moose population 30 years later:
P(30) = 380 / (1 + (380 / 580 - 1) * e^(-0.03 * 30))
P(30)=441.961414444549
p(30)≈442.
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please help me with this question
The area of the courtyard is 695.29 ft².
The total cost of the paving stone is Rs. 184252.78 .
How to find the area of an octagon?An octagon is a polygon with 8 sides. The area of the octagon with side length of 12 ft can be found as follows:
Therefore,
area of octagon = 2a² (1 + √2)
where
a = side lengthTherefore,
a = 12 ft
area of the regular octagon = 2 × 12²(1 + √2)
area of the regular octagon = 2 × 144(1 + √2)
area of the regular octagon = 288(1 + √2)
area of the regular octagon = 288 + 288√2
area of the regular octagon = 695.29 ft²
Let's find the cost of the paving stone use for the octagonal courtyard.
Therefore,
1 ft² = Rs 265
695.29 ft² = ?
cross multiply
cost of the paving stone = 695.29 × 265
cost of the paving stone = Rs. 184252.78
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5 and 9 are the example of ____ number
Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
complex numbers , real numbers , rational numbers , natural numbers , whole numbers
Monica is making a scale drawing of her
bedroom. The scale drawing of her room is 7.4
inches long and 5 inches wide. If her actual
bedroom is 18.75 feet long, how wide is the actual
room?
Answer:
approximately 12.67 feet (not sure about this)
Step-by-step explanation:
We know that Monica's scale drawing of her room is 7.4 inches long and 5 inches wide. Let's call the width of her actual bedroom "w".
To find the width of the actual room, we need to set up a proportion using the scale factor:
scale factor = length on drawing / actual length
Since we know the length on the drawing is 7.4 inches and the actual length is 18.75 feet, we can set up the following proportion:
7.4 inches / 18.75 feet = 5 inches / w
To solve for w, we can cross-multiply:
7.4 inches * w = 18.75 feet * 5 inches
Simplifying:
7.4w = 93.75
Dividing both sides by 7.4:
w = 12.67 feet
Therefore, the width of Monica's actual bedroom is approximately 12.67 feet.
a local theater sells admission tickets for $9.00 on thursday nights. at capacity, the theater holds 100 customers. the function represents the amount of money the theater takes in on thursday nights, where n is the number of customers. what is the domain of in this context?
The number of customers (n) must be between 0 and 100 (inclusive) to be within the valid domain of the function.
In this context, the domain of the function h(n) represents the valid values for the number of customers (n) that can attend the theater on Thursday nights.
Given that the theater holds 100 customers at capacity, the domain would be limited to values of n that fall within the capacity of the theater, which is from 0 to 100. This is because the theater cannot accommodate more than 100 customers, and it is not possible to have a negative number of customers.
Therefore, the domain of the function h(n) in this context would be:
Domain: 0 ≤ n ≤ 100
It means that the number of customers (n) must be between 0 and 100 (inclusive) to be within the valid domain of the function.
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Refer to figure 14-4. When price rises from P2 to P3, the firm finds that its quantity supplied also increases from Q2 to Q3 due to the higher profitability at the new price level
Figure 14-4 illustrates a situation where the price of a good or service increases from P2 to P3. As a result, the quantity supplied by the firm also rises from Q2 to Q3.
When the price of a good or service rises from P2 to P3, the firm realizes that the new price level offers higher profitability.
This encourages the firm to increase its quantity supplied from Q2 to Q3. The rationale behind this response lies in the profit motive of the firm. As the price increases, the firm anticipates higher revenue per unit sold.
Consequently, the firm sees an opportunity to generate more profits by supplying a greater quantity of the product at the new price.
This adjustment in quantity supplied reflects the firm's strategic decision to capitalize on the increased profitability associated with the higher price level, thereby maximizing its financial gains.
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Rewrite in polar form:x^2 + y^2 - 2y = 7
Answer:
[tex]r^2=2r\sin\theta+7[/tex]
Step-by-step explanation:
Recall that [tex]r^2=x^2+y^2[/tex] and [tex]y=r\sin\theta[/tex]:
[tex]x^2+y^2-2y=7\\r^2-2r\sin\theta=7\\r^2=7+2r\sin\theta[/tex]
Given the following code, assume the myStack object is a stack that can hold integers and that value is an int variable.
1. myStack.push(11);
2. myStack.push(5);
3. myStack.push(12);
4. myStack.pop(value);
5. myStack.push(3);
6. myStack.pop(value);
7. cout << value << endl;
The given code snippet demonstrates the usage of a stack data structure. After performing a series of push and pop operations on the stack, the value of the variable "value" is printed using the cout statement.
In line 1, the value 11 is pushed onto the stack using the push() function. Then, in line 2, the value 5 is pushed onto the stack. Next, in line 3, the value 12 is pushed onto the stack.
In line 4, the pop() function is used to remove the top element from the stack, and its value is stored in the variable "value". Thus, after line 4, the value of "value" would be 12.
In line 5, the value 3 is pushed onto the stack. Then, in line 6, another pop() operation is performed, and the top element (which is 3) is removed from the stack and stored in the variable "value".
Finally, in line 7, the value of "value" is printed using the cout statement, and it would output 3.
Overall, the code snippet demonstrates a sequence of push and pop operations on a stack, and the final output is the value of the top element after the second pop operation, which is 3.
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A circle with area 121 π has center at A. The measure of angle BAC = 112°. Find the length of arc BC.
The length of the arc BC of the circle with area = 121π units² is BC = 21.50 units
Given data ,
Let the area of the circle be A = 121π units²
Let the length of the arc be represented as BC
where The formula for central angle is given as;
Central Angle = ( s x 360° ) / 2πr
r = 11 units
On simplifying , we get
112 = ( s / 360 ) / 22π
On solving for s
The arc length s = BC = ( 0.3111 ) x 22π
BC = 21.50 units
Hence , the length of the arc is s = 21.50 units
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Easy Points !
if its correct
The solution to the problem shows us that we have that m = 21.
How do you solve the equation?
1/3(m - 12) = 3
We would now have to multiply all the terms on the left hand side by 1/3 and by so doing apply the distributive property and we are going to have that;
m/3 - 4 = 3
We would now have to add four to both sides so that we can have the equation balanced and we have that;
m/3 - 4 + 4 = 3 + 4
m/3 = 7
We can now multiply both sides by three as we can see to have the solution to the problem and then we are going to have that;
m/3 * 3 = 7 * 3
m = 21
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the magnification of a convex mirror is 0.67 times for objects 3.8 m from the mirror. What is the focal length of this mirror?
Magnification of a convex mirror is 0.67 times for objects 3.8 m from the mirror .the focal length is negative, this means that the mirror is a diverging mirror (convex mirror). Therefore, the focal length of this mirror is 2.4 meters.
To find the focal length of a convex mirror, we can use the mirror formula:
1/f = 1/v + 1/u
where f is the focal length, v is the image distance, and u is the object distance.
In this case, we know that the magnification (M) of the mirror is 0.67, and the object distance (u) is 3.8 m. We also know that for a convex mirror, the image is always virtual and upright, so the image distance (v) is negative.
The magnification formula is:
M = -v/u
Substituting the values we have:
0.67 = -v/3.8
v = -2.546 m
Now we can use the mirror formula to find the focal length:
1/f = 1/-2.546 + 1/3.8
1/f = -0.416
f = -2.4 m
Since the focal length is negative, this means that the mirror is a diverging mirror (convex mirror). Therefore, the focal length of this mirror is 2.4 meters.
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PLEASE HELP I WILL GIVE BRAINLIST TO THE RIGHT ANSWER!!!
to equal y positions
first you need to equal the equalities that defines y positions
therefore:
[tex] \frac{ x}{2} + 2 = x + 1[/tex]
this means x = 2 if y positions are equal
so y = 3
(2,3)
you can easily find it by just looking at the graph
find and sketch the domain of the function. f(x, y) = y + 36 − x2 − y2
The domain of a function refers to all the possible input values for which the function is defined. In the case of f(x,y) = y + 36 − x^2 − y^2, we need to consider what values of x and y would make the expression inside the function valid.
To find the domain of f(x,y), we need to consider the range of possible values for x and y. Since x^2 and y^2 are both squared terms, they can never be negative. Therefore, the only restriction on the domain of this function is that x^2 + y^2 cannot be greater than 36, since this would make the expression inside the function negative.
Graphically, this means that the domain of the function is a circle with radius 6 centered at the origin. To sketch this, we can plot the points (0,6), (0,-6), (6,0), and (-6,0), and then draw a circle through those points.
In summary, the domain of f(x,y) = y + 36 − x^2 − y^2 is the set of all points (x,y) that lie within or on the circle with radius 6 centered at the origin. This can be expressed mathematically as:
{(x,y) | x^2 + y^2 ≤ 36}
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Question 4 Find the volume of the prism. Round your answer to the nearest tenth, if necessary. 16 in. Need help with this question? t Question Check Answer 34 in. 22 in. ©2023 McGraw Hill. All Rights Reserved. Privacy Center Terms of Use Minimum Require
The volume of the prism is 11,968 cubic inches.
The formula for the volume of a rectangular prism is:
Volume = Base Area x Height
So, Base Area = Length x Width
Base Area = 34 in x 22 in
Base Area = 748 in²
Now, Volume = Base Area x Height
Volume = 748 x 16 in
Volume = 11,968 in³
Therefore, the volume of the prism is 11,968 cubic inches.
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what is the total number of different 13-letter arrangements that can be formed using the letters in the word constellation?
the total number of different 13-letter arrangements that can be formed using the letters in the word constellation is 389,188,800.
In the total number of different 13-letter arrangements that can be formed using the letters in the word constellation, we need to consider the number of letters and their repetitions.
c: 1 occurrence
o: 2 occurrences
n: 1 occurrence
s: 2 occurrences
t: 2 occurrences
e: 1 occurrence
l: 2 occurrences
a: 1 occurrence
i: 1 occurrence
Total number of arrangements = (Total number of letters)! / [(Number of repetitions for letter1)! × (Number of repetitions for letter 2)! × ... × (Number of repetitions for letter)!]
Substituting the values into the formula:
A total number of arrangements = 13! / [(1!) × (2!) × (1!) × (2!) × (2!) × (1!) ×(2!) × (1!) × (1!)]
A total number of arrangements = 13! / (1 × 2^4)
= 6,227,020,800 / 16
= 389,188,800
Therefore, the total number of different 13-letter arrangements that can be formed using the letters in the word constellation is 389,188,800.
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2. Approximately how many times larger is the bigger number of the numbers given below?
Explain.
2.3 x 10^-5 and 3.702 x 10^-4
Answer: 3.702 x 10^-4 is approximately 16 times larger than 2.3 x 10^-5
Step-by-step explanation:
When working with negative exponents, the one with the smaller number in the exponent is the larger number (4<5). After that, all you have to do is divide.
3.702 x 10^-4/2.3 x 10^-5 ≈ 16
which of the following has three significant digits? a. 305.0 cm b. 1.0008 mm c. 0.0600 m d. 7.060 x 1010
The correct answer is option A, which is 305.0 cm. A significant digit is any digit that contributes to the precision of a measurement. In this case, the digit 3, 0, and 5 are significant because they indicate the actual measurement.
The decimal point also plays a significant role in determining the number of significant digits. Therefore, in option A, the digit 0 after the decimal point is also significant. Option B has four significant digits because of the digit 8 after the third decimal place. Option C has only two significant digits because the digit 0 before the decimal point is not significant. Option D is written in scientific notation and has four significant digits as well. So, to summarize, option A has three significant digits as it has 305.0, which is a significant measurement with three digits.
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let f(x) = x2 on the interval [0, 1]. rotate the region between the curve and the x-axis around the x-axis and find the volume of the resulting solid.
The volume of the solid generated by rotating the region between the curve y = x² and the x-axis around the x-axis over the interval [0, 1] is π/2 (or approximately 1.57) cubic units.
To find the volume of the solid generated by rotating the region between the curve y = f(x) = x² and the x-axis around the x-axis over the interval [0, 1], we can use the method of cylindrical shells.
The volume of a solid obtained by rotating a region bounded by a curve around an axis can be calculated using the formula:
V = 2π∫[a,b] x * f(x) dx
In this case, we will integrate with respect to x over the interval [0, 1] and multiply the integrand by 2π.
Let's calculate the volume:
V = 2π∫[0,1] x * (x²) dx
= 2π∫[0,1] x³ dx
To integrate x³ with respect to x, we add 1 to the exponent and divide by the new exponent:
V = 2π * [([tex]x^4[/tex])/4] evaluated from 0 to 1
= 2π * [([tex]1^4[/tex])/4 - ([tex]0^4[/tex])/4]
= 2π * (1/4 - 0/4)
= π/2
Therefore, the volume of the solid generated by rotating the region between the curve y = x² and the x-axis around the x-axis over the interval [0, 1] is π/2 (or approximately 1.57) cubic units.
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I just i don't know this answer. help me please
Answer:
6
Step-by-step explanation:
factors of 30 are 30, 15, 10, 6, 5, 3, 2, 1.
factors of 18 are 18, 9, 6, 3, 2, 1.
the highest (largest) number they share is 6.
Help! Attachment Below
Answer:
area=21 cm^2
Step-by-step explanation:
split the shape into a triangle and rectangle and count the squares to find the length of the sides
area of the rectangle=3×5
area of rectangle=15
area of triangle= 4×3
area of triangle=12
area of triangle=12÷2
area of triangle=6
area of shape=15+6
area of shape=21
The letters x and y represent rectangular coordinates. Write the equation using polar coordinates (r, θ). xy = 1 Answer choices: A) r sin 2θ = 2 B) 2r sin θ cos θ = 1 C) r^2 sin 2θ = 2 D) 2r^2 sin θ cos θ = 1 Could you explain to me how to solve this?
Comparing this equation to the answer choices provided, the correct answer is D) 2r^2 sin θ cos θ = 1.
To convert the equation xy = 1 from rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates, we can use the following equations:
x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ
Substituting these expressions into xy = 1, we get:
r cos θ * r sin θ = 1
Simplifying and using trigonometric identities, we can obtain the equation in polar coordinates:
r^2 sin 2θ = 2
Therefore, the answer is option C) r^2 sin 2θ = 2.
To convert the given equation xy = 1 from rectangular coordinates (x, y) to polar coordinates (r, θ), you'll need to use the following conversion formulas:
x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ
Now, substitute these formulas into the given equation:
(r cos θ)(r sin θ) = 1
Simplify the equation:
r^2 sin θ cos θ = 1
Comparing this equation to the answer choices provided, the correct answer is D) 2r^2 sin θ cos θ = 1. Note that there is a slight discrepancy between our derived equation and the answer choice, which contains a factor of 2. However, this is the closest match among the given options.
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Given the recursive formula: a1=3 an=2(an-1+1)
State the values a2 a3 and a4 for the given recursive formula
Find the area of the polygon. Pls help
Step-by-step explanation:
There is no defined formula for the area of an irregular pentagon. The area of an irregular pentagon can be calculated by dividing the pentagon into other smaller polygons. Then, the area of these polygons is calculated and added together to get the area of the pentagon.
TRUE OR FALSE
For a random variable X, V(X+3) = v(X+6), Where V refers to the variance
Since both V(X+3) and V(X+6) equal V(X), the statement is true. When adding a constant value to a random variable, the mean of the random variable also increases by the same constant value, but the variance remains the same.
Therefore, V(X+3) = V(X) and V(X+6) = V(X).
In summary, adding a constant value to a random variable does not affect the variance of the random variable.
For a random variable X, V(X+3) = V(X+6), where V refers to the variance. This is because when adding a constant to a random variable, the variance remains unchanged. The variance measures the dispersion of the data points around the mean, and adding a constant shifts all data points by the same amount, without affecting the overall dispersion. Therefore, the variance of X+3 and X+6 will be the same as the variance of X.
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find the derivative of f(x,y)=x2 y2 in the direction of the unit tangent vector of the curve r(t)=(cos t t sin t)i (sin t−t cos t)j, t>0.
Answer:
The derivative of f(x,y)=x2 y2 in the direction of the unit tangent vector of the curve r(t)=(cos t t sin t)i (sin t−t cos t)j, t>0 is 2x^2+2y^2
Select the law that shows that the two propositions are logically equivalent.
¬((w∨p)∧(¬q∧q∧w))
¬(w∨p)∨¬(¬q∧q∧w)
Group of answer choices
(a)DeMorgan’s law
(b)Distributive law
(c)Associative law
(d)Complement law
The law that shows the logical equivalence of the two propositions ¬((w∨p)∧(¬q∧q∧w)) and ¬(w∨p)∨¬(¬q∧q∧w) is DeMorgan's law. The correct answer is A.
DeMorgan's law states that the negation of a conjunction (AND) is logically equivalent to the disjunction (OR) of the negations of the individual statements. It can be expressed as ¬(A∧B) ≡ ¬A∨¬B.
Applying DeMorgan's law to the given propositions, we have:
¬((w∨p)∧(¬q∧q∧w)) ≡ ¬(w∨p)∨¬(¬q∧q∧w).
By negating the conjunction and distributing the negations, the logical equivalence is maintained. Therefore, the correct choice is:
(a) DeMorgan's law.
Therefore, DeMorgan's law is a fundamental principle in logic that allows us to manipulate and simplify logical expressions by transforming between conjunctions and disjunctions with negations.
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solve the equation for solutions over the interval [0,2) by first solving for the trigonometric function. 8sinx 8=12
To solve the equation 8sinx = 12 over the interval [0,2), we first need to isolate the trigonometric function.
Dividing both sides of the equation by 8, we get:
sinx = 12/8
sinx = 3/2
However, this is not possible, since the sine function only takes values between -1 and 1. Therefore, there are no solutions for the equation 8sinx = 12 over the interval [0,2).
Alternatively, if the equation were 8sinx = -12, we could proceed as follows:
Dividing both sides by 8, we get:
sinx = -12/8
sinx = -3/2
Since the sine function is negative in the third and fourth quadrants, we can use the inverse sine function (arcsin) to find the solutions in the interval [0,2):
x = arcsin(-3/2) + 2πk or x = π - arcsin(-3/2) + 2πk, where k is an integer.
However, since -3/2 is outside the range of the sine function, the equation has no solutions over the interval [0,2).
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determine the indefinite integral 2x1(x2−3)8 dx by substitution. (it is recommended that you check your results by differentiation.) use capital c for the free constant.
The indefinite integral is [tex](-1/16)(x^2 - 3)^{-7[/tex]+ C.
We can use the substitution u = [tex]x^2 - 3[/tex], which means du/dx = 2x.
Making this substitution, we get:
∫[tex]2x / (x^2 - 3)^8[/tex] dx
Substituting u and du, we get:
(1/2) ∫[tex]u^{-8[/tex] du
= (-1/16)[tex]u^{-7[/tex] + C
Substituting back for u, we get:
= (-1/16)[tex](x^2 - 3)^{-7}[/tex] + C
To check our answer, we can differentiate the result using the chain rule:
d/dx [(-[tex]1/16)(x^2 - 3)^{-7}[/tex]] =[tex](1/8)x(x^2 - 3)^{-8[/tex]
Multiplying by 2x from the original integrand, we get:
=[tex](1/4)(2x)(x^2 - 3)^{-8[/tex]
This matches the original integrand, so we can be confident that our indefinite integral is correct:
∫[tex]2x1(x^2-3)8[/tex]dx = ([tex]-1/16)(x^2 - 3)^{-7[/tex] + C
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The solid hemisphere shown below has a diameter of 6 centimeters.
What is the area of the top view?
Top view
977 cm²
1877cm²
3677 cm²
727cm²
Front view
-Side view
1 of 5 QUESTIONS
If solid hemisphere has a diameter of 6 centimeters then the area of the top view is 9π cm²
To find the area of the top view of a solid hemisphere, we need to consider that the top view will be a circle with a diameter equal to the diameter of the hemisphere.
Given that the diameter of the hemisphere is 6 centimeters, the radius will be half of the diameter, which is 3 centimeters.
The area of a circle can be calculated using the formula:
Area = π × radius²
Substituting the radius value, we have:
Area = π × 3²
= π × 9
=9π cm²
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A report in a research journal states that the average weight loss of people on a certain drug is 33 lbs with a margin of error of ±4 lbs with confidence level C = 95%.(a) According to this information, the mean weight loss of people on this drug, population mean, could be as low as ____ lbs.(b) If the study is repeated, how large should the sample size be so that the margin of error would be less than 2 lbs? (Assume standard deviation= 7 lbs.)ANSWER: ?
The mean weight loss of people on this drug, population mean, could be as low as 29 lbs and if the study is repeated, the sample size should be at least 48 to achieve a margin of error less than 2 lbs.
(a) According to the information provided, the mean weight loss of people on this drug, population mean, could be as low as 29 lbs. This is calculated by subtracting the margin of error (±4 lbs) from the average weight loss (33 lbs): 33 - 4 = 29 lbs.
(b) To determine the required sample size for the study to be repeated with a margin of error less than 2 lbs, we can use the following formula for the margin of error (ME) with a known standard deviation (SD) and a confidence level (CL) of 95%:
ME = (1.96 * SD) / sqrt(n)
Here, ME = 2, SD = 7, and n is the sample size we need to find. Rearranging the formula to solve for n:
[tex]n = (1.96 * 7 / 2)^2\\n = (13.72 / 2)^2\\n = 6.86^2[/tex]
n ≈ 47.1
Since we can't have a fraction of a sample, we round up to the nearest whole number. Therefore, if the study is repeated, the sample size should be at least 48 to achieve a margin of error less than 2 lbs.
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Cabs pass your workplace according to a poison process with a mean of five cabs per hour. Suppose that you exit the workplace at 6:00 p.m. Determine the following:
a. Probability that 3 cabs pass by 6:30 p.m.
b. The expected number of cabs that pass by: 6:10
c. Probability that you wait more that 10 minutes for a cab.
a.2.5 The probability of 3 cabs passing by 6:30 p.m. can be calculated using the Poisson distribution. b. The expected number of cabs passing by 6:10 p.m. is found by multiplying the mean rate by the duration. c. The probability of waiting more than 10 minutes for a cab can be obtained using the CDF of the exponential distribution.
a. The probability of 3 cabs passing by 6:30 p.m. can be calculated using the Poisson distribution. b. The expected number of cabs passing by 6:10 p.m. is found by multiplying the mean rate by the duration. c. The probability of waiting more than 10 minutes for a cab can be obtained using the CDF of the exponential distribution.a. The probability that 3 cabs pass by 6:30 p.m. can be calculated using the Poisson distribution. The mean number of cabs per hour is given as 5. From 6:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m., the duration is 30 minutes, which is half an hour. The expected number of cabs passing by during this time period can be calculated as the product of the mean rate and the duration, i.e., 5 * 0.5 = 2.5. Using the Poisson distribution formula, we can find the probability of observing exactly 3 cabs during this time period.
b. The expected number of cabs that pass by 6:10 p.m. can be calculated using the same approach. The duration from 6:00 p.m. to 6:10 p.m. is 10 minutes, which is 1/6th of an hour. Multiplying the mean rate of 5 cabs per hour by the duration, we get the expected number of cabs passing by during this time period as 5 * (1/6) = 5/6.
c. To calculate the probability of waiting more than 10 minutes for a cab, we need to consider the inter-arrival time of the cabs. The inter-arrival time follows an exponential distribution, which is the reciprocal of the Poisson distribution. In this case, the mean inter-arrival time is 1/5 of an hour (since the mean rate is 5 cabs per hour). We can use the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the exponential distribution to find the probability of waiting more than 10 minutes, which is equivalent to waiting more than 1/6th of an hour. The CDF of the exponential distribution can be evaluated to obtain the desired probability.
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