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1. Why were enslaved people under Dutch rule able to access some legal rights, such as owning property, getting married, or petitioning for freedom?
2. What may have been the benefits/ challenges associated with owning land as an emancipated slave?
TEXT: The largest number of New Amsterdam’s enslaved people, including Maria Van Angola, came from the Kingdom of Angola, a major trading ally of Portugal and Holland; they were probably trafficked through the port of Luanda.
We have no portraits or images of the enslaved and free Africans in New Amsterdam, but Dutch and Flemish artists depicted African people from similar backgrounds in the Netherlands in the 1500s and 1600s.
Maria Van Angola’s name suggests that she was born in the kingdom of Angola and came to New Amsterdam on the first shipload of enslaved people in 1626. She originally appears in the historical record in 1640, when she witnessed a baptism in the Dutch Reformed Church. Two years later she had a son named Dominicus baptized there.
The Dutch had no clear laws defining or regulating slavery in the early 1600s. It was unclear what rights enslaved people might have or how they might become free. In this ambiguous situation, Maria Van Angola and others used several strategies to secure rights and freedom for themselves and their families, including legal action, church membership, and control of land.
The Dutch system gave marriages between enslaved people official status. In November 1642, Maria and Anthony Fernando Portuguese, the father of her child, formally married in the Dutch Reformed Church. Anthony had already survived a dangerous brush with the law. Over the next seven years they had five more children and embarked on a long struggle for freedom and security for their family.
Some enslaved people achieved legal standing in Dutch courts; they could own property, work for wages, and sue when they were not paid. In fact, legal records show that Maria’s husband had once sued for damages that a merchant’s dog had done to his pig. Access to the legal system became an important tool for African people in obtaining and defending their freedom.
Some African-Dutch people had already encountered Christianity in Africa, and many joined the Dutch Reformed church in New Amsterdam in hopes of gaining freedom for themselves or their children. Maria Van Angola was an active church member for at least 41 years and acted as a witness for many baptisms.
In 1643, as the colony was at war with the Mohawk nation, the Company emancipated 11 people. Each received a small plot of land (about 5–10 acres) north of the wall on today’s Wall Street, where they could act as a buffer against Native incursions. These Africans were “half-free,” meaning that they were still expected to pay fees to the Company and their children would not be legally free.
Owning land meant more than a farm—it was a key to status as a “freeholder” with political rights. Listed among the original owners of small farms was a woman called “Marycke” who may have been Maria Van Angola. Over the next 19 years, 22 more emancipated people received small land grants as well, including Maria’s husband, Anthony Portuguese, in 1645.
Maria Van Angola took advantage of the openness of the Dutch system. But near the end of Dutch rule, that openness was shutting down. The church began discouraging baptisms of Africans and land grants to Africans became more rare. The English takeover in 1664 shut the system down further, ending land grants, discouraging emancipation, and barring Africans from testifying in court. After the English took over New Amsterdam and named it New York, most of the African landowners sold their small plots or lost them in seizures. The English also clamped down in their control of the enslaved population; unlike Anthony Portuguese who was pardoned in 1641, the suspected leaders of slave revolts in 1712 and 1741 were burned at the stake.
Maria managed to hold on, however. She retained her freedom through the changeover to English rule, and in 1681 she married a second time, this time to Bastiaen Mattheuszen, an African leader. They were listed in the church record as “both living on the great [Hudson] river.”
The record shows that Maria’s adopted daughter, Susanna, held on to the family land until at least 1717. Susanna’s brother, Jochim, became an apprentice, learned to read and write, and joined the Dutch church in Hackensack, NJ. These hints suggest that the next generations continued to benefit from the freedoms that Maria and Anthony had fought for.
Answer:
1.
"The Dutch had no clear laws defining or regulating slavery in the early 1600s. It was unclear what rights enslaved people might have or how they might become free. In this ambiguous situation, Maria Van Angola and others used several strategies to secure rights and freedom for themselves and their families, including legal action, church membership, and control of land."
According to the text, it had no laws defining/regulating slavery at the time, making it unclear what rights they had. Even if they faced issues, they would still - in all technicality - be able to marry, own property, or petition for their own freedom.
2.
The benefits of owning land was an important part of being a freeholder. This means you would have small land grants and political rights freedom.
"Owning land meant more than a farm--it was a key to status as a “freeholder” with political rights. Listed among the original owners of small farms was a woman called “Marycke” who may have been Maria Van Angola. Over the next 19 years, 22 more emancipated people received small land grants as well, including Maria’s husband, Anthony Portuguese, in 1645."
Not sure if these are right!! Just a small guess, I'm not doing a lesson related to this. I just needed some points. Have a nice day, stay safe! :'}
Explanation:
Explanation:
A Dog asleep in a manger filled with hay, was awakened by the Cattle, which came in tired and hungry from working in the field. ... When he saw how the Dog was acting, he seized a stick and drove him out of the stable with many a blow for his selfish behavior. Moral. Do not grudge others what you cannot enjoy yourself
Which is the best cue in 8 ball pool?
Answer:
1. Archon Cue. Archon cue with the full 10 point of Force stat with the combination of 9 Spin point is the best cue in 8 Ball pool game. The design itself reflects the poised and sophisticated image of the cue.
Explanation:
Answer:
.Plasma Cue
Explanation:
extravagant expenditure in feast,festival and other occasions obstructs the development of the society.how ?
Answer:
The redundant expenditure on festivals or feasts can be used for productive purposes like healthcare, infrastructure, education, saving for an emergency, etc.
Explanation:
As we know, the celebration of any festival causes extravagant and improvident expenditure on the unnecessary arrangement of feasts, new clothes, jewelleries, decorations, and much more. This obstructs the development process of society as it prevents people from investing money into productive purposes like healthcare, education, improving the quality of their life, or saving it for future emergencies. If the lavish expenditure on festivals is prevented, the future of our society can be brighter, safer, and more developed.
List 10 different things you guys are grateful for
Answer:
Here is what I'm grateful for:
1. Family
2. Friends
3. My pets
4. Food
5. Water
6. Clothing
7. Shoes
8. Electronics
9. Art things (colored pencils, paper, etc, bc I love to draw)
10. brainly.com
How has social media significantly changed the number and strength of our weak ties?
Answer:
i feel like social media aint really doing nothing to us because its something we were born like near so its not like its doing anything to us
Explanation:
Bella i love you its jordan
Answer:
I m not saying give me points or etc
but give me some info about her
How could a photograph be compared to a fossil? Give one way they are similar and one way they are different.
Answer:
Explanation: A fossil is old and is part of history and an old picture can be to which is how they can be the same, but fossils are millions and millions of years old and they obviously didn't have cameras back then which means that a photograph cant be that old.
Where did Nat Turner get his inspiration to mount his rebellion?
Answer:
Similarly, a solar eclipse and an unusual atmospheric event are believed to have inspired his insurrection, which began on August 21, 1831
Explanation:
Nat Turner's rebellion was one of the bloodiest and most effective in American history.
What type of rock does the ocean floor consist of?
Igneous granite rock
Sedimentary rock
Igneous basalt rock
Metamorphic rock
Answer:
sedimentary rocks do
Explanation:
What are culture
Is culture?
Answer:
hi
Culture refers to a set of beliefs, norms, values, behaviors and objects that members of a certain social group or society share, or have in common with each other. A type of culture for instance, can be western culture, which is typically characterized by individuality, modern and developed infrastructure, high literacy levels, etc.
Explanation:
dipolodonculus
Which event that involves matter and energy can not be explained?
Answer:
Explanation:
I think it’s physics
sorry if it wrong
Which of the following did the articles of confederation provide for ?
Answer:
The Articles of Confederation created a national government composed of a Congress, which had the power to declare war, appoint military officers, sign treaties, make alliances, appoint foreign ambassadors, and manage relations with Indians.
hopes this helps
Explanation:
How is the role of citizens in the United States different from the role of citizens in the United Kingdom?
Answer:
To stay loyal to the king
Explanation:
Name two things a fossil can show scientists.
Answer:
it can show an animal that has gone extinct and it can show how old the actual fossil is.
Answer:
Animal and evolution
Explanation:
According to the graph about ______of GDP was earned in trade in 1993. About_____of GDP was earned in trade in 2013. From 1998 to 2013, the percentage of GDP earned from trade ____.
Please help me
Answer:
example it maybe the right answer!!!
Share of National Income Earned by Top 1 Percent, Composition of Total R&D Spending as a Share of GDP, U.S. Merchandise and Overall Trade Deficits, 2000–2013. further in 2013, according to every major measure of house prices (Figure. (Berman, Bound, and Griliches 1994; Krueger 1993).
Answer:
<3
Explanation:
\ what is the meaning of symbol
slash for dividing or ''or''
whats the differance between longitudtional and transverse waves
Answer:
Explanation:
Transverse waves are always characterized by particle motion being perpendicular to wave motion. A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction that the wave moves.
Explanation:Transverse waves are always characterized by particle motion being perpendicular to wave motion. A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction that the wave moves
How many countries in sub-Saharan Africa are considered to have high levels of development?
A. none
B. one
C. five
D. more than ten
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
A
B
C
D
Answer:
the answer is A
Explanation:
The answer is A: none
___________ pipelines carry crude oil from gathering-line concentration points to the oil refineries. a) Product b) Trunk c) Slurry d) Collection
Answer:
b) Trunk
Explanation:
Trunk pipelines: The term "trunk pipeline" is described as a pipeline that is being utilized to transport natural gas and crude oil within states or across countries. These trunk pipelines are considered as the set of "large diameter" steel pipelines that carry the specific petroleum products across different borders or countries.
In the question above, the given statement represents "trunk pipelines".
On October 11th of 1988, ____________ fly to Tucson, AZ, spending six weeks in an alcohol rehab center.
Answer: Ringo and Barbara Bach
Explanation:
Ringo Starr is a musician and also the drummer for the Beatles and he is married to Barbara Bach who is a model and also an actress.
They went through six weeks of rehab during the fall of 1988 at Sierra Tucson with regards to alcoholism.
Life in the Maya civilization was easy for most citizens.
True
False
Answer:
false
Explanation:
Answer:
False
Explanation:
Identify all the behaviors below which would generally work to promote wellness: smoking cigarettes exercising regularly becoming emotionally isolated finding a purpose in life having high self-esteem eating well unsafe driving
Answer:
exercising regularly, finding a purpose in life, having high self-esteem, and eating well
Explanation:
Answer:
B, D, E, F
Explanation:
edge 2023
Compare and Contrast: Buddhism, Polytheism, and Hinduism
Answer:
Buddhism and Hinduism agree on karma, dharma, moksha and reincarnation. They are different in that Buddhism rejects the priests of Hinduism, the formal rituals, and the caste system. Buddha urged people to seek enlightenment through meditation. Although these three religions have many similarities, there are several differences as well. For example, Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism all have a philosophy developed system. However, Hinduism is based on the Brahmana system and Buddhism and Jainism are based on the Sramana system.
hope this helps and feel free to give brainiest
Answer:
Muslims worship a single, external deity, and follows a strict moral code based on their holy book, the Quran. Buddhism and Hinduism are Eastern religions. Like Islam, Hinduism looks to an outward deity, while Buddhism advocates that practitioners look inside themselves to find enlightenment.
hope this helps and give it to Z1king
Using complete sentences, explain the difference between the major economic activities of Western Europe and those of Eastern Europe. Please hurry
Answer:
Studies have shown that the European Union is the leading region of automobile manufacturing in the world. It is estimated that 34% of the world's vehicles are manufactured in Europe. The European aeronautics industry develops and manufactures civilian and military aircraft, helicopters, drones, as well as other related systems and equipment. European industry is a global leader in the production of chemicals; Includes 27% of total world production. The leader in this area is the country of Germany, followed by France, Italy, and the United Kingdom.
Explanation:
its not totally correct but its correct enough to get it right
you can mark brainlist if you want but you don't have too (っ^◡^)っ ❤
HELP PLEASE I REALLY NEED IT!!! 9. What do the results tell you about your hypothesis (es)?
10. How do the data support your claim above?
Answer:
tells you if you right or wrong about what you did
Answer:
SORRY IF LATE BUT HERE IS ANSWER:
A hypothesis is a scientific guess into a phenomenon. Results can either support a hypothesis or falsify them.
The findings that result from an experiment are the results on which the claim on a hypothesis is predicated.
When results conflict with the hypothesis statement, such a conjecture can no longer hold true and therefore, it would be modified or completely discarded.
If results support a hypothesis, then the conjecture is accepted and passed on to further scientific procedure.
Explanation:
Type the correct answer in the box
What weather pattern did Indian farmers depend on to bring water for their crops?
Indian farmers depended on the
to bring water for their crops.
HURRYYY PLEASEEE !!!
Answer: Monsoon
Explanation:
Answer: Monsoon
Explanation:
ASSSSAAAAAAPPPPPP SOSSSSS
What programs did the Brazilian government create in the 1990s to reduce poverty and child labor in the country? How successful were these programs?
Answer:
Brazil has reduced the poverty and child labor by implementing various social programs. Up to 2001, the extension of the rural social security program gave benefits to almost 6.6 million people in the form of a 5 billion $ per year.
Furthermore the brazil government controlled the inflation rate through a combination of de-indexation of labor contracts and an exchange-rate based stabilization policy, known as the Real Plan in 1994.
Explanation:
answer
Answer:
Brazil created two programs that distributed cash to poor families in exchange for their children leaving the workforce and staying in school. The two programs, Bolsa Familia and the Program to Eradicate Child Labor (PETI), have been very successful. 40 million families have been lifted out of poverty. On average, children in Brazil receive twice as many years of schooling today as they did in the 1990s. In addition, the number of child workers has been cut in half.
Explanation:
Sample Response.
I need help on this
Answer:i cant the photo to answer
Explanation:
How did Darius unify the Persian empire?
Answer:
by dividing it into provinces and placing straps to govern it.
Explanation:
He organized a new uniform monetary system (achaemenid) along with making aramaic the official language of the empire. This was how the empire became unified.
The _____ amendments of 1970 and 1977 gave the Environmental Protection Agency the power to set air quality standards and to ensure that those standards are achieved according to a timetable prescribed by the agency.
Answer:
The only thing I can think of is The Clean Air Acts. Although I do not know if that is the answer you are looking for.