The four base pairs in DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) (T). These bases come in particular pairs (A with T, and G with C).
Chargaff's rules are particular patterns for how the bases go together. According to these criteria, adenine and thymine are always paired, while cytosine and guanine are. They bear Edwin Chargaff's name, the researcher who discovered the pattern, as their namesake. According to Chargaff, all DNA molecules typically contain an equal ratio of adenine to thymine and cytosine to guanine. He postulated that if one complimentary base was present, the other side of the DNA helix must include the other, and as a result, he developed the base-pairing principles that are still in use today.
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During normal cell division, a parent cell having four chromosomes in G1 will produce two daughter cells, each containing ______.
Clams that are native to China are living in the San Francisco bay. How can these clams damage the bay ecosystem?
Answer:
Marine Invasive Species are animals or algae that have been translocated from their native region to California marine and estuarine waters. Invasive species are also called introduced, exotic, alien, nonindigenous or non-native.The introduction of NIS can cause harm to the ecosystem by displacing native species, becoming a human health dangerby introducing new diseases, or cause economic havoc on commercial, agricultural, or recreational activities by clogging waterways, and impacting navigation and recreation.
A prime example of the harm an invasive species can cause is Caulerpa taxifolia, also known as Killer Algae, a strain of green seaweed believed to be released from an aquarium directly into a water body or through a storm drain. The Killer Algae forms a dense carpet on any surface including rock, sand, and mud displacing native plants and animals, disrupts the natural food chain, and seriously impacting recreational and commercial fisheries.
Although Caulerpa was successfully eradicated from California marine waters, few eradications have been attempted due to perceived challenges and high cost (over $7M was expended in the case of Caulerpa).
Number of Invasive Species Statewide
The map below shows that all major harbor areas and Bays in California have received significant NIS introductions. San Francisco Bay has the highest number of non-native species, followed by the Ports of Los Angeles/Long Beach. San Francisco Bay is a hotspot for invasions because it has high recreational boating and commercial shipping traffic, a history of oyster culture, and is adjacent to a highly urbanized area. Our research found that San Francisco Bay is a hub for the spread of NIS to the rest of the West Coast.
Explanation:
You are studying a biochemical pathway in the mold Neurospora where enzyme 1 converts the initial substrate into intermediate substrate A; enzyme 2 converts intermediate substrate A into intermediate substrate B; enzyme 3 converts intermediate substrate B into intermediate substrate C; and enzyme 4 converts intermediate substrate C into the end product, an amino acid that is essential for growth. You isolate a mutant that is unable to grow on minimal media. Which data would provide the strongest support for the hypothesis that this mutation occurred in the gene that codes for enzyme 2
Complete question:
You are studying a biochemical pathway in the mold Neurospora where enzyme 1 converts the initial substrate into intermediate substrate A; enzyme 2 converts intermediate substrate A into intermediate substrate B; enzyme 3 converts intermediate substrate B into intermediate substrate C; and enzyme 4 converts intermediate substrate C into the end product, an amino acid that is essential for growth. You isolate a mutant that is unable to grow on minimal media. Which data would provide the strongest support for the hypothesis that this mutation occurred in the gene that codes for enzyme 2?
a. The mold can grow on rich medium plus intermediate substrate C, but not on rich medium plus intermediate substrate B.
b. The mold can grow on minimal medium plus intermediate substrate B, but not on minimal medium plus the initial substrate.
c. The mold can grow on minimal medium plus intermediate substrate B, but not on minimal medium plus intermediate substrate A.
d. The mold can grow on rich medium plus intermediate substrate D, but not on rich medium plus intermediate substrate C.
e. The mold can grow on minimal medium plus intermediate substrate A, but not on minimal medium plus intermediate substrate C.
Answer:
c. The mold can grow on minimal medium plus intermediate substrate B, but not on minimal medium plus intermediate substrate A.
Explanation:
Let us first diagram the pathway for a better understanding.
The normal organism produces four enzymes that convert substrates in the medium that allow it to survive, grow, and reproduce.
initial substrate ------------> A ----------------> B ----------------> C ----------------> AA
Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 Enzyme 4
Any mutation on the Neurospora´s enzymes will not let the organism grow on the minimal medium because it will not be able to convert the minimal substrate into the following one, because the mutated enzyme will not accomplish its original function.
So if the mutation occurs in enzyme 1, the organism will not be able to convert the initial substrate into intermediate substrate A. And the rest of the reaction will not be possible either because of the lack of substance A.initial substrate -----X----> A -------X-----> B ------X--------> C ------X-------> AA
mutated Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 Enzyme 4
If the mutation occurs in enzyme 2, the organism will not be able to convert the intermediate substrate A into intermediate substrate B. And the rest of the reaction will not be possible either because of the lack of substance B.
initial substrate ------------> A -------X--------> B -------X------> C --------X-----> AA
Enzyme 1 mutated Enz. 2 Enzyme 3 Enzyme 4
If the mutation occurs in enzyme 3, the organism will not be able to convert the intermediate substrate B into intermediate substrate C. And the last reaction will not be possible either because of the lack of substance C.
initial substrate ------------> A ----------------> B -------X--------> C -------X------> AA
Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 mutated Enz. 3 Enzyme 4
And if the mutation occurs in enzyme 4, the organism will not be able to convert the intermediate substrate C into the essential amino acid.
initial substrate ------------> A ----------------> B ----------------> C -------X-------> AA
Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 Mutated Enz. 4
But, if we artificially add to the medium the substrate that should be produced by the original enzyme (and that is not converted because of the mutation), then the organism will grow and survive because the other enzymes will be able to produce the essential amino acid.
So, if enzyme 2 is the only enzyme mutated, the organism will not be able to live in a medium with substrate A because the mutated enzyme will not convert the substrate A into B. There will not be B substrate in the medium, and the other enzymes will not produce the essential amino acid. So if the mutation occurs in enzyme 2, substrate A is useless to the organism because it will not survive.
But if we add the intermediate substrate B to the medium, the organism will survive. In a medium with substrate B, all the other reactions will be possible, and the organism will get the essential amino acid. The artificial addition of B substrate will replace the function of the original enzyme 2 -which is the one that converts A into B-.
The most common index
fossils are shells of invertebrates.
Give two reasons why this is so.
Answer:
the most common index fossils are shells of invertebrates. give two reasons why this is so. Fusulinids make good index fossils. they are very abundant in marine sediment, widely distributed, and existed during a specific period in time.
Explanation:
learned in science class
Answer:
Fusulinids make good index fossils. They are very abundant in marine sediment,widely distributed and existed during a specific period in time.
Tina is studying chipmunks in a field of 900 square meters. In 2020, she counts 194 chipmunks. In 2021, she counts 231 chipmunks. What is the population density of chipmunks in 2021?
Answer:the population density of chipmunks in 2021=256,666.667 per square kilometres
Explanation:
Population density is defined as the number of population per unit area of land
which can be expressed as
Population density =number of population/ land area
Since land area is usually given in square kilometres or square miles we convert 900 square meters to square kilometres
1 square kilometres =1000000 square meters
900 square meters=900/1000000=0.0009 square kilometres
Therefore, the population density of chipmunks in 2021= 231/0.0009 square kilometres =256,666.667 per square kilometres
A fixed pulley is classified as a simple machine because it changes which of the following aspects of the input force
1. ratio
2.direction
3.efficiency
4.magnitude
Answer:
3
Explanation:
3 efficiency there u go
because light can travel through space, it cannot be a ____ wave
PLEASE ANSWER !!
Answer:
Sound
Explanation:
Sound waves are travelling vibrations of particles in media such as air, water or metal. So it stands to reason that they cannot travel through empty space, where there are no atoms or molecules to vibrate.
Answer:
Matter Wave
Explanation:
When light shines in an object,it is reflected absorbed or transmitted through the object depending on the objects material and the frequency (color) of the light... However, because light can travel through space it cannot be a matter Wave, like sound or water waves
There are enzymes in the small intestine explain why these are needed
Answer: Enzymes are essential for healthy digestion and a healthy body. They work with other chemicals in the body, such as stomach acid and bile, to help break down food into molecules for a wide range of bodily functions.
Explanation: i hope i helped. and you are loved and be happy! <3
Tertiary consumers are always the final step in a food chain.
TRUE
FALSE
Answer:
flase
Explanation:
Answer:
False
Explanation:
The final step in a food chain are decomposers.
Why is it important for an organ system to interact with other organ systems?
Answer:
Just as the organs in an organ system work together to accomplish their task, so the different organ systems also cooperate to keep the body running. For example, the respiratory system and the circulatory system work closely together to deliver oxygen to cells and to get rid of the carbon dioxide the cells produce.
Explanation:
EMERGENCY!!!! which process is transcription and which one is translation????!!!!!!!!!!!
PLEASE HELP!!!!!!!!
Answer:
a is transcription and b is tranlation
Explanation:
why are plate movements of convection important in earth science
pls help i am failing
methionine
lysine
phenylalanine
leucine
alanine
glycine
Hair color, eye color, height are all examples of what?
Answer:
They are all examples of physical traits.
Someone please help me !!
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The chart below shows the average surface temperature or temperature range for each of the eight planets.
Planet Temperature
Mercury 100–700 K
Venus 735 K
Earth 287 K
Mars 227 K
Jupiter 112–165 K
Saturn 84–134 K
Uranus 53–76 K
Neptune 55–72 K
What conclusion can be drawn from this information?
Answer:
the temperature of planets closes to the sun is hotter than planets far away
Why is it important for soil to contain nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, and potassium??
Answer:
Soil is one of the main sources of nutrients needed by plants in order for them to grow. Nitrogen is used by plants for lots of leaf growth and good green color. Phosphorous is used by plants to help form new roots, make seeds, fruit and flowers. Potassium helps plants make strong stems and keep growing fast. It's also used to help fight disease. Magnesium is the central core of the chlorophyll molecule in plant tissue.
Explanation:
Hope this helped a little bit.
Answer:
Explanation:
1.Without enough nitrogen in the soil the plant cannot grow taller, or produce enough food.
2.phosphorus results in higher grain production, improved crop quality, greater stalk strength, increased root growth, and earlier crop maturity. That is important because crops take up phosphorus only from the soil solution.
3.The role of Magnesium in the soil is the central core of the chlorophyll molecule in plant tissue. Thus, if Mg is deficient, the shortage of chlorophyll results in poor and stunted plant growth. Magnesium also helps to activate specific enzyme systems.
4. Potassium is a critical nutrient that plants absorb from the soil, and from fertilizer. It increases disease resistance, helps stalks to grow upright and sturdy, improves drought tolerance and helps plants get through the winter. Potassium triggers activation of enzymes and is essential for production of (ATP).Both uptake of water through plant roots and its loss through the stomata are affected by potassium.
Hope this helped!!!
Approximately 20% of the world’s adult population are able to digest milk sugar (lactose).They are “lactose tolerant.” This trait is known to be controlled by a single dominant gene. Therefore, we would expect that
no lactose tolerant individuals have two biological parents that are lactose INtolerant.
all lactose tolerant individuals to be heterozygous for the gene.
60% of lactose INtolerant individuals would be heterozygous.
all children of lactose tolerant parents will also be lactose tolerant.
Answer:
No lactose individuals have two biological parents that are lactose intolerant
Explanation:
In this case lactose intolerance would be coded for a recessive gene (r). if both parents are lactose intolerant the would both be the genotype (rr) . For individual to be lactose intolerant atleast one parent most be lactose tolerant posesing the dominant (R) gene. Which both parents in this example lack.
PLEASE HELP ASFFF
What were the results of the experiment and how did the results prove the semiconservative model of DNA replication? Explain.
Answer:
it can be shows in DNA Test
Determine if the following statement is true or false, and why. “Everyone who
carries a faulty allele develops a disease."
A. False, it should read, "No one who carries a faulty allele develops a disease."
B. False, it should read, "Some people who carry a faulty allele develop a disease, some
are carriers."
C. True
D. False, it should read, "No one who carries a faulty allele becomes a carrier."
The statement "Everyone who carries a faulty allele develops a disease" is absolutely false. This is because some people who carry a faulty allele develop a disease, some are carriers. Thus, the correct option is B.
What is an Allele?An allele may be defined as one or two or more alternative forms of a gene. An individual always inherits two alleles, one from each parent that shows characteristic traits for any given genomic location where such variation exists.
If the two alleles are the same, the individual is homozygous for that allele. While, if the two alleles are non-identical, the individual is heterozygous for that allele.
It is not possible that everyone who carries a faulty allele develops a disease because it depends on the expression of the disease, whether it is dominant or recessive, sexual or autosomal, etc.
Depending on the same principle, some are affected by the disease when both alleles have the same traits while some are carriers.
Therefore, the correct option for this question is B.
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А___level describes an organism’s___position in
food chain.
A quote often attributed to Mark Twain states, "What gets us into trouble is not what we don't know. It's what we know for sure that just ain't so." How does this relate to Pangaea and the Theory of Plate Tectonics? Ted talk
Answer:
Land masses moves as the movements of the tectonic plates causes the movement of the huge land masses like the Pangaea.
Explanation:
Mark Twain was a great American writer and lecturer. He is also known greatest humorist that the United States of America has ever produced.
By the statement of Mark Twain, it relates to the idea of the Pangaea and the theory of the tectonic plates. The very idea that the early continents were fitted together was being rejected by many for a long time as it was unbelievable for many that the huge land masses can move. But this turned out to be true later on.
how does energy cause global warming
Answer:
Global warming is caused primarily from putting too much carbon into the atmosphere when coal gas and oil are burned to generate electricity or to run our cars. These gases spread around the planet very fast, keeping the solar heat that would otherwise be radiated out into space!
Hope this helped
The process used to build a lipid?
I believe it is called lipogenesis.
A friend of mine came to see me one day and told me a story of how he met his identical twin that he never knew about. When I questioned him about the details, I got some information about the two men.
John Smith (my friend)
DOB: 11/12/77
Height: 6’1
Eyes: Brown
Hair: Brown
Dave Jones (suspected twin)
DOB: 11/11/77
Height: 6’1
Eyes: Brown
Hair: Brown
What should I tell him about his twin?
Answer:
1. Ask him If he is a blood related twin.
2. Ask him where his twin was this whole time
3. Tell him he should ask himself if he done anything good to help the twin yet
Explanation:
i need help with #3 bad please i’ll give u a brainliest if u give me the correct answer i promise
Answer:
Its A
Explanation:
If you look closeley at the modle you can start to notice a pattern. Therefore a repeating structure. And they arent moving freely since they are combined into a compound to create NaCi.
The presence of vascular tissue allowed plants to ________. Group of answer choices transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues to above-ground tissues and grow taller absorb nutrients from the soil and form a symbiosis with fungi transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues and use them to protect developing embryos release toxins into the soil that reduced competition with other plants by poisoning nearby plants
Answer:
transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues to above-ground tissues and grow taller.
absorb nutrients from the soil
Explanation:
The vascular tissues of plants is made of specialized conducting tissues the xylem and phloem.
This tissues form a continuous systems through the plant body and provide pathways for the transport of water, nutrients, signaling molecules and also provide support for plant body against mechanical stresses. The xylem transport water and nutrients from the roots to other parts of the plant while the phloem transport photosynthate the product of photosynthesis from the source where it is produced to other plant part.
Select at most 8 species seen in each photo and count how many individuals of each species are seen in each photo. You may not know what the different species are, so make up names or identify otherwise.
Answer:
eukaryotes
bacteria
Arthropod
insects
animals
plants
trees
flowering plants
Explanation:
wait any species
please help
9. why Energy released by aerobic and anaerobic respiration in animal are not same.
Answer: Anaerobic respiration produces a relatively lesser amount of energy as compared to aerobic respiration, as glucose is not completely broken down in the absence of oxygen. In animal cells anaerobic respiration often occurs during exercise. The glucose does not get fully broken down in this process, so it does not release its full potential energy. Instead of carbon dioxide and water it breaks down to form lactic acid and a small amount of energy.
Explanation:
In bacterial cells treated with Mupircin, would you still expect to find large or small amounts of mRNA inside of the cell?
Answer:
Yes.
Explanation:
Yes, we can expect to find small amounts of mRNA inside the bacterial cell because the Mupirocin kills the bacteria by inhibiting transfer RNA. Mupirocin is an antibiotic used to kill the bacteria present on the skin. It destroys the cellular structure of bacteria and prevent the bacteria from causing more infection. Mupirocin do its antimicrobial activity by inhibiting isoleucyl-transfer RNA, as a result inhibiting of bacterial protein and RNA synthesis occurs.