What are the phases of a stem cell? List them in order.

Gel electrophoresis can be used to differentiate the sizes of duplex nucleic acid molecules. A duplex molecule can be created by joining complementary separate nucleic acid sequences.

The duplex structure supports the Watson-Crick base pairing model for GNA containing antiparallel strands. The right-handed helical ribbon that is wrapped around the helix axis to create a big hollow core is how one can define the duplex secondary structure, which is different from the canonical A- & B-form nucleic acids.

One of the most biologic systems is the duplex synthesis of nucleic acids. During replication, RNA primers create a duplex with parental strand of DNA. (1) A brief stretch of duplex must be formed during translation in order to recognize codons against anticodons.

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Protons moving across the thylakoid membrane participate in atp production by moving through ATP synthase and providing free energy.

A disk-shaped, membrane sac that contains chlorophyll and is present in the chloroplasts of green plants and blue-green algae. It is here that the light response of photosynthesis takes place.

Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria contain membrane-bound compartments called thylakoids. They serve as the location of the photosynthetic reactions that depend on light. In thylakoids, a thylakoid lumen is encircled by a thylakoid membrane.

Grana are stacks of stacked thylakoids (singular: granum). Each chloroplast has a large number of grana. Lamellae, which are protrusions of the thylakoid membrane and lumen, connect several grana. Usually, 40–60 stacked thylakoid discs make up a granum.

Thylakoids' primary jobs involve capturing light energy and converting it into the chemical energy molecules ATP and NADPH. As a result of this procedure, oxygen and water released.

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The frequency of the offspring being agouti brown is 3/9.

Here, it is given that both of the parents are agouti black. The children might be of four types of colors - agouti black (AaBB), agouti brown (AaBb), solid black (AABB), and solid brown (AABb). We also know that the color black is dominant over brown. Agouti is dominant over a solid color.

The phenotypes of the offspring are going to be - (AABB, AABb, AAbb, AaBB, AaBb, Aabb, aaBB, aaBb, aabb)

Here, we see that the agouti brown type comes three times i.e., AAbb, Aabb, aabb.

This means that three of the nine progeny are going to be agouti brown in color.

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In a species of beetles, men which have beetle horns are higher able to fight off other adult males to get the right of entry to girls. that is an example of intrasexual selection.

The intrasexual choice is commonly accountable for the evolution of male armaments including deer antlers, beetle horns, and large body length, that provide people with an advantage while combating off-ability competitors.

The intrasexual male competition takes place whilst males compete with one another for access to ladies or assets preferred via females. This opposition can arise immediately, including through contests, or indirectly thru numerous methods along with sperm opposition, mate guarding, patience contention, and sneaky copulations.

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Joe has mycoplasma pneumonia that is a special characteristic of genus that did not have any peptidoglycan.

Pneumonia can be caused by viruses that invade your lungs and airways. The most prevalent causes of viral pneumonia in adults are the flu (influenza virus) and the common cold (rhinovirus). The most prevalent cause of viral pneumonia in young infants is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Although most patients with pneumonia react favorably to therapy, pneumonia can be extremely dangerous and even fatal. Complications are more likely if you are an older adult, a very young child, have a weakened immune system, or have a serious medical condition such as diabetes or cirrhosis.

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Answer:

Variation: Within a population of mice on the lava flow, some individuals had the dark fur trait, whereas others did not. Inheritance: The differences in mouse fur colour are inherited (passed from parents to offspring). The origin of the variation stems from mutations.

Explanation:

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Answers:

When light reflects off of an object being viewed under the microscope and passes through the lens, it bends towards the eye. This makes the object look bigger than it actually is.

Limitation: Low Resolution. Because optical microscopes use normal white light, the limit of their resolution is 200 nanometres. This means that objects smaller than this cannot be properly viewed by an optical microscope.

Advantages would be of course magnification and higher resolution

as electrons rather than light waves are used, it can be used to analyze structures which cannot otherwise be seen. The resolution of electron microscopy images is in the range of up to 0.2 nm, which is 1000x more detailed than light microscopy.

The main difference between SEM and TEM is that SEM creates an image by detecting reflected or knocked-off electrons, while TEM uses transmitted electrons (electrons that are passing through the sample) to create an image.

All cells share four common components: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes.

The defining characteristic of prokaryotes is that they lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus.  The single chromosome, usually circular, is tightly wound and compact. The region of the cytoplasm containing the chromosome is called the nucleoid.

Eukaryotic cells are defined by the presence of a nucleus surrounded by a complex nuclear membrane.

Explanation:

Rock formations go into the mantle after being subducted, option C.

Subduction is the geological process of recycling rocks from the oceanic lithosphere into the Earth's mantle where two or more lithospheric plates collide known as convergent boundaries. The heavier plate dives beneath the other plate into the mantle where the tectonic plate converged between the oceanic lithosphere and a less dense lithosphere.

Sedimentary and metaphoric rocks that plunge deep during subduction ultimately melts to form magma then cools off into igneous rock. This entire process is known as the rock cycle which takes millions of years to complete.

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Answer:

Chromosomes line up at thr equator of the cell.

Explanation:

Chromosomes line up at thr equator of the cell occurs in metaphase. So, it aint occur in prophase

Urchin barrens positively correlated with the presence of whales because it is easier to find sea otters near the urchin barrens.

Urchin barrens are places in the ocean where sea urchins have eaten so many kelp plants that they grew to become a kelp forest into something like a barren region. This happens when there are too many sea urchins. The fish, krill, and other animals that stay in the kelp both die or go away.

In positive regions, wherein an as soon wholesome kelp wooded area existed, now lies an underwater desert referred to as an urchin barren. these urchin barrens incorporate low biodiversity, due to the fact the kelp forests that once furnished critical habitat at the moment are nonexistent.

In spite of their name, urchin barrens are usually plentiful with marine invertebrates existence, echinoderms especially. Species inclusive of the sunflower starfishes, brittle stars, and the red sea urchin are not unusual. although macrofauna along with those is aplenty, there is little number one productiveness among microorganisms.

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Answer:

  (d) Photosynthesis converts water and carbon dioxide gas into oxygen gas and carbohydrates

Explanation:

You want to describe the process of photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis is the process of synthesizing the materials a plant needs for growth and reproduction from light energy and the raw materials water and carbon dioxide. The end products of the process are carbohydrates (glucose) and oxygen.

In short, ...

Photosynthesis converts water and carbon dioxide gas into oxygen gas and carbohydrates.

The cell theory also states that cells come from pre-existing cells, the answer is option A.

The cell theory of life according to Theodor Schwann, states three components which include:

Cells are the units and building block of every living organism on their own and contain genetic information encodings. They have energy flowing through them and are usually composed of the same chemicals.

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There are four nucleotides or bases , they are adenine(A),guanine (G), cytosine(C) and thymine (T)

What are nucleotides?

Nucleotides are organic molecules made up of a phosphate and a nucleoside. They function as monomeric units of the essential biomolecules found in all life forms on Earth, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which are both nucleic acid polymers. In addition to being produced by the liver from common nutrients, nucleotides can also be obtained through diet.

A nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar (ribose as well as deoxyribose), as well as a phosphate group made up of one to three phosphates are the three subunit molecules that make up a nucleotide. Guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine are the four nucleobases found in DNA; uracil is utilized in place of thymine in RNA.

A sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) is joined to a phosphate group and a base that contains nitrogen to form a nucleotide.

Thymine is replaced in RNA by the nucleotide uracil (U). Polymers consisting of extensive chains of nucleotides make up DNA and RNA molecules.

so, the four nucleotides in DNA re adenine, guanine, cytosine an thymine.

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large plantations that grow a single species of tree that undergoes intensive cropping are an example of wheat plantation.

An intensive cropping system is defined as a type of agricultural production system where high inputs of fertilizer, pesticides, labor and capital on a  land area being farmed.

For example Wheat , Maize (mechanical harvesting), Soybean (genetic modification), Tomato; These type of Cropping systems has to be evolved based on climate, soil and availability of water and use of available natural resources.

Other factor responsible for this cropping are increase in population has put pressure on land to increase productivity per unit area, unit time and for unit resource used, should  provide enough food for the family, fodder for cattle and generate sufficient cash income.

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The Green Fluorescent Protein takes around 20 minutes to be transcribed and translated , on the other hand Arabinose promoter needs at least 20 minutes before RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter .

In general they have phenotypic lag of 20 minutes before the b-lactamase gene for Amp resistance can be expressed . we observe no growth of bacteria because it was not exposed to pGLO plasmid and lacked ampicillin resistance. If They were exposed to AMP and arabinose sugar, this cause bacteria to grow with ampicillin resistance.

The main purpose of spreading pGLO on the LB plate is to help bacteria to grow, otherwise the ampicillin would kill them. In case ,pGLO is not spread, then the cells would be killed by the ampicillin.

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The statement that best describes an example of science influencing society is Governments identify a public health risk caused by mosquitos.

The viewpoint and knowledge of science have an effect on society. The information provided by science and the techniques employed by scientists has an impact on the viewpoints of many members of society about themselves, others, and the environment.

Science must address societal requirements as well as global issues. It is vital that the general public comprehends science and engages with it in order to enable people to make informed decisions about their personal and professional lives.

The biggest joint endeavor is science. It makes us live longer and healthier lives, monitors our health, provides us with medication to treat illnesses, lessens our discomfort, and enables us to access the water we require to thrive.

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Volvox is composed of multiple cells, while paramecium and euglena are both composed of single cells.

The primary distinction between volvox, paramecium, and euglena is that volvox is a green alga that lives in freshwater colonies, whereas paramecium is a ciliate protozoan that resembles the shape of a shoe, and euglena is a single-celled flagellate eukaryote with both plant and animal characteristics.

A volvox is a colony of cells, whereas a euglena is a single cell. A volvox moves with flagella, whereas a euglena moves with cilia. A volvox must capture its food, whereas a euglena can make its own. A euglena reproduces only sexually, whereas a volvox reproduces only asexually. Euglena obtains food through photosynthesis, whereas Volvox obtains food through pseudopods that surround it.

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A pea plant that carries two high alleles is called a homozygous.

If there are two identical alleles at the same genetic locus, the genotype of the gene is considered homozygous, and will usually produce a very clear phenotypic response in the body. However, if the two alleles are not the same, the genotype is called heterozygous, which is where things can get a little more complicated.

In the heterozygous situation, one allele may be dominant, while the other is recessive; in this case, the dominant allele will be expressed (e.g., brown eyes – dominant trait). In a homozygous situation where both alleles are dominant, the dominant trait will emerge. In a homozygous situation, where both alleles are recessive, the recessive trait will be phenotypically expressed (i.e., blue eyes – recessive trait).

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The condition of finding blood cells in the urine is called hematuria and some of them are caused by bacterial infections.

In hematuria, the kidneys or other parts of the urinary tract are disturbed so that blood cells mix with urine.

The following are some of the causes of hematuria

1. Urinary tract infection, occurs because bacteria enter the body through the urethra and multiply in the bladder

2. Kidney infection, occurs when bacteria enter the kidney from the bloodstream

3. Kidney stones, occurs when minerals in the urine form crystals in the walls of the kidneys or bladder that cause blockage

4. Side effects of drugs, some drugs such as anti-cancer drugs can cause bleeding in the urinary tract.

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When a muscle receives an impulse from the nervous system, it reacts and becomes short and thick. This production of force is called muscle contraction.

Nervous system is defined as the extremely sophisticated area of an animal that communicates messages to and from various regions of its body to coordinate its movements and sensory data. The nerves cylindrical bundles of fibers that emerge from the brain and spinal cord and repeatedly branch to innervate every part of the body are what give the nervous system its name.

Muscle contractions are brought on by an Action Potential that moves from the nerves to the muscles. The neurological system sends a signal, which triggers the onset of muscle contraction. A type of nerve cell called a motor neuron conducts the signal, an impulse known as an action potential.

Thus, when a muscle receives an impulse from the nervous system, it reacts and becomes short and thick. This production of force is called muscle contraction.

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More glycerophospholipids containing cis double bonds should be substituted.

Inorganic substances known as molecular compounds are made up of separate molecules. Examples include common compounds like carbon dioxide and water (H2O) (CO2). These substances differ significantly from ionic substances like table salt (NaCl).

A molecules is the smallest element of the a substance that keeps its content and properties. It is made up of two or even more atoms that are joined together by chemical bonds. Chemistry is built on molecules. The chemical symbol and just a subscript indicating the number many atoms are used to identify molecules.

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DNA a chromosome's starting point for synthesis is where replication begins.

When a cell divides, it is essential that each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the DNA. DNA replication happens during the synthesis phase, also referred to as the S phase, of the cell cycle, which comes before the cell enters mitosis or meiosis.

The elucidation of the structure of the double helix gave a hint of how DNA is copied. Recall that cytosine and guanine pair while adenine and thymine couple. The two threads complement one another so well. For instance, a DNA strand with the nucleotide sequence AGTCATA will have a complementary DNA strand with the nucleotide sequence TCAGTACT.

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Subduction zones occur at places where  two continental plates are colliding.

Subduction zones can be found in places like deep oceanic trenches, lines of volcanoes parallel to the trenches, and zones of large earthquakes that extend from the trenches landward. The collision of the continental plates happen due to their differences in density and force of gravity.

Continental plates are also called the tectonic plates. These are the large pieces of the earth that move separately. These plates are made up of granitic rocks which are made up of relatively lightweight minerals such as quartz and feldspar. The cooling of magma forms the tectonic plates.

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Intense exercise can be performed using ATP reserves from skeletal muscles for 3-5 seconds.

ATP or Adenosine Tri Phosphate is the main source of energy for muscle contraction and ATP comes from the oxidation of carbohydrates and fats by breaking down phosphoerectin and glycogen.  ATP reserves can be used optimally within 3-5 seconds, while ATP recovery takes 3-5 minutes.

The mechanism of muscle contraction begins when a signal is sent from the nervous system to the cells in the muscle. Signals start from motor neurons to neuromuscular which are ordered by the brain when they want to do something that requires muscle movement.  And the breakdown of ATP will release energy which can cause myosin to be able to pull on actin and also shorten the muscle.

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Global warming can cause a rise in sea level, leading to the loss of coastal land, a change in precipitation patterns, increased risks of droughts and floods, and threats to biodiversity.

Ecological effects may includes Climate change where species live, interact. It can also effect the  timing of biological events, which could literally transform ecosystems and food webs.

Climate change can also alter the capacity of ecosystems to temper extreme events and disturbance, such as wildfires, floods, and drought. Their can also be a chance of and intense drought, storms, heat waves, rising sea levels, melting glaciers and warming oceans .

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A macrophage is a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells. This cell type also removes dead cells as well as stimulates the action of other immune cells.

Leukocytes are the white blood cells present inside the body. These are synthesized in the bone marrow of the bones. The cells may be present in blood as well as the lymph fluid. The most important function of leukocytes is to help in maintaining and increasing the immunity of the body by fighting the foreign invaders.

Immunity is the ability of the body to protect itself by fighting with the foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses etc. More healthy and disease-free an organism is, more is his immunity.

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If a cell is no longer able to differentiate into any type of tissue, it has become a differentiated cell.

A stem cell can differentiate into a different kind through cellular differentiation. Usually, the cell will transform into a new, more specialized type. As a multicellular organism develops from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types, it passes through multiple differentiation cycles. Adult stem cells continue to grow when they divide into fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and regular cell turnover. Immune reactions to an antigen lead to differentiation. A cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and signal receptivity all vary dramatically during differentiation.

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Answer: DNA repair mechanisms

Explanation: