what economic event triggered the global depression that caused economic failure around the world?

The correct answer is b. statement of stockholders' equity, the statement of stockholders' equity specifically focuses on the changes in retained earnings and common stock,

The statement of stockholders' equity is the financial statement that reports the changes in the retained earnings and common stock for a period of time.

It provides information about the sources of equity, such as the issuance of common stock, and the changes in retained earnings, including net income or loss, dividends, and other adjustments.

The statement of stockholders' equity is an important component of the financial statements as it shows the changes in the ownership interest of the company's shareholders over time.

It helps stakeholders understand the factors that have contributed to the changes in the company's equity position and provides insights into the company's financial performance and capital structure.

The other options listed:

a. income statement: reports the revenues, expenses, and net income or loss of a company for a specific period of time.

c. balance sheet: presents the financial position of a company at a specific point in time, showing the assets, liabilities, and equity of the company.

d. statement of cash flows: provides information about the cash inflows and outflows from operating, investing, and financing activities during a specific period.

While these statements are important in presenting different aspects of a company's financial performance and position,

the statement of stockholders' equity specifically focuses on the changes in retained earnings and common stock, making it the appropriate choice for reporting such information.

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The loss that is reported for Sunland Corporation in 2021 is $330,000.

Sunland Corporation experienced a loss of $(3,300,000) in 2021 before income taxes. Since there were no permanent or temporary differences during these three years and assuming the company elects to use the carryback provision, it can apply the loss from 2021 to offset taxable income from a previous year. In this case, the loss is carried back to 2020, where the company had income of $360,000 before income taxes.

By carrying back the loss, Sunland Corporation can reduce its taxable income in 2020. Applying the corporate tax rate of 20% for that year, the tax savings due to the loss carryback would be 20% of $(3,300,000), which is $(660,000). Therefore, the income reported in 2021 after the loss carryback would be $360,000 - $(660,000) = $(330,000).

The complete question is

Current Attempt in Progress Sunland Corporation reported the following results for its first three years of operation: 2020 income (before income taxes) 2021 loss (before income taxes) 2022 income (before income taxes) $360000 (3300000) There were no permanent or temporary differences during these three years.

Assume a corporate tax rate of 20% for 2020 and 2021. and 30% for 2022. $(3300000) $(3228000) O $(2346000) O $0 3600000 Assuming that Sunland elects to use the carryback provision, what income (loss) is reported in 2021? (Assume that any deferred tax asset recognized is more likely than not to be realized.) Save for Later Attempts: 0 of 1 used

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The theory that, under certain circumstances, a change in taxes will have absolutely no effect on total domestic saving is known as the Ricardian equivalence.The correct answer is option 1, Ricardian equivalence.

The theory that, under certain circumstances, a change in taxes will have absolutely no effect on total domestic saving is known as the Ricardian equivalence.

Ricardian Equivalence is a hypothesis that suggests that, in the long run, an increase in government borrowing and expenditure will have no effect on aggregate demand since consumers will reduce their current consumption and save the difference to pay for future tax increases needed to service the increased national debt.

According to David Ricardo, an English political economist, this concept is based on the concept of intertemporal budget constraint.

Hence, the answer is option 1.

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Suppose that an identical basket of goods costs $50 NZD in New Zealand and 300 Swedish Krona in Sweden. If Purchasing Power Parity holds, The nominal long-run equilibrium exchange rate expressed in Krona/NZD is 6. The correct answer is option(c).

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is the theory that, in the long run, the exchange rate between two currencies should settle at the rate that equalizes the prices of an identical basket of goods and services in both countries. It suggests that the nominal exchange rate between two countries is the relative price of the two countries goods.

So, if PPP holds, the price of the basket of goods in one currency should equal the price of the basket in the other currency. Suppose that an identical basket of goods costs $50 NZD in New Zealand and 300 Swedish Krona in Sweden. The nominal exchange rate can be found by dividing the cost of the basket of goods in one country by the cost of the same basket of goods in the other country. So, the nominal exchange rate between the two currencies would be:

$1 NZD = 300/50 SEK = 6 SEK/NZD

Therefore, the nominal long-run equilibrium exchange rate expressed in Krona/NZD is 6.

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a. Budgeted ROI % = (Net Income / Total Assets) * 100

Budgeted ROI % = (432,000 / 2,880,000) * 100 = 15%

b. Markup percentage using the total cost approach % = (Fixed Costs + Desired Profit) / Variable Costs * 100

Markup percentage = (96,000 + 432,000) / 2,304,000 * 100 = 25%

a. Budgeted ROI (Return on Investment) is calculated by dividing the net income by the total assets and then multiplying by 100 to get a percentage. In this case, the net income is $432,000 and the total assets are $2,880,000. So, the Budgeted ROI % is (432,000 / 2,880,000) * 100 = 15%.

b. Markup percentage using the total cost approach is calculated by adding the fixed costs and desired profit, then dividing by the variable costs and multiplying by 100. In this case, the fixed costs are $96,000, desired profit is $432,000, and the variable costs are $2,304,000. So, the Markup percentage is (96,000 + 432,000) / 2,304,000 * 100 = 25%.

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The Ending manufacturing overhead applied to the accounts is; $146,250 for WIP inventory, $437,500 for FG inventory, and $1,218,750 for COGS MFO.

Manufacturing MOH Exp:

$ 175,000 credit
WIP inventory MOH:

$ 3,000,000 debit
FG inventory MOH:

$10,000,000 debit
COGS MFO:

$35,000,000debit

To pro-rate the ending manufacturing overhead expense balance to each of the inventory and COGS accounts:

Calculation of Ending Manufacturing Overhead applied to inventory:

Overhead applied to WIP = Total overhead / Total direct labour costs × Direct labour

costs in WIP= $175,000 / (total direct labor costs/total overhead costs) × Direct labor

costs in WIP= $175,000 / (Total direct labor costs/(WIP MOH + FG MOH + COGS MOH)) × WIP MOH

Ending manufacturing overhead applied to WIP inventory= $175,000 / (Total direct labor costs/(WIP MOH + FG MOH + COGS MOH)) × WIP MOH= $175,000 / (Total direct labor costs/($3,000,000+$10,000,000+$35,000,000)) × $3,000,000

Ending manufacturing overhead applied to WIP inventory= $146,250

Calculation of Ending Manufacturing Overhead applied to Finished Goods:

Ending Manufacturing Overhead applied to Finished Goods= $175,000 / (Total direct labor costs/($3,000,000+$10,000,000+$35,000,000)) × $10,000,000= $437,500

Calculation of Ending Manufacturing Overhead applied to Cost of Goods Sold:

Ending Manufacturing Overhead applied to Cost of Goods Sold= $175,000 / (Total direct labor costs/($3,000,000+$10,000,000+$35,000,000)) × $35,000,000= $1,218,750

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B) A BA who wants to follow the correct order of phases in the implementation lifecycle on a Salesforce project should approach the project by analyzing, building, delivering, and operating.

As a new business analyst (BA) who wants to follow the correct order of phases in the implementation lifecycle on a Salesforce project, one should approach the project by analyzing, building, delivering, and operating. This is option B. The order of phases in the implementation lifecycle on a Salesforce project that a new business analyst (BA) wants to follow should be analyzed, build, deliver, and operate. This is important because it helps the BA to avoid running into common problems that might be encountered while implementing the project. It is important to note that the analyze phase involves defining the project scope and developing a plan. The four phases are essential to the implementation lifecycle on a Salesforce project as it will assist in analyzing the processes, defining the requirements, and providing the best solution that meets the clients' needs. Therefore, a BA who wants to follow the correct order of phases in the implementation lifecycle on a Salesforce project should approach the project by analyzing, building, delivering, and operating.

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The correct option is Increases operating income by $40,000.

The company receives a special order from a potential customer who wants to buy 100 of these kits and offers to pay $700 per unit. In this case, the customer price is lower than the standard selling price. However, we have been asked how this would affect the operating income of the company.

To calculate the company's operating income, we need to calculate the company's revenue and variable costs.

Company's revenue

= 100 units x $700/unit

= $70,000

Company's variable costs

= 100 units x $300/unit

= $30,000

Now,

the company's contribution margin

= Revenue - Variable costs

= $70,000 - $30,000

= $40,000

Now, if the company accepts this order, its operating income would be increased by $40,000.

Therefore, the correct option is Increases operating income by $40,000.

Operating Income can be defined as the difference between the earnings or revenue generated from a company's operations and its operating expenses. It measures the profitability of the company from its core operations and can be calculated as Gross Income minus Operating expenses or Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) minus Operating expenses. The operating income is a measure of a company's efficiency, as it indicates the difference between the money generated through business operations and the expenses necessary to maintain those operations.

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a) (i) Renounceable rights offerWhen the company is offering additional shares to its existing shareholders at a discounted price, this offer is known as a renounceable rights offer.

(ii) Price of the rightThe price of the right is calculated using the formula:Pricing of the right = (market price of the stock - subscription price) / (number of rights required to purchase one new share + 1)Pricing of the right = ($1.95 - $1.65) / (6/2 + 1) = $0.15.

(iii) Theoretical ex-rights priceThe theoretical ex-rights price (TERP) is the expected stock price after a rights issue has been completed. The TERP formula is:P₀=(P₁N₁+P₂N₂)/(N₁+N₂).

b) Basel II and III accordsBasel II and III accords are regulatory frameworks established to ensure that banks have sufficient capital to protect depositors' funds. The purpose of these accords is to establish capital adequacy requirements that are consistent across countries and banks.

(i) Renounceable rights offerWhen the company is offering additional shares to its existing shareholders at a discounted price, this offer is known as a renounceable rights offer. This type of offer is renounceable because the shareholder can sell or transfer the right to purchase the new shares at the discounted price to someone else if they do not want to exercise it.

The offer is made to the existing shareholders. The offer is pro-rata because the company is offering existing shareholders the right to buy a certain proportion of the new shares based on their current shareholding.  

(ii) Price of the rightThe price of the right is calculated using the formula:Pricing of the right = (market price of the stock - subscription price) / (number of rights required to purchase one new share + 1)Pricing of the right = ($1.95 - $1.65) / (6/2 + 1) = $0.15.

(iii) Theoretical ex-rights priceThe theoretical ex-rights price (TERP) is the expected stock price after a rights issue has been completed. The TERP formula is:P₀=(P₁N₁+P₂N₂)/(N₁+N₂)Where:P₀ is the TERP;P₁ is the current market price per share;P₂ is the rights issue subscription price;N₁ is the total number of outstanding shares before the rights issue;N₂ is the total number of new shares to be issued in the rights issue.Substituting:P₀=(1.95*6+1.65*2)/(6+2)=$1.8875

b) Basel II and III accordsBasel II and III accords are regulatory frameworks established to ensure that banks have sufficient capital to protect depositors' funds. The purpose of these accords is to establish capital adequacy requirements that are consistent across countries and banks.

The accords restrict banks' operations by requiring them to maintain a minimum level of capital to cover their risks.The capital adequacy standard in the Australian setting is 8%. This implies that banks must maintain a capital base of at least 8% of their risk-weighted assets.

For instance, if a bank has risk-weighted assets of $1 billion, it must maintain a capital base of at least $80 million. If the bank's capital base falls below the required level, it may be required to take remedial action, such as reducing its lending or raising additional capital. This ensures that banks are able to absorb losses and continue to operate even if some of their loans default.

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The Harris-Todaro model of migration is an economic theory that describes how rural-urban migration is influenced by economic factors such as wages, employment, and expected income differentials.

The theory posits that people migrate from rural areas to urban centers in search of higher wages and better employment opportunities. Below are three policy implications of the Harris-Todaro model of migration:1. Encourage the development of rural industries and employment opportunitiesThe Harris-Todaro model suggests that people migrate from rural areas to urban centers because of the expected income differential.

Therefore, to reduce migration pressure, governments should invest in rural areas by creating industries and employment opportunities that will help increase the income of rural residents. For instance, governments can provide tax incentives to businesses that establish factories or processing plants in rural areas.

2. Encourage education and skills developmentAnother way to reduce the pressure of rural-urban migration is by promoting education and skills development. With better education and training, rural residents can acquire the skills that are in demand in urban areas and thus increase their chances of getting better-paying jobs. To achieve this, governments should invest in educational institutions and provide scholarships and grants to help rural students access education and training programs.

3. Promote balanced regional developmentThe Harris-Todaro model highlights the importance of promoting balanced regional development to reduce migration pressure. Governments can do this by providing basic infrastructure such as roads, healthcare facilities, and water supply to rural areas. Governments can also promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in rural areas by providing loans and other forms of financial support. By promoting balanced regional development, governments can create a more equitable distribution of economic opportunities, reduce poverty, and prevent migration pressure.

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Based on Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) calculations, Benitez Security Systems should order approximately 22 camera security systems to optimize costs and efficiency.

The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) formula helps determine the optimal ordering amount for a company. To calculate the EOQ for Benitez Security Systems, we can use the following formula:

EOQ = [tex]\sqrt[/tex]((2 * demand * ordering cost) / carrying cost)

Given:

Annual demand = 1200 units

Ordering cost = $30 per order

Carrying cost rate = 15%

Cost per camera system = $100

Discount for ordering 300 units = 2%

Operating days per year = 300

Daily demand = 4 units

Lead time = 5 days

First, we calculate the annual demand in units per day:

Daily demand = Annual demand / Operating days per year

Daily demand = 1200 / 300 = 4 units per day

Next, we calculate the EOQ using the formula mentioned earlier:

EOQ = [tex]\sqrt{((2 * 1200 * 30) / (0.15 * 100))[/tex]

= [tex]\sqrt{(7200 / 15)[/tex]

= [tex]\sqrt{(480)[/tex]

= 21.91

Since the EOQ represents the optimal ordering amount, Benitez Security Systems should order approximately 22 camera security systems to minimize costs and maximize efficiency based on the EOQ.

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In economics, there are two types of costs: fixed and variable. In the short run, fixed costs are costs that do not change regardless of how many units are produced or how much revenue is generated. On the other hand, variable costs are costs that vary directly with output.

The sum of fixed costs and variable costs is equal to the total cost. Based on this information, the firm's total fixed cost is 250 x $1 = $250. This is because fixed cost per unit is equal to the average fixed cost, which is $1.

To calculate the firm's total variable cost, we can subtract the total fixed cost from the total cost. Therefore, the total variable cost is: Total Cost - Total Fixed Cost = $1000 - $250 = $750. Therefore, the firm's total variable cost is $750. This means that the cost of producing each unit is $3.

Total variable cost per unit can be calculated as: Total Variable Cost / Quantity of Output = $750 / 250 = $3. The firm can use this information to determine its optimal level of production in order to maximize its profits.

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a) To find the profit-maximizing prices and quantities in each market, we need to maximize the monopolist's total profit. The total profit is given by the difference between total revenue and total cost.

In market 1:

Demand curve: Q₁ = 60 - 0.5PM₁²

Total revenue in market 1: TR₁ = PM₁ * Q₁

Differentiating TR₁ with respect to PM₁:

d(TR₁) / d(PM₁) = Q₁ + PM₁ * (dQ₁ / dPM₁)

Setting d(TR₁) / d(PM₁) equal to zero to find the maximum:

0 = Q₁ + PM₁ * (dQ₁ / dPM₁)

In market 2:

Demand curve: Q₂ = 100 - 0.5PM₂

Total revenue in market 2: TR₂ = PM₂ * Q₂

Differentiating TR₂ with respect to PM₂:

d(TR₂) / d(PM₂) = Q₂ + PM₂ * (dQ₂ / dPM₂)

Setting d(TR₂) / d(PM₂) equal to zero to find the maximum:

0 = Q₂ + PM₂ * (dQ₂ / dPM₂)

To find the profit-maximizing quantities, we can substitute the demand curves into the expressions above and solve for Q₁ and Q₂.

b) If the monopolist cannot price discriminate and has to charge one uniform price in both markets, the profit-maximizing price and quantity will be determined by the combined demand of both markets.

Total demand: Q = Q₁ + Q₂

Substituting the demand curves for Q₁ and Q₂ into the total demand equation:

Q = (60 - 0.5PM₁²) + (100 - 0.5PM₂)

To find the profit-maximizing price and quantity, we need to differentiate the total revenue (TR) equation with respect to the price (P) and set it equal to zero:

d(TR) / d(P) = Q + P * (dQ / dP) = 0

Substituting the total demand equation and differentiating with respect to P:

Q + P * (dQ / dP) = (60 - 0.5PM₁²) + (100 - 0.5PM₂) + P * (dQ / dP) = 0

Solving the equation above will give us the profit-maximizing price and quantity.

c) To determine whether the monopolist is better off with price discrimination or a uniform price, we need to compare the profits in each situation.

If the monopolist can price discriminate, they can charge different prices in each market based on the different demand curves. This allows them to capture more consumer surplus and increase their total profit compared to a uniform price. The monopolist can extract more value from consumers who are willing to pay higher prices in one market and charge lower prices in the other market.

Customers, on the other hand, may prefer a situation where the monopolist cannot price discriminate and charges a uniform price. This is because price discrimination leads to different prices for the same good, which can result in some customers paying higher prices than they would in a uniform price scenario. However, customers who are willing to pay more in one market and less in the other market might prefer price discrimination as it allows them to pay a lower price.

Overall, the monopolist is better off with price discrimination as it allows them to increase their profit. However, customers' preferences may vary depending on their willingness to pay in each market.

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The service a homeowner performs when mowing her yard is not included in GDP because it is a non-market activity without a market transaction or monetary exchange.

The service a homeowner performs when mowing her yard is not included in GDP (Gross Domestic Product) because GDP measures the value of goods and services produced within a country's borders for the purpose of final consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. GDP captures economic activity that is exchanged in markets and involves transactions with monetary value.

When a homeowner mows her own yard, there is no market transaction involved, and no monetary exchange takes place. It is considered a non-market activity or a do-it-yourself (DIY) activity. GDP focuses on economic activities that involve market transactions and the exchange of money, where value is determined by the prices paid in the market.

Additionally, including the value of the service a homeowner performs for herself in GDP would lead to double counting, as the value of the homeowner's labor would already be captured when she purchases the lawn mower and any related inputs.

GDP focuses on economic activities involving market transactions, and including self-performed services would lead to double counting.

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To determine the firm's situation based on the given information, we need to compare its revenue and costs.

Given:

Price per unit: $10

ATC of the 300th unit: $11

Marginal cost of the 300th unit: $10

AVC of the 300th unit: $9

First, let's calculate the total revenue (TR) for producing 300 units:

TR = Price per unit * Quantity

TR = $10 * 300

TR = $3,000

Next, let's calculate the total cost (TC) for producing 300 units:

TC = ATC of the 300th unit * Quantity

TC = $11 * 300

TC = $3,300

Now, let's calculate the total variable cost (TVC) for producing 300 units:

TVC = AVC of the 300th unit * Quantity

TVC = $9 * 300

TVC = $2,700

To determine the firm's profit or loss, we need to subtract the total cost from the total revenue:

Profit/Loss = TR - TC

Profit/Loss = $3,000 - $3,300

Profit/Loss = -$300

Based on the calculation, the firm is incurring a loss of $300. However, it's important to consider the firm's situation in the short run. In this case, since the firm's total revenue is higher than its total variable cost, the firm should continue to operate in the short run to minimize its losses. Therefore, the correct answer is:

d. incurring a loss of $300 but should continue to operate in the short run.

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Marketers who target consumers on the basis of their identity or personal characteristics believe that they can influence purchase behavior by appealing to people's inner selves.

This approach recognizes that consumers often make purchasing decisions based on more than just functional needs; they are driven by emotional and psychological factors as well. By understanding and tapping into these aspects of consumers' identities, marketers aim to create a strong connection between the consumer and the brand or product.

By tailoring marketing messages, imagery, and brand positioning to resonate with specific aspects of consumers' identities, marketers can evoke emotions, aspirations, and desires that align with their target audience's self-perception. This personalized approach aims to create a sense of relevance and belonging, making consumers feel understood and validated. When consumers perceive a brand or product as an extension of their inner selves, they are more likely to form a positive attitude and develop loyalty, ultimately influencing their purchase behavior.

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The correct answer is c) the info that Joanne gave was accurate and sufficient for Caroline's purpose.

In the scenario presented, Joanne, Caroline's secretary, sends her details of the meetings she will have to attend next month, but omits some additional information that is not relevant to Caroline's requirements. The correct statement about this scenario is as follows: The information that Joanne gave was accurate and sufficient for Caroline's purpose. Answer: c). Explanation: Provided that Joanne sent Caroline the details of the meetings immediately, it suggests that the information is timely. Moreover, since Caroline did not require the additional details that were left out by Joanne, the information was adequate. Thus, based on these two facts, it can be inferred that the information that Joanne gave to Caroline was accurate and sufficient for Caroline's purpose. Therefore, the correct answer is c) the info that Joanne gave was accurate and sufficient for Caroline's purpose.

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The given statement that "Aggregate demand reduces when export falls" is True.when exports fall, aggregate demand decreases. The relationship between exports and aggregate demand is due to the fact that exports are included in the aggregate demand equation.

When a country's exports exceed imports, the balance of trade is said to be favorable, resulting in a trade surplus. On the other hand, when imports exceed exports, the balance of trade is unfavorable, resulting in a trade deficit.  Aggregate Demand impacted by exports When exports fall, the net exports component of the aggregate demand equation decreases.

As a result, the aggregate demand curve shifts leftward, reflecting a reduction in total spending on goods and services at every price level. This happens because a reduction in net exports means that fewer goods and services are being produced and sold domestically, resulting in less income and fewer expenditures on goods and services

In conclusion, when exports fall, aggregate demand decreases. The relationship between exports and aggregate demand is due to the fact that exports are included in the aggregate demand equation. When exports fall, the net exports component of the equation decreases, causing aggregate demand to fall.

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Correct question is " Is the following statement true or false?

Aggregate demand reduces when export falls.

Group of answer choices  ( True . False)  "

The interest coverage ratio suggests that Mattel's operating income is insufficient to cover its interest expenses, which means that the company has a high risk of defaulting on its debt.

1. The overall growth trend of Mattel, INC. from 2012 to 2016 is declining. The sales have decreased each year, and in 2016, the company incurred a loss. The net income declined from $776.5 million in 2012 to -$531.8 million in 2016.

2. i. Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities = $1,625.8 / $909.9 = 1.79ii. Cash Ratio = Cash and Cash Equivalents / Current Liabilities = $479.9 / $909.9 = 0.53 The current ratio indicates that Mattel has enough current assets to cover its current liabilities, whereas the cash ratio shows that Mattel's liquidity depends heavily on its ability to sell inventories.

3. i. Debt-to-Assets Ratio = Total Liabilities / Total Assets = $3,968.2 / $6,572.3 = 0.60ii. Interest Coverage Ratio = Operating Income / Interest Expense = $208.5 / $136.7 = 1.52The debt-to-assets ratio shows that 60% of Mattel's assets are financed by liabilities, which indicates that the company has a high level of debt. The interest coverage ratio suggests that Mattel's operating income is insufficient to cover its interest expenses, which means that the company has a high risk of defaulting on its debt.

4. Dupont decomposition analysis of ROA for 2016:ROA = Net Income / Total Assets = -$531.8 / $6,572.3 = -0.081 = -8.1%ROA = Net Profit Margin x Asset Turnover Ratio x Financial Leverage Ratio Net Profit Margin = Net Income / Sales = -$531.8 / $5,460.4 = -0.097 = -9.7%Asset Turnover Ratio = Sales / Total Assets = $5,460.4 / $6,572.3 = 0.83Financial Leverage Ratio = Total Assets / Total Equity = $6,572.3 / $2,604.1 = 2.52ROA = (-9.7%) x 0.83 x 2.52 = -20.5%The negative ROA indicates that Mattel incurred a loss in 2016, and the negative ROA value is a result of negative profit margin and a high financial leverage ratio.

5. ROC of 2016 = EBIT / (Total Assets - Current Liabilities) = $208.5 / ($6,572.3 - $909.9) = 3.6%The low ROC value indicates that Mattel is not efficiently utilizing its assets to generate profit.

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The smallest risk required to earn a mean return of 10% can be determined by constructing a portfolio on the CML using the available information. Pamela's claim about stock C ignores the benefits of diversification.

(a) To calculate the covariance matrix of the returns of stocks A and B, we can use the formula for the covariance between two variables X and Y:

Cov(X, Y) = ρ * σ(X) * σ(Y)

Where Cov(X, Y) is the covariance between X and Y, ρ is the correlation coefficient between X and Y, and σ(X) and σ(Y) are the standard deviations of X and Y, respectively.

For stocks, A and B, the correlation coefficient (ρAB) is given as 0.9, and the standard deviations (σA and σB) are 15% and 20%, respectively. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:

Cov(A, A) = ρAB * σA * σA = 0.9 * 15% * 15% = 0.0225

Cov(B, B) = ρAB * σB * σB = 0.9 * 20% * 20% = 0.036

Cov(A, B) = ρAB * σA * σB = 0.9 * 15% * 20% = 0.027

Thus, the covariance matrix of the returns of stocks A and B is:

| 0.0225 0.027 |

| 0.027 0.04 |

(b) To calculate the mean return and the standard deviation of the return for the minimum-variance portfolio formed from stocks A and B, we need to use the formula for portfolio mean and standard deviation:

Portfolio Mean = wA * MeanA + wB * MeanB

Portfolio Standard Deviation = sqrt(wA^2 * VarA + wB^2 * VarB + 2 * wA * wB * Cov(A, B))

Where wA and wB are the weights of stocks A and B in the portfolio, MeanA, and MeanB are the mean returns of stocks A and B, and VarA, VarB, and Cov(A, B) are the variance of stock A, the variance of stock B, and the covariance between stocks A and B, respectively.

Given the mean returns and covariance matrix of stocks A and B, we can solve for the minimum-variance portfolio. However, we would need the weights assigned to each stock in the portfolio to calculate the exact mean return and standard deviation.

(c) If short-selling is not allowed, the answer to part (b) may change. Without short-selling, the weights assigned to each stock can only be positive or zero. This constraint can affect the optimal allocation of weights and potentially change the minimum-variance portfolio.

To find the new minimum-variance portfolio without short-selling, we would need to solve a quadratic programming problem with additional constraints on the weights. The weights for the new minimum-variance portfolio would depend on these constraints and cannot be determined without further information.

(d) Pamela's claim is incorrect because she only considers the mean return and standard deviation of stock C in isolation, without considering the potential benefits of diversification. While stock C may have a lower mean return compared to stock D, it can still contribute to portfolio diversification due to its lack of correlation with stocks A and B.

By including stock C in a portfolio with stocks A, B, and D, investors can potentially reduce the overall risk of the portfolio by spreading their investments across uncorrelated assets. This reduction in risk can offset the lower mean return of stock C and still lead to a more efficient portfolio.

(e) To calculate the smallest risk (standard deviation of return) required to earn a mean return of 10%, we can use the concept of the Capital Market Line (CML). The CML represents a combination of the risk-free asset and the efficient frontier of risky assets.

By adjusting the allocation of weights among the four stocks and the risk-free asset, we can construct a portfolio that lies on the CML and achieves a mean return of 10%. The risk associated with this portfolio would be the smallest possible for the given mean return.

However, without specific data on the correlations between the four stocks and the risk-free rate, as well as the weights assigned to each stock, it is not possible to provide an exact calculation. The calculation would involve solving a quadratic programming problem, considering the covariance matrix, expected returns, and constraints on the weights.

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The purchase of $100,000 equipment with cash in 2019 by Gary Kraen Company would be reported on Gary Kraen Company's 2019 statement of cash flows as an investing activity. Option a is correct.

A statement of cash flows is a financial statement that shows how changes in balance sheet accounts and income affect cash and cash equivalents, and breaks the analysis down into operating, investing, and financing activities. It is primarily used to keep track of a company's liquidity.

As a result, it shows a company's liquidity position at a specific point in time and indicates whether or not the company is making enough cash to meet its obligations.

Investing activities are reported on the statement of cash flows, which is one of three main financial statements. These include expenditures on assets such as equipment, investments in stocks, and the purchase of securities.

Therefore, a is correct.

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PepsiCo is chosen for analysis in managerial accounting due to its global presence, diversified product portfolio, and significant market share in the beverage and snack industry.

PepsiCo selection for analysis in managerial accounting is driven by several reasons. Firstly, PepsiCo operates on a global scale, with operations in over 200 countries and territories.

This global presence provides an opportunity to examine the company's managerial accounting practices in different markets, taking into account factors such as currency fluctuations, local regulations, and market dynamics.

Secondly, PepsiCo has a diversified product portfolio that includes popular beverage brands like Pepsi, Mountain Dew, and Gatorade, as well as well-known snack brands such as Lay's, Doritos, and Tostitos.

This diversification allows for an analysis of managerial accounting techniques related to product costing, pricing strategies, and resource allocation across different product lines.

Thirdly, PepsiCo holds a significant market share in the highly competitive beverage and snack industry. Studying its managerial accounting practices provides insights into how the company manages costs, optimizes production processes, and makes strategic decisions to maintain its competitive position.

Moreover, PepsiCo's focus on sustainability and corporate social responsibility presents an additional dimension for analysis in managerial accounting.

Evaluating the company's efforts in managing environmental impact, social initiatives, and ethical practices can provide valuable insights into how managerial accounting contributes to sustainable business practices.

Overall, PepsiCo's global presence, diversified product portfolio, significant market share, and commitment to sustainability make it a compelling choice for analysis in managerial accounting.

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The journal entry to reflect the initial $124,000 investment under each of the options (a, b, and c) is as follows:  Common shares: Santana's sister, Cicely has agreed to invest $124,000 in the business as a common shareholder.

Whenever the company issues common stock, it receives cash from the shareholders, and, in exchange, it issues common stock to the shareholder. The formula to calculate the Common stock is: Common stock = $186,000 + $124,000Common stock = $310,000 Hence, the journal entry to record common shares is: b) Preferred shares: Santana's uncle, Marcello is willing to invest $124,000 in the business as a preferred shareholder.

Whenever a company issues preferred stock, the company receives cash in exchange for issuing preferred stock to the shareholders. Hence, the preferred stock journal entry is as follows: c) 11-Year Note Payable: Santana's banker is willing to lend her $124,000 on a 7%, 11-year note payable.

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The gravity model is used to describe and predict trade between two countries or regions based on their economic size and distance from each other. In general, the gravity model suggests that larger economies will trade more with each other, while distance acts as a barrier to trade, reducing the likelihood of trade occurring.

(a) Over the past few decades, trade among East Asian nations has grown as a share of world trade. This trend can be explained by the gravity model, as the region has experienced significant economic growth and development over this period, which has led to an increase in its economic size.

As a result, East Asian countries have become more attractive trading partners for each other, as well as for other countries around the world.
(b) East Asian countries do an increasing share of their trade with each other. This trend can also be explained by the gravity model, as the region's countries are located relatively close to each other, which makes it easier and more cost-effective to trade with one another. Additionally, the region has developed extensive infrastructure and transportation networks, such as ports, highways, and railways, which facilitate trade and investment between countries.

Finally, East Asian nations share many cultural, linguistic, and historical ties, which further promote trade and investment between them.
In conclusion, the gravity model is a useful tool for explaining the growth of trade among East Asian nations over the past few decades, as well as the increasing share of trade that these countries do with each other. Factors such as economic size, distance, infrastructure, and cultural ties all play a role in determining the level and pattern of trade between countries, and can help to explain why some countries trade more with each other than with others.

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Audited deposits in this economy increase by $1,333,333.

Option d is correct .

In this scenario, the required reserve ratio is 15%. This means that banks must hold 15% of current accounts as a reserve. The rest is available for loans and can be used to make additional check deposits.

When the Monetary Authority writes her $200,000 check to the unbanked, it essentially creates new money. This check is credited to the payee's bank account, increasing the checkable deposit amount. To determine the overall increase in current account balances, we need to consider the process of money creation by the banking system. Banks are required to hold 15% of their current accounts in reserves, so they can lend out the remaining 85%.

The initial checkable deposit increase is $200,000 equal to the check amount. However, this amount may increase due to the currency creation process. The formula for calculating the total increase in checking account is:

Total Increase in Verifiable Deposits = Initial Increase in Verifiable Deposits / Required Reserve Ratio

Total checking account growth = $200,000 / 0.15

Total checking account growth = $1,333,333

Hence. Option d is correct .

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The correct answer to the given question is option a) BIOS (Basic Input/Output System).

An operating system for an information system is a kind of software that manages the computer's hardware and software resources and offers common services for computer programs. The correct answer to the given question is option a) BIOS.BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a kind of firmware that's built into a computer's motherboard. It is the very first software that's executed when a computer boots up. BIOS sets up and initializes a computer's hardware components, such as hard drives, memory, and other peripherals. BIOS is not an example of an operating system for an information system, whereas Linux, VMS, and DOS are all examples of operating systems. Linux is a free and open-source operating system that is widely utilized in servers, supercomputers, and mobile devices, among other things. It was created as a Unix-like operating system. VMS (Virtual Memory System) is a multi-user, multitasking operating system developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) for its VAX series of computers. It is designed for large-scale, time-sharing computing environments. DOS (Disk Operating System) is a single-tasking, command-line operating system that was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s.

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The formula for the present value (PV) of an annuity is: PMT × [(1 − (1 + r)^-n) / r] + FV / (1 + r)^n where PMT is the periodic payment r is the discount raten is the total number of payments FV is the future value. The value of the bond today is $197.17.

A bond with a discount rate of 10%, pays $60 every year for the next 5 years and also pays $1000 at the end of five years, then the value today is: RATE: 10%NPER: 5PMT: $60PV: ??FV: $1000.

What is the PV calculation? The formula for the present value (PV) of an annuity is: PMT × [(1 − (1 + r)^-n) / r] + FV / (1 + r)^n where PMT is the periodic payment r is the discount raten is the total number of payments FV is the future value.

The formula for calculating the present value of a bond is given by the following equation: PV = C1 / (1+r)1 + C2 / (1+r)2 + C3 / (1+r)3 + ... Cn / (1+r)n Where, Cn represents cash flow in year n PV represents the total present value of the bond In this scenario, we can calculate the PV of the bond using the formula mentioned above as follows: PMT = $60R = 10%N = 5FV = $1000Therefore, the present value of the bond can be calculated as: PV = 60 * ((1 - (1+10%)^-5) / 10%) + 1000 / (1 + 10%)^5= $197.17Thus, the value of the bond today is $197.17.

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To forecast or project income statements for the telecommunication industry in Malaysia, including Maxis Berhad, you would typically follow these steps:

Research and gather industry data: Start by researching the current trends, market conditions, and growth projections for the telecommunication industry in Malaysia. Look for industry reports, economic forecasts, and analyst opinions to gain insights into the expected revenue growth and cost structures.

Historical analysis: Analyze the historical financial performance of Maxis Berhad, specifically its revenue, cost of goods sold (COGS), distribution costs, administration expenses, other operating expenses, finance costs, and share of results of an associate. Examine the trends, growth rates, and any significant factors affecting these line items over the past years (2016-2020 in this case).

External factors: Consider macroeconomic factors and industry-specific drivers that could impact the telecommunication industry in Malaysia. These may include factors like population growth, smartphone adoption rates, data usage patterns, regulatory changes, competition, and technological advancements.

Develop growth assumptions: Based on the research and analysis conducted, make informed assumptions about the expected growth rates for revenue and various cost components. These assumptions should align with the industry forecasts, company strategies, and external factors impacting the telecommunication industry in Malaysia.

Apply growth rates: Apply the projected growth rates to the respective line items in the income statement. Here's an example breakdown of hypothetical growth percentages for Maxis Berhad:

Revenue: X% (e.g., 5%)

COGS: X% (e.g., 3%)

Distribution costs: X% (e.g., 2%)

Administration expenses: X% (e.g., 4%)

Other operating expenses: X% (e.g., 3%)

Finance costs: X% (e.g., 1%)

Share of result of an associate: X% (e.g., 2%)

Calculate projected figures: Multiply the historical figures for each line item by the respective growth percentages to calculate the projected amounts for future years. Summarize these figures to create the projected income statement for the desired period.

It's important to note that forecasting involves uncertainty, and the accuracy of the projections depends on the quality of data, assumptions, and the complexity of the industry dynamics. Obtaining expert opinions or consulting financial analysts specializing in the telecommunication industry could provide more accurate and reliable forecasts tailored to the specific company and market conditions.

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According to Pecking Order Theory, controlling for investment opportunities, the amount of availability of internal finance is "negatively correlated" with investment spending if there is Asymmetric Information, while it is "not correlated" if there is no Asymmetric Information (option b).

The Pecking Order Theory, also known as the Pecking Order Model or Information Asymmetry Theory, is a finance theory that attempts to describe how firms finance themselves and in what order they choose to do so. The Pecking Order Theory proposes that a company will fund itself using internal funding (retained profits), then debt, and then equity in that order. Asymmetric information refers to the idea that managers of the company have more knowledge about its financial situation than external investors.

According to the Pecking Order Theory, when there is Asymmetric Information, the amount of availability of internal finance is "negatively correlated" with investment spending. This is because managers, who have more knowledge of the company's financial situation than external investors, are more likely to invest when they perceive the company's prospects to be good and will likely retain earnings when they perceive the company's prospects to be poor. This results in the amount of internal finance decreasing as investment opportunities increase. In contrast, when there is no Asymmetric Information, the amount of availability of internal finance is "not correlated" with investment spending. This is because there is no information asymmetry, external investors have access to the same information as managers and thus external investors are equally likely to invest when they perceive the company's prospects to be good. The correct option is b.

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The question is about job costing where manufacturing overheads, labor costs and material costs are to be allocated to products. Manufacturing overheads refer to all production costs that are not directly related to the production process of goods.

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