What is a fixed and variable expense and provide an example of each?

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Answer 1

Rent, mortgage payments, and auto payments are examples of fixed expenses that typically cost a same amount per month, whereas variable expenses fluctuate from month to month.

What does "cost" mean?

Cost is the sum of money required to do something or purchase something.We need to start reducing our spending.

What types of expenses are there?

Operating. Expense for Goods Sold (COGS) promotion, marketing, and advertising. earnings, benefits, and salaries selling, all-purpose, and managerial (SG&A) insurance and rent. Amortization and depreciation. Other. Non-operating. Interest. Taxes. Charges for impairment.

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Related Questions

Which of the following is not an advantage for new companies entering the marketplace? a. They are more highly motivated. b. They can often hire younger workers. c. They are locked into an existing brand image. d. They can often hire less expensive workers.

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very enthusiastic or determined because you really want to do something: Our staff members are hard-working and highly motivated.. The

In which of the following instances is being a first-mover NOT in particular advantageous?

When markets are sluggish to receive the progressive product supplying of a first-mover, and quick followers possess enough sources and advertising muscle to overtake a first mover.

Why is it superb to rent from within?

“When you promote from within, human beings see possibility and become less in all likelihood to go round in their careers,” Chansler explains, elaborating: It's amazing for morale when employees can see an possibility to develop inside their organization.

Which of the following is not one of the competitive forces in an industry environment in Porter's model?

Political factor is not one of the Porter's five force factor. The Porter's five forces tool is a simple but powerful tool to evaluate the power of business.

Porter's Forces Analysis assumes that there are important forces that determine competitive power in a business situation.

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Explaining to an Amazon customer service representative why you should be refunded for the coffee table you bought online addresses which type of needs

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Explaining to an Amazon customer service representative that why you should be refunded for the coffee table you bought online addresses. This type of needs is practical.

Everyone who tends to work for the customer service is said to be focused on preventing and also solving the problems for customers, which is from designing and developing self-service technologies, to interacting directly with the customers.

However, so when you start to explain to an Amazon customer service representative that why you should be refunded for the coffee table which you bought online so this need is considered to be practical. Hence, the practical needs are objectives which need to be accomplished.

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Melissa, a marketing manager for an amusement park, has a goal of increasing sales for the month of October. Melissa needs to first spend time mapping out the necessary steps she and her team of sales representatives must take so that they can increase their sales numbers. Which managerial function is she performing

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She is fulfilling the managerial duty of planning. If Melissa, a marketing manager for an amusement park, has a goal of increasing sales for the month of October.

What is the MIS on management information systems?

Management Information Systems (MIS) is the study of how people, technology, processes, and data interact with information systems. A specific kind of information system that aids managerial level tactical decision-making is also referred to by this term. The MIS assists in the creation of information, communication, problem identification, and decision-making. Therefore, the MIS is crucial to the management, operation, and administration of an organisation.

Among the above, which best sums up management information systems (MIS)?

Utilizing and managing information systems to assist firms in achieving their goals and objectives They aid managers in making standard decisions.

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Sam's Sushi serves only a fixed-price lunch. The price of $9 and the variable cost of $4 per meal remain constant regardless of volume. Sam can increase lunch volume by opening and staffing additional check-out lanes. Sam has three choices:


Monthly Volume Range

(Number of Meals) Total

Fixed Costs

1 Lane 0–5,000 $ 26,000

2 Lanes 5,001–8,000 31,000

3 Lanes 8,001–10,000 36,600

Required:


a. Calculate the break-even point(s).


b-1. Calculate the profit (or loss) for each alternative, assuming Sam can sell all the meals he can serve.


b-2. Should Sam operate at one, two, or three lanes?

Answers

The break-even point(s) will be  5200, 6200, 7320 for the 1 lane, 2 lane and 3 lanes respectively. There will be loss in the 1 lane and profit in the remaining lanes. Sam should opearte 3 lanes as it has highest profit.

What is a Break-Even Point?

Break-even point will aid in more intelligent product pricing. Pricing involves a lot of psychology, but understanding how it will impact your profitability is just as crucial. Particularly while ensuring that you can cover all of your obligations.

Sales price /unit -  variable cost/ unit = contribution margin/ unit.

                                                =9-4 = 5

BEP = Fixed Cost / margin of contribution per unit  

           

1 lane  =26000/5= 5200        

2 lanes  =31000/5= 6200        

3 lanes  =36600/5 = 7320

The 1 lane break even is not feasible as 5200 is more than the relevent range

The two possible break evens are 6200 and 7320      

           

b.            Meals        Contribution       Fixed costs     Profit/(Loss)  

1 lane      5000             25000              26000             -1000    

2 lanes    8000            40000               31000              9000    

3 lanes    10000           50000              36600             13400    

           

Sam should opearte 3 lanes as it has highest profit.

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Mick bought some compact discs. If sales tax was 6% and the tax on his purchase was $1.68, what was the cost of the compact discs before tax?

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Mick purchased a few CDs. The value of the cd's before taxes is $1.58 if tax rate was 6% as well as the tax on his sale was $1.68.

How is a purchase defined in accounting?

The two most common payment methods are cash and credit. Another way to make a purchase is to assume a debt or participate in a trading where different non-cash goods are traded, 10,000 pairs or sneaker are ordered by Shoes Unlimited from a foreign vendor. This entails the filing of a requisition, which is a formal declaration by the business that it will buy the specified kind and number of shoes. The area of accounting known as tax accounting is responsible for processing tax payments and tax returns. Individuals, companies, corporations, and other entities all use tax accounting.

Let x be the cost prior to taxes.

x+6% of x = 1.68

106x/100 = 1.68

x = 1.68*100/106 = $1.58

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If a 5% increase in price leads to an 8% decrease in quantity demanded, demand is a. perfectly elastic b. elastic c. unit elastic d. inelastic e. perfectly inelastic

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If a price increase of 5% causes the desired amount to decrease by 8%, the demand is elastic.

What is another word increase?

Augment, enlarge, and multiply are a few typical synonyms for the word increase. While all of these verbs have the same basic meaning of "to make or become greater," the term "increase" has a few different meanings depending on how it is employed. When used transitively, it might denote simple addition rather than necessarily gradual expansion in size, amount, or intensity. something that is increased (as in size, number, or amount) from the initial stock or amount, such as offspring, produce, or profit: INCREASING

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an increase in quantity supplied might be caused by an increase in production costs. true or false

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It is false that an increase in production costs might result in an increase in the quantity supplied.

What are the costs of production?

All direct and indirect costs associated with manufacturing a product or providing a service are referred to as production costs. Various costs, such as labor, raw materials, consumable manufacturing supplies, and general overhead, can be included in production costs.

When a company makes a product or provides a service, it incurs production costs, which are also referred to as product costs. There are many costs included in these costs. Production costs, for instance, are associated with the labor and raw materials that are required to make a product. Production costs are incurred by the service industry because of the costs of materials and labor required to provide the service.

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Use the most recent C.F.R. Index (published by Thomson Reuters/West). a. Which C.F.R. title and part deal with the adulteration or misbranding of infant formulas? b. Which C.F.R. title and part deal with using a badge, emblem, or insignia on advertisements for wine? (i) Review this provision. May a bottle of wine used in an ad display the U.S. Navy flag or insignia? (ii) What provision governs your answer? c. Which C.F.R. title and part deal with Flammability standards for children's sleepwear (size 3)?

Answers

The CFR is published on a quarterly schedule and is updated once a year. Every book has chapters that, in most cases, bear the name of the publishing company.

What is nightwear called in USA?106.140 - Submission on a change to infant formula that could adulterate the product. Notification of contaminated or misbranded infant formula, per Section 106.150.The United States' food and drug regulations are governed by Section 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations, or CFR. Part 11 deals with the standards under which electronic documents and signatures are deemed safe.One of the most well-liked wines in Kenya is 4th Street Wines.The wine has an 8% alcohol concentration and a naturally sweet taste. The wine is currently sold in 750ml, 1.5 litre, and 5 litre cask sizes. Pajamas (US) or pyjamas (Commonwealth), often known as PJs, pyjamas, or night suits in South Asia, are various comparable styles of clothes used as nightwear, while resting, or while completing remote work from home.

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The engineering team at PlastiPharm recently identified a way to automate another of the processes in the clean room and requested a kaizen burst to test their idea. Several people from production were asked to participate in the event but did so with reluctance. Which of the following statements best explains why they would be hesitant to automate a process that would improve efficiency and accuracy

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The people might be hesitant because a) they perceived the automation as an effort to reduce the number of employees needed in the clean room.

The introduction of automation into the clean room environment can be daunting for employees. The perception of automation often brings to mind a reduction in the number of personnel needed to complete required tasks. Hence, the correct option is a.

It's understandable that the production people may be hesitant, especially if they perceive the change as an effort to reduce the number of employees needed.

However, automation can actually help to increase the overall efficiency of the clean room and in turn, create more opportunities for employees to work in new and innovative ways.  It can help to streamline and simplify processes, making work easier and more enjoyable for employees.

Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:

The engineering team at PlastiPharm recently identified a way to automate another of the processes in the clean room and requested a kaizen burst to test their idea. Several people from production were asked to participate in the event but did so with reluctance. Which of the following statements best explains why they would be hesitant to automate a process that would improve efficiency and accuracy?

a) they perceived the automation as an effort to reduce the number of employees needed in the clean room.

b) Reluctance on the part of the employees could be evidence of frustration with someone who thinks they know how to do their jobs better than they do.

c)The employees could be reluctant because they’ve been through many kaizen bursts that have resulted in no improvements being made.

d) The employees might be hesitant to participate because they recognized that the kaizen event would require more of their time—time better spent at their regular jobs.

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True or false: Minor acts of dishonesty and slight deviations from the truth are harmless and should be encouraged in business.

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The correct answer is false.

Based on your understanding of the gains from trade (discussed in Chapters 3 and 9), which of the following statements accurately characterize how well the payoffs indicated for the four possible outcomes actually reflect a nation's welfare? Check all that apply:
The payoffs in the upper right and lower left corners of the matrix reflect a nation's welfare because the nation with lower tariffs is better off, since that nation is more open to trade.
The payoffs in the upper right and lower left corners of the matrix do not reflect a nation's welfare because tariffs hurt overall total surplus, so both countries' welfare should decline regardless of who charges the high and low tariffs.
The payoffs in the upper left and lower right corners of the matrix reflect a nation's welfare because they show that trade is beneficial and tariffs are a barrier to trade.

Answers

Gains from trade are the net advantages that economic agents receive by being permitted to engage in more voluntary trading with one another. They are, technically speaking, the rise in consumer surplus plus producer surplus brought on by lower tariffs or other trade liberalization measures.

What is gains from trade?

Formally, gains from trade are the net advantage that economic agents experience when they are permitted to participate in voluntary trade with one another. Gains from trade are defined as the enhanced value that results from trading something that is less sought for something that is more wanted in an economic environment. Gains from trade are frequently gained because increased output and consumption are supported by international commerce. Gains from commerce always include the advantage of surplus in economic circumstances. By reducing trade restrictions like tariffs, consumer surplus rises and the cost of traded goods falls. The standard of living rises as the consumer surplus rises and the price of trade goods falls.

According to question :-

The payoffs in the upper right and lower left corners of the matrix do not reflect a nation's welfare because tariffs hurt overall total surplus, so both countries' welfare should decline regardless of who charges the high and low tariffs.

The payoffs in the upper left and lower right corners of the matrix reflect a nation's welfare because they show that trade is beneficial and tariffs are a barrier to trade.

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You own a portfolio equally invested in a risk-free asset and two stocks. One of the stocks has a beta of 1.22 and the total portfolio is equally as risky as the market. What must the beta be for the other stock in your portfolio

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After owning a portfolio equally invested in a risk-free asset and two stocks. The beta be for the other stock in portfolio is 0.74

Setting up the equation for the beta of our portfolio, we get: βP = 1.0 = 1/3(0) + 1/3(1.22) + 1/3(βX), Solving for the beta of Stock X, we get: βX = 0.74 The weight of each asset multiplied by the beta of each asset results in the beta of a portfolio. The portfolio must have the same beta as the market if it is equally risky. We know the beta of our portfolio is one because the market's beta is 1. Additionally, we must keep in mind that the risk-free asset has a beta of zero. Given that the asset carries no risk, it must be zero.

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Does driving to and from work count as a business expense?

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Business owners can reduce expenses for the use of a car for business purposes, for their driving, and employee driving. The car can be ruled by the business or employee, and you can use a strong mileage or actual expenses deduction to get the amount of the reduction.

A small business can reduce expenses for employee and owner use of a car, but only for business purposes.

Personal driving expenses and commuting expenses are not deductible.

You can deduct driving expenses by detailing actual expenses or multiplying the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) standard mileage rate by your business miles for the year.

You must be able to prove that the expenses were business-related, by providing at-the-time records.

Your small business can deduct all business driving cost for all types of vehicles driven by business owners and employees. If your business owns the vehicle, you can also deduct decline expenses, but only if you use the vehicle more than 50% of the time for business purposes.

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the hamilton btush company issued 2500 shates of common stock wotyh 10000000 total what is the par value of each sharte

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The concept in question is the Face value of a stock, which is the dollar value provided by the issuer of a security at the time of issuance. The answer is $4,000.

Face value is the value printed on the face of a stock, bond, or other financial instrument or document. The face value may differ from the amount paid for the debt instrument as the amount paid may include a discount or premium to the face value.

When the debenture matures, its issuer repurchases it for a principal amount of $.

Given:

common stock = 2500

issued value = 10000000

Par value = total value/number of shares

Par value = 10000000 / 2500

Par value= $ 4,000.

So, we can conclude by saying that the share will have a par value of $4,000.

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What is the future value of $4,900 invested for 8 years at 7 percent compounded annually? A.) $8,397.74 B.) $8,419.11 C.) $8,511.15 D.) $8,513.06 E.) $8,520.22

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B.) $8,419.11 . The worth of an asset at a future date is referred to as its future value. It is the present value multiplied by the accumulation function; it is the nominal future quantity of money.

that a particular sum of money is "worth" at a certain period in the future value assuming a specific interest rate or, more broadly, rate of return. The value does not account for future inflation or other variables that may impact the real worth of money. This is utilized in calculating the time value of money. Money's worth changes throughout time: $100 now is worth less than $100 in five years. This is owing to the fact that one can put $100 today in an interest-bearing bank account or any other investment, and that money will grow/shrink as a result of inflation.An investor with some money has two choices: spend it now or invest it later. The financial benefit of storing it (rather than spending it) is that the money worth will grow due to the interest he would earn from a loan (the bank account on which he has the money deposited).

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What kind of economy is least likely to see the benefits of prices?

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Market economy is least likely to see the benefits of prices .

What is meant by market economy?

In a market economy, the majority of the resources are owned by people rather than the government. This pertains to labor, capital, and land. In a market economy, people regulate the usage and cost of these resources by their free choices in the market.

A market economy, sometimes referred to as a free market or free enterprise economy, is a system in which supply and demand dictate economic decisions, such as the prices of goods and services.

We refer to this as a market economy. People, not the government, are in charge of the economy. The market economy of the United States is capitalist.

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On January 1, 2017, Ellen Carter Company makes the two following acquisitions. 1. Purchases land having a fair value of $200,000 by issuing a 5-year, zero-interest-bearing promissory note in the face amount of $337,012. 2. Purchases equipment by issuing a 6%, 8-year promissory note having a maturity value of $250,000 (interest payable annually). The company has to pay 11% interest for funds from its bank

Answers

Journal entries are those that are made at the beginning of the bookkeeping process. Once the entries have been put in the journal, ledger accounts are created for the next step in the process.

What constitutes a journal entry?

Each diary entry must have two accounts, one credit and one debit, in double-entry accounting. The number of additional accounts an accountant can include in a personal journal after the first two is unlimited.

What are the four most popular journals?

The cash receipts journal, monthly bank journal, cash sales journal, and cash purchases journal are the four primary special journals. These unique journals were created because certain journal entries recur.

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Hiram, a broker, is part owner of a real estate investment group that wants to unload some of its portfolio and the group wants Hiram to list the properties. What percentage of ownership interest would Hiram need to have in order to avoid having to disclose his licensed status

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No matter how much of an ownership interest Hiram has, he is required to disclose it.

Who is represented by the selling broker?

A licensee who acts as an agent on behalf of one or more parties to a transaction binds the entire business to the representation. The broker acts on behalf of the client because they are the agent.

Which activity falls under the broker's purview?

In the finance and banking sectors, brokers oversee a variety of business transactions, including investments, real estate, and insurance. Brokers manage sales, establish and maintain relationships, and carry out administrative tasks. They also serve as a liaison between parties.

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What is the best definition of economic data brainly?

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Economic data and statistics are information that explains the history and present state of the economy. Usually discovered in the form of a time-series that includes multiple time periods. Surveys of persons, businesses, and industries in a single economy or for the global economy can be used to collect data.

The social science of economics deals with the creation, exchange, and consumption of products and services. Economics is the study of how economies work as well as the behavior and interactions of economic actors. The study of microeconomics focuses on what are thought to be the fundamental components of the economy, such as the interactions that result from market and agent activity. Individual agents can represent a variety of clients, including homes, companies, buyers, and sellers. The study of the economy as a coexisting system of production, consumption, saving, and investment is known as macroeconomics. Additionally, it looks at the elements that have an impact on this system, including the use of labor, capital, and natural resources, currency inflation, economic expansion.

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ECONOMIC DATA

Economic data is numerical information that provides insight into the performance and direction of various economic indicators such as inflation, employment, GDP and other statistics. Economic data is often graphed or visualized in order to make it easier to interpret, and can be used to inform business decisions and inform government policy.

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The value of a levered firm will be than the value of an identical unlevered firm because the levered firm's taxes will be

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Answer:

higher

Explanation:

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You can afford $300 per month for car loan payments. For a 36-month loan at 4.5% stated annual interest, with the first payment one month from now, how much can you borrow

Answers

$10,100 can be borrowed for a 36-month.

What is Loan ?

Another party receives money in exchange for later repayment of the loan's principal or value. In many cases, the borrower must pay additional fees like interest or finance charges on top of the principal amount because the lender increased the principal value by adding those items.

Loans can be given as an open-ended line of credit with a cap of up to a particular amount or for a predefined, one-time sum. There are alternatives for commercial and personal financing in addition to secured and unsecured loans. Loans should be repaid at time.

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In florida and some other states, cellular emergency calls are directed to the state police (*__________ on your cellular phone)



I need help with this. Is it


FPH


FHP


HPF


HFP

Answers

In Florida and some other states, cellular emergency calls are directed to the state police (*FHP on your cellular phone).

What is FHP?

A division of the Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles is the Florida Highway Patrol. The primary law enforcement organization in charge of looking into traffic accidents and breaking the law on Florida's highways is the state's highway patrol. A total of 2,496 full-time employees, including 1,982 sworn positions and 514 non-sworn positions, are permitted for the Florida Highway Patrol. For Human Peoples, Forest Health Protection (USDA Forest Service), Fractional Horsepower, and Functional Health Pattern are all abbreviations for For Human Peoples. A division of the Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles is the Florida Highway Patrol (FHP). Upholding highway safety is the Florida Highway Patrol's (FHP) top priority. Troopers achieve this by patrolling frequently and carrying out enforcement.

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the expense for warranty costs is recorded in the period ________.

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Warranty fee is identified in the equal length as the sales for the products that have been sold, if it is probable that an cost will be incurred and the organization can estimate the quantity of the expense.

In which of the following periods should the cost for guarantee charges be recorded?

The warranty cost is a legal responsibility of an organization, so accounting requirements require recording this price as early as possible, hence, the company have to document it at the time of true sale by estimation method.

Is warranty a length cost?

A guarantee cost refers to the value that a corporation anticipates incurring for the alternative or repair of merchandise clients purchase. Companies account for guarantee charges only during the hooked up warranty period. After the guarantee duration expires, businesses stop to incur the assurance expense.

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Although not formally given a leadership role, Belinda has a lot of influence on other team members. They like and respect her and feel she has a unique ability to help the team reach its goals. What is Belinda

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However, this management approach results in little leadership or supervisory efforts from managers and impedes the development of workers who need guidance.

What exactly is a peer-to-peer relationship?

Peer relationships are formed and strengthened by interpersonal contacts involving peers or people who have attained a similar level of psychological development. Peer relationships are a type of social support .

What are the advantages of P2P?

These are a few benefits of P2P networks: P2P networks don't require an expensive server to function. A network manager is not required because each user is in charge of their own computer. P2P network configuration is done using software wizards. Both homes and small companies can set up P2P networks.

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Which product attributes in Shopping campaign ads are important for giving shoppers the most meaningful information needed, all at a single glance

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Prices, product images, and store names are important attributes for advertising in Shopping campaigns, giving shoppers the most meaningful information they need at a glance.

Shopping campaigns help you promote your products by giving users more information about your offers before they click on your ads. You can then track product performance over time using retail-specific reporting tools.

A type of ad that provides detailed information about a specific product for sale. To create a Shopping ad, he sets up product information in Merchant Center a Shopping campaign. Smart Shopping campaigns automatically pull product data from your feed and use it to create Shopping ads specifically designed for your customers. The campaign intelligently places those ads on different faces using the bid strategy of your choice.

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What is the economic concept that states that the more of something a company buys or produces, the cheaper each unit becomes

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For instance, a company might benefit from economies of scale while making large purchases. By making a large number of purchases at once, it was able to negotiate for a cheaper price per unit than its competitors.

Production costs are the expenses a business has to pay while producing purchases a good or offering a service that brings in money for the company. Various expenditures, including labour, raw materials, consumable manufacturing supplies, and general overhead, might be included in production  price. Economies of scope happen when it is less expensive to produce two goods together than to produce them individually.

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Question Mode Multiple Choice Question How is retailing in the United States different when compared to the European Union, China and India

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The US retail sector has the highest concentration of large retail companies and the highest retail density.

How has the retail industry changed throughout time?

The development of urban covered markets, specialized stores, and department stores during the 18th and 19th centuries marked the beginning of retail as an organized sector. In the late 1800s, catalogs offered consumers for the first time the chance to shop without leaving their homes.

What are the two most important environmental factors in the retail industry?

The danger of supply chain disruption and the environmental impact of using raw materials are the two key factors that have an impact on retail. Every use of natural resources has some negative effects on the environment, and more people are concerned about reducing those effects.

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The US retail sector has the highest concentration of large retail companies and the highest retail density.

How has the retail industry changed throughout time?

The development of urban covered markets, specialized stores, and department stores during the 18th and 19th centuries marked the beginning of retail as an organized sector. In the late 1800s, catalogs offered consumers for the first time the chance to shop without leaving their homes.

What are the two most important environmental factors in the retail industry?

The danger of supply chain disruption and the environmental impact of using raw materials are the two key factors that have an impact on retail. Every use of natural resources has some negative effects on the environment, and more people are concerned about reducing those effects.

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Product costs flow through the inventory accounts until the goods are sold, at which time they are matched against sales on the ______. Multiple choice question. income statement statement of cash flows balance sheet'

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The gross profit is calculated by comparing product costs, which pass through inventory accounts until the products are sold, with sales on the income statement.

The costs of direct labour, direct and indirect materials, and industrial overhead are considered product costs. They may also include the labour expenditures involved in providing a service to a client. When the items are sold or the services are provided, the flow of product costs via the several inventory accounts (raw materials, work in progress, finished goods) is matched against the sales to calculate the gross profit on the Income Statement.

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Which best defines utility? Multiple choice question. The utilization of economic resources by producers when engaging in production The satisfaction or pleasure obtained from producing a good or service The utilization of economic resources by consumers when engaging in consumption The satisfaction or pleasure obtained from consuming a good or service

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B. The satisfaction or pleasure obtained from consuming a good or service  best defines utility.

Utility is a term used in economics to describe the value or worth of a good or service. Utility is more exactly the overall satisfaction or benefit obtained from using a good or service.

It is a common assumption in economic theories of rational choice that customers will attempt to maximize their utility. Understanding a good or service's economic utility is crucial since it has a direct impact on its demand and, consequently, price.

Consumer utility is typically impossible to gauge or quantify in practice. However, some economists think that by using several models, they can indirectly evaluate the usefulness of an economic commodity or service.

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The transportation development described in the excerpt had which of the following effects on agriculture in the United States

Answers

To counter the dominance of rail companies, farmers created cooperative associations.

What do you meant by  transportation development?

What recent innovations best explain the shift in agriculture shown in the graph? New towns and cities that needed agricultural products grew as a result of the extraction of western resources.

Which of the following best explains why technical innovation's impact on the manufacturing of commodities continued into the late 1800s? The amount of things that factories could produce rose as a result of new industrial equipment.

Due to the restriction on immigration from eastern Asia in the late 1800s, violent conflicts increased in the western United States. Debate about how to set up the country's economy was sparked by economic changes.

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