Answer:
Many chemical reactions are reversible; that is, the products of the reaction can combine to re-form the reactants. An example of a reversible reaction is that of hydrogen with iodine to form hydrogen iodide:
H2(g) + I2(g) 2 HI(g)
We can study this reversible reaction by placing hydrogen and iodine in a reaction vessel and then measuring the concentrations of H2, I2, and HI at various times after the reactants are mixed. Figure 13.8 is a plot of the concentrations of reactants and products of this reaction versus time. The concentration of hydrogen iodide increases very rapidly at first, then more slowly, and finally, after the time indicated by the vertical line marked "Equilibrium," remains constant. Similarly, the concentrations of hydrogen and iodine are large at the start of the reaction but decrease, rapidly at first, and then more slowly. Finally, they, too, become constant.
If this reaction were not reversible, the concentrations of hydrogen and iodine would have continued to decrease and the concentration of hydrogen iodide to increase. This process does not happen. Instead, as soon as any molecules of hydrogen iodide are formed, some decompose into hydrogen and iodine. Two reactions are taking place simultaneously: the formation of hydrogen iodide and its decomposition. When the concentrations of all these components become constant (at the equilibrium point in Figure 13.8), the rate of the forward reaction (H2 + I2 2 HI) must be equal to the rate of the reverse reaction (2 HI H2 + I2). A state of dynamic chemical equilibrium has then been reached, one in which two opposing reactions are proceeding at equal rates, with no net changes in concentration.
PICTURE 13.8
FIGURE 13.8 Concentration changes during the reversible reaction
H2(g) + I2(g) 2 HI as it proceeds toward equilibrium.
We have encountered this criterion for equilibrium before. In the equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor, the rate of vaporization is equal to the rate of condensation. In the equilibrium of a saturated solution with undissolved solute, the rate of dissolution is equal to the rate of precipitation. In the equilibrium of a weak acid with its ions, the rate of dissociation is equal to the rate of recombination. Note that none of these reactions is static: Two opposing changes are occurring at equal rates.
B. The Characteristics of Chemical Equilibrium
1. Equal rates
At equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.
2. Constant concentrations
At equilibrium, the concentrations of the substances participating in the equilibrium are constant. Although individual reactant molecules may be reacting to form product molecules and individual product molecules may be reacting to re-form the reactants, the concentrations of the reactants and the products remain constant.
3. No free energy change
At equilibrium, the free energy change is zero. Neither the forward nor the reverse reaction is spontaneous and neither is favored. Consider the ice-water change. Above 0°C, ice melts spontaneously to form liquid water; G for this change is negative. Below 0°C, the change from ice to water is not spontaneous; G is positive. At 0°C, the two states are in equilibrium. The rate of melting is equal to the rate of freezing: the amount of ice and water and the amount of liquid water present remain constant, and the free energy change is zero as long as no energy is added to or subtracted from the mixture.
C. The Equilibrium Constant
In Chapter 12, we introduced the mathematical relationship between the concentrations of the components of an equilibrium, known as the equilibrium constant, Keq. We said that, for the general equation of a reversible reaction
Explanation:
sorry(: hope to help
study the graph above. In terms of bond energy, which statement is TRUE regarding the energy involved in breaking and making bonds.
a,b,c, or d?
The energy taken in to break the bond is greater than the energy released after the bond is made therefore the reaction is endothermic.
A plot of energy against time is called a reaction profile. The hump in the plot is known as the activation energy of the reaction. It stands as the energy barrier between reactants and products.
Looking at the reaction profile as shown, we can see that more energy is taken in to break the bonds than energy that is given out after making the bonds hence the reaction is endothermic.
Learn more: https://brainly.com/question/2192784
Answer:
the answer is c
Explanation:
usa test prep says so!
How many grams are in 0.787 moles of kcn
Answer:
=> moles = Given mass/molar mass
=> 0.787 = Given mass/(39 + 12 + 14)
=> 0.787 = Given mass/65
=> mass = 0.787 × 65
=> mass = 51.155 g
Why we use two different methods for detection of cogulase enzyme ? Or what other reason or what basic different between them?
Suppose you have samples of three unknown solids. Explain how you could use their properties to
determine whether or not they are ionic solids.
Using melting and boiling temperature, hardness and electric current passing testing.
Ionic solidsIonic solids are materials that have a strong bond between their ions, thus producing well-defined shapes.
In addition, due to this strong attraction, the boiling and melting temperatures of these materials are very high, in addition to the resistance to breakage presented by them.
Finally, ionic solids are also excellent conductors of electricity.
So, their properties used to determine whether or not they are ionic solids are melting and boiling temperature, hardness and electric current passing testing.
Learn more about ionic solids: brainly.com/question/8236583
a 13.5 g sample of zinc(zn) heated from 24.2 degrees celsius to 83.6 degrees celsius that absorbs 312j of heat? use specific heat
Explanation:
83.6-24.2= 59.4 which is the change in heat
PLS HELP ILL GIVE BRAINLIEST
Upload images that have physical and chemical properties
(six physical properties and 2 chemical properties)
Answer:
Explanation:
I hope this helps
Physical change does not produce a nee substance true or false
Answer:
ooooooooh .,.,.,.,.,.,
Answer:
True
TruePhysical change – A change in the size, shape, color, or state of matter of a substance. No new substance is produced.
When the pressure of a gas decreases, which quantity will increase, assuming all other variables are held constant?
OR
ОТ
On
OV
I don't think the answer is in one of the options- unless I am reading it wrong and there is a 'V' option.
The volume (V) of gas increases when the pressure of the gas decreases assuming all the other variables are held constant.
I hope this helps!
pls help
A 4.0 L sample of gas has a pressure of 300 kPa at 250K. What will the volume be if the pressure is increased to 500 kPa and the temperature is decreased to 200 K?
Answer:A versatile Ideal Gas Laws calculator with which you can calculate the pressure, volume, quantity (moles) or temperature of an ideal gas, given the other three. Free online gas law calculator a.k.a. PV = nRT calculator which accepts different input metric units such as temperature in celsius, fahrenheit, kelvin; pressure in pascals, bars, atmospheres; volume in both metric and imperial units ...
answer this please ......................
Answer:
River esk the third one is righttt
Balance the following redox reaction if it occurs in acidic solution. What are the coefficients in front of Ni and H+ in the balanced reaction? Ni2+(aq) + NH4+(aq) → Ni(s) + NO3-(aq)
In this case, the problem is asking for the balance of a redox reaction in acidic media, in which nickel is reduced to a metallic way and nitrogen oxidized to an ionic way.
Thus, according to the given information, it turns out possible for us to balance this equation in acidic solution by firstly setting up the half reactions:
[tex]Ni^{2+}+2e^-\rightarrow Ni^0\\\\N^{3-}H_4^++3H_2O\rightarrow N^{5+}O_3^-+8e^-+10H^+[/tex]
Next, we cross multiply each half-reaction by the other's carried electrons:
[tex]8Ni^{2+}+16e^-\rightarrow 8Ni^0\\\\2N^{3-}H_4^++6H_2O\rightarrow 2N^{5+}O_3^-+16e^-+20H^+[/tex]
Finally, we add them together to obtain:
[tex]8Ni^{2+}+2N^{3-}H_4^++6H_2O\rightarrow 8Ni^0+2N^{5+}O_3^-+20H^+[/tex]
Which can be all simplified by a factor of 2 to obtain:
[tex]4Ni^{2+}+N^{3-}H_4^++3H_2O\rightarrow 4Ni^0+N^{5+}O_3^-+10H^+\\\\4Ni^{2+}(aq)+NH_4^+(aq)+3H_2O(l)\rightarrow 4Ni(s)+NO_3^-(aq)+10H^+(aq)[/tex]
Hence, the coefficients in front of Ni and H⁺ are 4 and 10 respectively.
Learn more:
https://brainly.com/question/14965625Which statement best describes a mechanical wave?
Answer:
A mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter, and therefore transfers energy through a medium.
Explanation:
While waves can move over long distances, the movement of the medium of transmission—the material—is limited. Therefore, the oscillating material does not move far from its initial equilibrium position.
--------------
hope this helped!
✼-answers by brookeangelx
The wave transmits energy from one point to another in the form of signals. Some waves require a medium for propagation while some others does not require a medium for the propagation.
What is a mechanical wave?The mechanical wave is defined as the wave which involves the oscillation of matter and it is responsible for the transfer of energy through a medium. These types of waves does not need a medium for propagation.
The mechanical waves cannot travel through vacuum. Some of the examples of mechanical waves are sound waves, water waves, seismic waves, etc. These waves are not capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum.
The sound wave is a mechanical wave and the medium which it propagates can be solid, liquid or gas. It can travel fastest in solids and slower in gases.
Thus mechanical wave is an oscillation of matter.
To know more about mechanical wave, visit;
https://brainly.com/question/26116832
#SPJ6
A student mixes some soap with water and then blows through a straw into the solution. Bubbles form. Do you think a chemical change has taken place? Explain
Answer:
No it has not.
Explanation:
The actual chemical compound has not changed, the materials have mixed but no reaction has taken place. Blowing the bubbles causes a physical change. Hope this helped!
Mixing soap and water and forming bubbles is a physical change as there is no change in composition.
What is a physical change?
Physical changes are defined as changes which affect only the form of a substance but not it's chemical composition. They are used to separate mixtures in to chemical components but cannot be used to separate compounds to simpler compounds.
Physical changes are always reversible using physical means and involve a change in the physical properties.Examples of physical changes include melting,boiling , change in texture, size,color,volume and density.Magnetism, crystallization, formation of alloys are all reversible and hence physical changes.
They involve only rearrangement of atoms and are often characterized to be changes which are reversible.
Learn more about physical changes,here:
https://brainly.com/question/17931044
#SPJ2
How is hydrogen isolated from water
To extract hydrogen from water, researchers insert two electrodes across the water and pass current, which can separate the hydrogen from water. The process called electrolysis of water. ... An electric field applied through the cobalt oxide to water molecules resulted in the electrolysis of water
Hydrogen gas is an environment-friendly fuel — it produces water on combustion in the presence of oxygen. ... To extract hydrogen from water, researchers insert two electrodes across the water and pass current, which can separate the hydrogen from water. The process called electrolysis of water.
từ một dung dịch có pH=7 muốn tạo thành dung dịch có pH nhỏ hơn 7 thì cho vào dung dịch
Answer:
you lift my feet off the ground spin me around you make me crazier crazier
plz help me I will mark as brainlest
All three metals react with cold water.
Complete the word equation for these reactions.
metal + water ➡️ _______ + ________
Answer:
metal oxide +hydrogen gas
HELP ME OUT PLEASE!!!!!!!!
A chemical reaction in which calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is decomposed (broken down) results in the production of two simpler compounds. (See diagram) What mass of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) to the nearest hundredth of a gram, is broken down in this reaction?
A) 28 00g
B) 21979
C) 49.979
D) 50.000
Answer:
49.979
Explanation:
The group of elements that make up the smallest percentage of the periodic table are the
Answer:
Explanation:wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww
Consider the case where a closed vessel initially is filled with 1 mol of EE at 88 kPa. Then, pure EtOH is gradually added to the system at constant temperature and pressure until the system is comprised of 1 mol EE and 9 mol EtOH. Describe how the phase behavior and phase composition change throughout this process. Does the system phase separate at any point
Answer:
chu papi
Explanation:
1.) Calculation: If 9.02 x 1024 particles of vinegar (HC2H3O2)HC2H3O2) are added to 16.5 moles of eggshell (CaCO3) and 6.35 moles g of
calcium acetate is formed. What is the;
(a) theoretical yield,
(b) actual yield and,
(c) percent yield
The theoretical yield of acetate is 2607 g. The actual yield of acetate is 1066.8 g. The percentage yield of acetate is 41%.
If 1 mole of vinegar contains 6.02 x 10^23 particles
x moles of vinegar contains 9.02 x 10^24 particles
x = 1 mole x 9.02 x 10^24 /6.02 x 10^23
x = 15 moles of vinegar
The reaction is as follows;
2HC2H3O2 + CaCO3 -----> Ca(C2H3O2)2 + H2O + CO2
Since 2 moles of vinegar reacts with 1 mole of carbonate
x moles of vinegar reacts with 16.5 moles of carbonate
x = 2 moles x 16.5 moles/ 1 mole
x = 33 moles of vinegar
We can see that the vinegar is the reactant in excess hence the carbonate is the limiting reactant.
Theoretical yield = 16.5 moles x 158 g/mol = 2607 g
Actual yield = 6.35 moles x 158 g/mol = 1066.8 g
Percent yield = 1066.8 g/2607 g × 100/1
= 41%
Learn more: https://brainly.com/question/13440572?
The boiling point of a substance is tested. After 10 tests, the result is given as 37+/−3°C. Which conclusion can be drawn from this result?
A- The scientists do not need to collect more data because they have narrowed down the range of the results.
B- The scientists should not report these results until they have the exact number.
C- The actual boiling point is either 34°C or 40°C.
D- The actual boiling point is probably between 34°C and 40°C.
From the data obtained from the tests, the actual boiling point lies between 34°C and 40°C.
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the pressure of the substance becomes equal to atmospheric pressure. Pure substances have a sharp boiling point while impure substances boil over a temperature range.
In this case, the boiling point of the substance after 10 tests is obtained as 37+/−3°C. This implies that the actual boiling point lies between 34°C and 40°C.
Learn more: https://brainly.com/question/8646601
Explain how you determine the freezing point of a solution that does not have a well-defined transition in the cooling curve.
This question is asking for a method for the determination of the freezing point in a solution that does not have a noticeable transition in the cooling curve, which is basically based on a linear fit method.
The first step, would be to understand that when the transition is well-defined as the one on the attached file, we can just identify the temperature by just reading the value on the graph, at the time the slope has a pronounced change. For instance, on the attached, the transition occurs after about 43 seconds and the freezing point will be about 4 °C.
However, when we cannot identify a pronounced change in the slope, it will be necessary to use a linear fit method (such as minimum squares) to figure out the equation for each segmented line having a significantly different slope and then equal them so that we can numerically solve for the intercept.
As an example, imagine two of the segmented lines have the following equations after applying the linear fit method:
[tex]y=-3.5 x + 25\\\\y=-0.52 x + 2[/tex]
First of all, we equal them to find the x-value, in this case the time at which the freezing point takes place:
[tex]-3.5 x + 25=-0.52 x + 2\\\\-3.5 x+0.52 x =2-25\\\\x=\frac{-23}{-2.98}=7.72[/tex]
Next, we plug it in in any of the trendlines to obtain the freezing point as the y-value:
[tex]y=-3.5 (7.72) + 25\\\\y = 1.84[/tex]
This means the freezing point takes place after 7.72 second of cooling and is about 1.84 °C. Now you can replicate it for any not well-defined cooling curve.
Learn more:
https://brainly.com/question/22818252 https://brainly.com/question/9680530In the following reaction, what is the quantity of heat (in kJ) released when 5.87 moles of CH₄ are burned?
CH₄ (g) + 2 O₂ (g) → CO₂ (g) + 2 H₂O(g) ∆H° = -802 kJ/mol
Taking into account the definition of enthalpy of a chemical reaction, the quantity of heat released when 5.87 moles of CH₄ are burned is 4,707.74 kJ.
The enthalpy of a chemical reaction as the heat absorbed or released in a chemical reaction when it occurs at constant pressure. That is, the heat of reaction is the energy that is released or absorbed when chemicals are transformed into a chemical reaction.
The enthalpy is an extensive property, that is, it depends on the amount of matter present.
In this case, the balanced reaction is:
CH₄ (g) + 2 O₂ (g) → CO₂ (g) + 2 H₂O(g)
and the enthalpy reaction ∆H° has a value of -802 kJ/mol.
This equation indicates that when 1 mole of CH₄ reacts with 2 moles of O2, 802 kJ of heat is released.
When 5.87 moles of CH₄ are burned, then you can apply the following rule of three: if 1 mole of CH₄ releases 802 kJ of heat, 5.87 moles of CH₄ releases how much heat?
[tex]heat=\frac{5.87 molesof CH_{4}x802 kJ}{1 mol of CH_{4} }[/tex]
heat= 4,707.74 kJ
Finally, the quantity of heat released when 5.87 moles of CH₄ are burned is 4,707.74 kJ.
Learn more:
https://brainly.com/question/15355361?referrer=searchResultshttps://brainly.com/question/16982510?referrer=searchResultshttps://brainly.com/question/13813185?referrer=searchResultshttps://brainly.com/question/19521752A mixture of solids containing a ketone, a carboxylic acid, and an amine, are dissolved in DCM. What is the best way to begin an extraction to separate the amine from the mixture
There are different ways of extraction. The best way to begin an extraction to separate the amine from the mixture is to extract with dilute NaOH.
An acid-base extraction is often used in the extraction of carboxylic acids from the organic layer and thereafter into the aqueous layer.NaOH is known to be the most common compound that is used to convert a carboxylic acid into its more water-soluble ionic carboxylate form.
But if the mixture has a compound that you want, and that can react with NaOH, another milder base such as sodium bicarbonate is preferably used.
See full question below
A mixture of solids containing a ketone, a carboxylic acid, and an amine, are dissolved in DCM. What is the best way to begin an extraction in order to separate the carboxylic acid from the mixture?
A) Extract with dilute NaOH
B) Extract with dilute HCl
C) Extract with dichloromethane
D) Extract with water
Learn more from
https://brainly.com/question/2646724
What is the coefficient for O2 in the balanced version of the following chemical equation: C2H4+O2→CO2+H2O
Answer:
3
Explanation:
Here's the balanced equation;
C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O
C ⇒2 C ⇒1 x 2 = 2
H ⇒4 H ⇒2 x 2 = 4
O ⇒3 x 2 = 6 O ⇒ (2 x 2) + (2 x 1) = 6
The coefficient that has been added as the coefficient to O2 is 3.
C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O.
the given equation has 2oxygen atoms on the reactant side and 3 oxygen atoms on the product side
so to make it equal we have to add 3 as coefficient of O2 on the reactant side.
Therefore the correct answer to the equation C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O is 3.
to know more refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/14818214
#SPJ2
WILL GIVE BRAINLEST
Water waves in a small tank are 6.0 cm long. They pass at a given point at a rate of 4.8 waves per second. What is the speed of the wave?
Answer:, Correct option is 0.288m/s
Explanation:
The relationship between the velocity of the wave, its wavelength and frequency is given by the formula
Wavelengthλ=
Frequency(ν)
Speed(v)
,
where, v - velocity of the wave
λ - wavelength of the wave
f - frequency of the wave.
In the question it is given that the frequency is 4.8 Hz and the wavelength is 6.0 cm, that is, 0.06 meters.
The velocity of the sound is calculated as follows.
v=f×λ=4.8 Hz×0.06 m=0.288 m/s
Hence, the speed of the water wave is 0.288 m/s.
Which two substances are reactants in the chemical reactions of cellular respiration?
Answer:
The answer is A and C.
Explanation:
The reactants in the process of cellular respiration are oxygen and glucose, respectively. It is ATP that serves as the primary product of cellular respiration, with carbon dioxide and water serving as waste products.
Sugar is a glucose.
Oxygen and glucose are the two substances that are reactants in the chemical reactions of cellular respiration. Therefore, the correct options are options A, C.
What is cellular respiration?Through the process of cellular respiration, organisms mix oxygen with food molecules, directing the chemical energy contained in these substances towards life-sustaining processes while excreting carbon dioxide and water as waste. Foods are broken down by microorganisms that do not require oxygen in a process known as fermentation.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an energy-rich compound that absorbs the chemical energy generated by the decomposition of food molecules then releases it to power other cellular functions, is one goal of the breakdown of foodstuffs. ATP is created when the energy found inside chemical bonds is converted from one form to another. Oxygen and glucose are the two substances that are reactants in the chemical reactions of cellular respiration.
Therefore, the correct options are options A, C.
To know more about cellular respiration, here:
https://brainly.com/question/29760658
#SPJ2
Ionic compounds in own words
an ionic compound is made of two or more elements held by a strong electrostatic force. metal atoms lose electrons to become positive ions, and non metals gain electrons to become negative ions. ionic bonding occurs between metals and non metals
Describe your observations when the paper clip was gently crushed with the pestle
Answer:
We can do an experiment with vinegar to see what happens to the calcium in an eggshell when it is exposed to an acid.
A chemical property is a change in _____.
density
physical state
hardness
composition of matter
Answer:
composition of an element