Which of the following observations best supports the claim that mitochondria evolved from once-free-living prokaryotic cells by the process of endocytosis?
A. Mitochondria produce ATP.
B. Mitochondria contain proteins.
C. Mitochondria exchange substances with the cytosol.
D. Mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane.
Option D. Mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane, observations best support the claim that mitochondria evolved from once-free-living prokaryotic cells by the process of endocytosis.
Prokaryotes are unmarried-celled organisms belonging to the domains bacteria and Archaea. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells, have no nucleus, and lack organelles. All prokaryotic cells are encased by way of a cell wall. Many even have a pill or slime layer made of polysaccharides.
A prokaryote is a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and different membrane-sure organelles. The word prokaryote comes from the Greek within the -empire system bobbing up from the paintings of Chatton, prokaryotes had been categorized in the empire Prokaryote.
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Earth experienced a ‘global warming’ event 55 million years ago. What is the likely cause of the final, dramatic pulse of warming during this time?.
The greenhouse gases were the major cause of the ‘global warming’ event 55 million years ago.
Over 55 million years ago, as a result of human lives being developed, major greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide began to expand on the Earth. This caused a dramatic change in the Earth's conditions causing global warming.
Greenhouse gases are gases that are harmful to the earth and damage it. The greenhouse gases also increase the temperature of the earth hence making it unsuitable for living conditions. One of the leading causes of global warming is the emission of greenhouse gases.
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The external brain structure found between the pre-central gyrus and the post-central gyrus is the.
The primary motor cortex would be located in the cerebral hemisphere, which would be rostral to the central sulcus. The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus, which would be caudal towards the central sulcus.
On the medial portion of the hemisphere, the central sulcus frequently extends for a little distance. The paracentral lobule is a physical structure formed by the medial expansions of the precentral as well as postcentral gyri, which are located anteriorly and posteriorly to it.
The cerebral hemispheres, the cerebellum, as well as the caudal or medullary region of the brainstem were the three main components that can be seen in most images of the human brain.
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Identical copies of chromatin held together by cohesin at the centromere are called _____.
Histones are identical copies of the chromatin that cohesin holds in place at the centromere.
What are histones, and what are their purposes?A histone is indeed a protein that gives chromosomes structural support. The lengthy DNA molecules that make up each chromosome must fit inside the cell nucleus. The chromosome takes on a more compact shape as a result of the DNA wrapping around complexes containing histone proteins.
Are histones crucial?DNA is shielded against tangle formation and damage by histones. Additionally, histones are crucial for DNA replication and gene control. Chromosomes' unraveled DNA would be exceedingly lengthy without histones.
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A F1 plant that is homozygous for tallness is crossed with a heterozygous F1 plant. What ratio of tall to short plants (tall:short) represents the possible offspring?
A.
1:3
B.
4:0
C.
1:1
D.
3:1
Answer:it is c
Explanation:it just is
The prime factorization is 3 2 ・5 2 . What number does this describe?
Answer:
scuse me but this is math
Dna replication begins at a site called the origin of replication, forming a bubble, which is followed by a __________, where parental strands are unwound by __________.
DNA replication begins at a site called the origin of replication, forming a bubble, which is followed by a replication fork, where parental strands are unwound by helicases.
Each time a cell divides, the two resulting daughter cells must contain the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell. To accomplish this, each strand of existing DNA acts as a template for replication.
Replication occurs in three major steps: the opening of the double helix and the separation of the DNA strands, the priming of the template strand, and the assembly of the new DNA segment.
DNA helicases catalyze the disruption of the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands of double-stranded DNA together. The replication fork is a multiprotein complex with helicase and DNA synthesis activities.
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1. discuss the phylogenetic relationships between major clades of vertebrates (jawless fishes, chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii, amphibia, reptilia,mammalia), the major characteristics of each (and adaptive value of such characteristics) and the points on the phylogenetic tree where major adaptations appeared, such as vertebral column, endoskeleton, cranium, jaws, lungs (or derivatives), lobe fins, limbs, amniotic egg and hai
Jawless fishes come under class agnatha, Chondrichthyes comes under Pisces, Actinopterygii includes ray-finned fishes, and sarcopterygian includes lobe-finned fishes.
What is a phylogenetic relationship?
It is the study of the relationship among organisms of a species or a population through evolution. It enriches our understanding of how genes, genomes, and species evolve.
Pisces has two types of vertebral column trunk and caudal vertebrae, cartilaginous fishes have cartilage endoskeleton, and bony fishes have bone endoskeletons, respiration occurs through gills, Fishes and amphibians are amniotes.
Amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have axial and appendicular endoskeletons. Amphibia, reptilia and Mammalia have dicondylic skull, four limbs, respiration through lungs, and a vertebral column.
Sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii are two groups of Osteichthyes which have a bony endoskeletons.
Hence, Pisces, amphibia, reptilia, Mammalia have almost similar characteristics that differ only in the endoskeleton.
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explain the following parts to a microscope: ocular: objective: stage: coarse adjustment: fine adjustment: condenser:
The eyepiece is also known as the ocular. This area is used to view objects through the microscope. It can be accessed from the microscope's top. It has a 10x standard magnification and a 5X to 30X optional eyepiece as options.
What purposes serve microscopes?An apparatus for enlarging minute objects is a microscope. The shape of a cell, as well as its nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles, can be seen by scientists using some types of microscopes, which even allow them to observe an object at the cellular level.
Objective: The primary lenses for viewing specimens are those mentioned above. They can be magnified between 40x and 100x. One to four objective lenses can be found on a microscope, some of which are rare-facing and others that are forward-facing. There are various magnification levels for each lens.
Stage: This is the area where the specimen is displayed for inspection. The specimen slides are kept in place by stage clips. The most popular type of stage is a mechanical stage, which enables control of the slides by allowing them to be moved mechanically on the stage rather than manually.
Fine adjustment knobs and coarse adjustment knobs: These knobs are used to focus the microscope. They are referred to as coarse adjustment and fine adjustment. Adjustment knobs come in two varieties.
Condenser: Lenses called condensers are used to gather and concentrate light from the illuminator onto the specimen. They are located next to the microscope's diaphragm underneath the stage. They are essential for producing clear, sharp images at high magnifications of 400X and higher. Image clarity increases with increasing condenser magnification. With an Abbe condenser that has a high magnification of about 1000X, more advanced microscopes are available.
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What is dna sequence that serves as a recognition and recruitment site for transcription factors & rna polymerase?.
A DNA sequence known as a TATA box is found in many eukaryotic promoters. Similar to the 10 element in bacteria, the TATA box also has a function.
What section of the DNA sequence attracts transcription factors and RNA polymerase?Within promoter regions are DNA sequences known as response elements that serve as a reliable binding site for transcription factors and RNA polymerase. Proteins known as transcription factors are responsible for activating RNA polymerase, controlling, and regulating the transcription of DNA into mRNA.
What is the DNA transcription sequence?DNA sequence that acts as a recognition and recruitment site for transcription factors and RNA polymerase. Transcribing process stages. A gene's transcription occurs in three stages: start, elongation, and termination.
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Which statement is FALSE?
-When the open promoter complex is formed, sigma 1.1 is displaced from DNA channel and replaced by DNA.
-As bent DNA template is in the RNAP active site, it presses on the sigma 3.2 domain, thus releasing it from the holoenzyme.
-As DNA enters the channel in the RNAP active site, it begins to bend 90 degrees and melt as the strands open up close to start of transcription.
-In the free holoenzyme of bacterial RNAP, the N-terminal domain of sigma-70 blocks DNA channel by mimicking interaction with DNA.
As bent DNA template is in the RNAP active site, it presses on the sigma 3.2 domain, thus releasing it from the holoenzyme is wrong among other statements.
What is RNAP active site?During transcript elongation, RNA polymerase II may become halted, in which case the ternary complex is unaffected but additional RNA synthesis is prevented. The emerging transcript needs to be split off at the 3' end in order to release arrest.
Transcription continues from the freshly exposed 3' end as 7–17 nt RNAs are freed. The transcript cleavage reaction is substantially stimulated by factor SII, which boosts elongation efficiency. Here, we demonstrate how the addition of pyrophosphate can likewise result in the release of an arrest.
The same set of cleavage products are formed as by factor SII, but those produced by pyrophosphate have termini that are 5'-triphosphate.
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cyamids suddenly suffer a widespread population drop. what effect will this have on right whales?
Cyamids suddenly suffer a widespread population drop Yosemite.
These small crustaceans also referred to as whale lice or cyamids, feed on the whales' pores and skin. Incapable of swimming or surviving inside the open water, they tour from one whale to another by direct contact.\
Whale Cyamids are outside parasites that stay at the frame floor of such marine mammals as whales, dolphins, and porpoises. They take shelter in pores and skin lesions, genital folds, nostrils, eyes, and different external orifices, feeding on host tissue or fluid secretions.
While hitching a trip, these crustaceans munch on algae and whale pores and skin. although that might sound like an undesirable scenario for a whale, a few researchers believe there is no proof that whale lice are unfavorable to whales, and accordingly have extra commensal dating with their hosts, like barnacles.
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which of the following methods of altering enzyme activity is irreversible? phosphorylation of enzymes. binding of allosteric effectors to enzymes. binding of transition state analogs to enzymes. none of the above (all of them are reversible). binding of competitive inhibitors to enzymes.
All methods for changing enzyme activity are temporary. They are all reversible.
What is an easy way to define enzyme?
A specific kind of biological catalyst called an enzyme is almost always a protein. It speeds up a particular chemical process happening inside the cell. The enzymes are continuously employed throughout the process, and they are not wasted.
What role does an enzyme play?
Our bodies' metabolism, or chemical reactions, are accelerated by proteins called enzymes. While certain chemicals are destroyed, new ones are created. Enzymes are a part of everything living. Our bodies naturally manufacture enzymes. Names ending in -ase are frequently derived from the substrate of an enzyme or the series of events that it catalyzes.
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what term would best describe the expression of the gal10 and gal1 genes in a strain that is gal80-?
Best represents the expression of the gal10 and gal1 genes in a strain that constitutively expresses gal80
constitutively expresses gal80 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL80 gene (SGDID:S000004515) is a negative regulator of the transcriptional activator GAL4 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Dimers of GAL80 bind to GAL4 dimers, allowing GAL4 to bind UAS sequences but not to activate transcription (adapted from FBrf0233764). If GAL4 is the canonical on-switch for almost all transgenes of interest, GAL80 is the logical off-switch. GAL80 binds to the transcriptional activation domain of GAL4, thereby preventing recruitment of RNA polymerase (Ma and Ptashne 1987). Gal3 binds Gal80 more strongly than Gal1, indicating changes in adaptive proteins after replication. Molecular Biology and Evolution | Oxford Scholar.
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1.
2.
3.
going across
i’m confused please help :(
Leukocytes, thrombocytes, and erythrocytes are seen in the provided image. Thrombocytes, often known as platelets, help to clot blood. Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are crucial for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, also have a significant impact on the immune system.
Blood cells come in three main categories: erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). Leukocytes are the primary cellular immune system components that contribute to the body's defence against invading pathogens, while Thrombocytes are involved in the blood clotting process that prevents excessive bleeding. Erythrocytes fulfil the oxygen needs of all cells during the transportation process. Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Thrombocytes differ mostly in this way.
Leukocytes, thrombocytes, and erythrocytes can thus be identified as the first, second, and third cell types in the provided image, respectively.
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what do we depend on the environment for?
In the lac operon, lactose is a/an __________ and in trp operon tryptophan is a/an __________.
In the lac operon, lactose is an Inducible operon and in trp operon tryptophan is a Repressor operon.
For the transport and metabolism of lactose in E. coli and many other enteric bacteria, the lactose operon is a crucial operon. In E. coli and other bacteria, the lac operon is an operon or a collection of genes with a single promoter that codes for genes involved in lactose transport and metabolism. An inducible operon is the lac operon. Inducible operons are typically inactive and only activate in the presence of an inducer (lactose).
A repressor protein that binds to two tryptophan molecules activates the trp operon. The gene expression of the enzymes required to manufacture tryptophan is controlled by the tryptophan operon.
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Formulate conclusions (at least 5) about the structure of plant and animal cells, about the process of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis, using your own words.
Answer:
666
Explanation:
the function of sexual reproduction is to increase variation within populations. meiosis is the molecular mechanism that leads to sexual reproduction. as such, some of the features that make it unique lead to genetic diversity. which of these unique features are responsible for increasing genetic diversity?
The two distinctive processes that increase genetic variety are homologous recombination and reduced division.
How does genetics work?The study of genes and heredity, or how particular characteristics or traits are passed from mother to baby as a result of changes in DNA sequence, is known as genetics. A gene is a section of DNA that has the instructions needed to create one or more molecules necessary support bodily function.
What leads to genetic illness?Mutations in one gene (monogenic disorder), multiple genetic material (multifactorial inheritance disorder), a combination of gene mutations in genes, or damage to genes changes in the number and structure of chromosome 21, the structures that comprise a person's DNA) can all result in genetic disorders.
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based on the data and observations obtained by your lab group and your working group, identify the optimal solvent to separate the food dye. purpose and explanation for why the chosen solvent was the bet
The vast majority of synthetic food colors are excellent candidates for CE (CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS) separation. This is because they frequently include sulfonic acid or carboxylic acid functional groups, which at alkaline pH generate negatively charged colored ions, giving a unique chromophore for selective detection.
CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS:
Synthetic food dyes are frequently used to improve the look of meals and have several advantages over natural colorings, including being brighter, more stable, less expensive, and accessible in a wider range of hues. However, the revelation of some food colors' harmful effects has resulted in a substantial decrease in the range of synthetic colors that are approved food additives in certain regions of the world. The vast majority of synthetic food colors are excellent candidates for CE separation. This is because they frequently include sulfonic acid or carboxylic acid functional groups, which at alkaline pH generate negatively charged colored ions, giving a unique chromophore for selective detection. However, their examination is complicated by the fact that many food colors contain a combination of components rather than a single chemical species. Although documented techniques are less common, CE has been used to analyze natural colors such as caramels, which are classified into four unique groups based on the reactants utilized during sugar caramelization. In fact, CE analysis can be used to identify and quantify the type of caramel in a sample.
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What kind of change results from the breakdown of starch into glucose by saliva?.
Chemical change results from the breakdown of starch into glucose by saliva.
Chemical changes occur when one substance combines with another to form a new substance, which is known as chemical synthesis, or when two or more different substances combine to form a new substance, which is known as chemical decomposition. These processes are known as chemical reactions, and they are generally irreversible except through further chemical reactions. Chemical changes include burning, cooking, rusting, and rotting.
Important chemical reactions in biological systems include: Water and CO2 combine to form glucose and oxygen. The process of converting glucose into carbon dioxide and water. Oxyhaemoglobin is formed by the reaction of haemoglobin and oxygen.
Amylases break down starch into smaller molecules, producing maltose, which is then cleaved into two glucose molecules by maltase.
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although both ends of a microtubule can gain or lose subunits, one end (called the plus end) polymerizes and depolymerizes at a higher rate than the other end (the minus end). for spindle microtubules, the plus ends are in the center of the spindle, and the minus ends are at the poles. motor proteins that move along microtubules specialize in walking either toward the plus end or toward the minus end; the two types are called plus end-directed and minus end-directed motor proteins, respectively.
Microtubules can gain or lose subunits at both ends, but the plus end polymerizes and depolymerizes more quickly than the opposite end (the minus end). The plus ends of spindle microtubules are located in the spindle's centre, and the minus ends are located at its poles.
Where is a spindle microtubule's plus end located?Microtubule minus ends are located at the spindle poles, whereas microtubule plus ends connect to protein complexes called kinetochores that are attached to centromeric DNA.
During anaphase, how does the microtubule depolymerize?There are two main hypotheses about how chromosomes move during anaphase A. One is that motor proteins at the kinetochores pull chromosomes along kinetochore microtubules using energy from ATP hydrolysis.
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if all chromosomes are not attached to the mitotic spindle at the m phase checkpoint, the cells would most likely be arrested at which of the following points in the cell division cycle or mitosis?
Answer:
It should be Metaphase
If a cell is no longer able to differentiate into any type of tissue, it has become ________.
A cell has differentiated if it can no longer develop into any particular tissue type.
What exactly are tissues and what varieties are there?Overview. The four fundamental types of tissue are connective, epithelial, muscular, and nervous. Supporting and tying together bone, blood, or lymph tissues is connective tissue. The linings of the body's numerous passageways, including the skin, are made of epithelial tissue.
What role does tissue play?Tissue is a collection of cells that function as a single unit with a common structure and function. The body's tissues give it form and aid in storing energy and preserving body heat. There are four different types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
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Which animal is similar to humans?
Answer:
Chimpanzees.
Explanation:
Chimpanzees now have to share the distinction of being our closest living relative in the animal kingdom
Chimpanzees now have to share the distinction of being our closest living relative in the animal kingdom. So, chimpanzees are similar to humans.
What animals are similar in form to humans?
Humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and their extinct ancestors form a family of organisms known as the Hominidae. Researchers generally agree that among the living animals in this group, humans are most closely related to chimpanzees, judging from comparisons of anatomy and genetics.
Why humans are also animals?
Humans can move on their own and are placed in the animal kingdom. Further, humans belong to the animal phylum known as chordates because we have a backbone. The human animal has hair and milk glands, so we are placed in the class of mammals. Within the mammal class, humans are placed in the primate order.
Thus, chimpanzees are similar to humans.
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why are chromosomes cut into fragments for sequencing?
Prior to DNA sequencing, chromosomes are broken up because only about 500 bases can be reliably called by DNA sequencing reactions.
Only roughly 500 DNA bases can be properly determined by a DNA sequencing process. The DNA of a cell is broken into relatively big chunks using a technique called map-based sequencing. After a certain length, it becomes challenging to determine the precise base or nucleotide. This is due to the fact that the length of the DNA strand and base quality are inversely related. Enzymatic DNA fragmentation techniques use enzymes to break intact DNA and long sequences into perfect fragments for sequencing, producing clearer findings than subdividing longer DNA sequences into smaller bits before sequencing. Transposase, restriction, and nicking enzymes are some of the enzyme-based techniques for DNA fragmentation for sequencing.
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Suzanne has two biological sons that she raised from birth. her two sons are members of her?
The biological sons that she raised from birth. her two sons are members of her Family of procreation.
Family is the first and most important agent of socialization. Procreation comes from a Latin word procreare meaning "bring forth" It refers to the family you want to create through marriage and by having children. Families of procreation includes their own set of distinct family values. It is different from family of orientation where it is the family you were born into.
The role of family of procreation is to create children and develop their socialization. The family here created is done by the choices unlike family of orientation where we do not get to choose.
The family of procreation will form unique family values and dynamics
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when using the hill equation:a.it will never be 1 for a multisubunit protein.b.it is possible to observe positive cooperativity.c.it cannot be applied to noncooperative binding.d.it is possible to observe both positive, negative and no cooperativity.e.it is possible to observe negative cooperativity.
when using the hill equation, it is possible to observe negative cooperativity.
What is negative cooperativity?Negative cooperativity is a phenomenon in which binding of one or more molecules of a ligand to a multimeric receptor makes subsequent ligand molecules more difficult to bind. Negative cooperativity can make the response of a multimeric receptor more graded than it would otherwise be. Negative cooperativity occurs when the binding of a first ligand or substrate molecule reduces the rate of subsequent binding. This definition does not apply only to ligand-receptor binding; it applies whenever two or more molecules have two consecutive binding events. Negative cooperativity occurs when the binding of a first ligand or substrate molecule reduces the rate of subsequent binding.
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you have discovered a new enzyme, but when you isolate it for further study, it does not work properly. what might have been lost?
You have discovered a new enzyme, but when you isolate it for further study, it does not work properly. The coenzyme have been lost.
What is a coenzyme?
A coenzyme is classified as an organic molecule that combines to the active locations of an enzyme and helps to catalyze the chemical reaction rate.
More specifically, coenzymes function as electron carriers or for transferring hydrogen during chemical reactions.
For example, nicotineamideadenine dinucleotide, and flavin adenine dinucleotide are coenzymes.
Simply put, coenzymes are non-proteins that are attached to the enzymes as intermediate carriers and act as catalysts to speed up the rate of reaction.
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A researcher while working in vitro outside cell added Helicase enzyme which resulted in the untwisting of the DNA helix But the untwisting led to strain ahead of the replication fork. Which enzyme can be added to correct this problem
Answer:
The enzyme needed is topoisomerase. Topoisomerases are enzymes whose function is to regulate the unwinding of the DNA double helix. They ensure there is no over winding or underwinding of the helix. During the replication and transcription of DNA, the double helix becomes overwound ahead of the replication fork. If left to go on, the tension created would eventually hinder the ability of DNA and RNA polymerase enzymes to continue down the strand of DNA. Topoimerases I and II enzymes correct this, ensuring the polymerase enzymes do their work smoothly.
Explanation:
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