According to equation 1, magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid to create hydrogen gas. When the acid and magnesium react, hydrogen gas is produced. This gas is captured by water displacement, and its volume is measured.
The chemical equation below describes how magnesium metal (Mg) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) react to generate magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and hydrogen gas (H2). Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
What is Hydrochloric acid ?An aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride is what is known as hydrochloric acid, commonly referred to as muriatic acid. It has an unmistakably strong odor and is colorless. It is categorized as a powerful acid. In the digestive tracts of the majority of animal species, including humans, it is a part of the stomach acid.
Since HCl typically has a pH of 3, it is considered a strong acid. Because it entirely dissociates into H+ and Cl- ions in an aqueous solution, it is a strong acid.
When hydrogen chloride is present in the air in large proportions, breathing can be dangerously difficult and even deadly. Chemical burns from hydrochloric acid can be extremely painful if they come into contact with skin or other tissues.
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Melting an ionic solid involves freeing the ions from their positions in the ionic crystal and separating them. Since the ions are held together by _____ electrostatic attractions, the amount of energy required is _____ and ionic solids therefore have relatively _____ melting points.
Melting an ionic solid involves freeing the ions from their positions in the ionic crystal and separating them. Since the ions are held together by strong electrostatic attractions, the amount of energy required is large and ionic solids therefore have relatively high melting points.
What are ionic Solids?
The crystalline solids are formed by neatly packed ions of opposite charge. Ionic compounds are formed when metals react with non-metals.Ionic solids are held together by electrostatic attraction between the positive and negative ions.Due to presence of electrostatic forces of attraction between ions, a large amount of energy is required to break the ionic bonds between the atoms. Thus, ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.In a reaction between metals and non-metals, metals loose electrons to complete their octet while non-metals gain electrons to complete their octet. Metals and non-metals react to form ionic compounds.Learn more about ionic compounds at https://brainly.com/question/2687188
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(These are not descriptions of any actual elements on our periodic table, but you should use reasoning that works with our periodic table.)
A scientist is testing three mystery elements. She is trying to figure out their placement on the periodic table. Here is what she knows about them:
Element X: Does not conduct electricity, reacts with hydrogen in a 1:2 ratio, has the highest atomic weight of the three elements
Element Y: Does not conduct electricity, reacts with hydrogen in 1:3 ratio, has the lowest atomic weight of the three elements
Element Z: Conducts electricity, reacts with hydrogen in a 1:3 ratio, has the mid-level atomic weight of the three elements
—------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How should she arrange these three elements relative to each other on the periodic table?
You may want to draw your answer for clarity. Explain your reasoning for placement using words like left, right, above, and below.
In the periodic table, where atomic mass increases from left to right in period, therefore elements in increasing order of atomic mass will be element Y, element Z, element X.
What is periodic table?Periodic table is a tabular arrangement of elements in the form of a table. In the periodic table, elements are arranged according to the modern periodic law which states that the properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers.
It is called as periodic because properties repeat after regular intervals of atomic numbers . It is a tabular arrangement consisting of seven horizontal rows called periods and eighteen vertical columns called groups.
Elements present in the same group have same number of valence electrons and hence have similar properties while elements present in the same period show gradual variation in properties due to addition of one electron for each successive element in a period.
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if i know neons atomic number is 10, what do i now know about the number of protons and electrons that neon contains?
Answer:
10
Explanation:
the atomic number shows how many protons and electrons there are
On the basis of electronegativity, which pair of elements is most likely to form monatomic ions?
O Cl and Na
O Na and K
OK and Rb
O Ba and Ca
On the basis of electronegativity, Na and K is most likely to form monatomic ions.
A monatomic ion is an ion that is made of more than one atom and is from an element like calcium consisting of Ca²+ and a polyatomic ion that is Co²/³.
Many elements such as hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium consist of positively charged ions.
Other like fluoride, chlorine, and iodine, and hydride consist of negatively charged ions.
Ba and Ca form diatomic ions.
Thus the correct option is Na and Cl which is sodium and potassium.
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A chemist is trying to determine the molar mass of an unknown substance. What is the molar mass of this substance if she finds that 30.8 g contains 7.180x10^23 molecules?
I know the answer is 25.8, but I need to know the work needed to be done to get there.
Answer:
Explanation:
n=m/M=N/Na
where m represents mass
M represents molar mass
N represents Number of molecules
Na is avogadros constant which is denoted as 6.02*10^23
30.8/M=7.180*10^23/6.02*10^23
30.8/M=1.1927
M=30.8/1.1927=25.1g/mol
a common polymorphism in the us population is a variant o n5,n10-methylene-fh4 reductase, which has a reduced activity as compared to the normal enzyme. a person expressing this variant enzyme would have difficulty producing which one of the following
The thymine nucleotide is required for DNA synthesis.
The only pyrimidine that requires folate for its synthesis is thymine. Folate is required for the incorporation of carbons 2 and 8 into all purine molecules. The synthesis of creatine phosphate and of phosphatidylcholine does not require folate. Folate deficiencies during pregnancy can lead to neural tube defects in the fetus.
Deoxyribonucleotide synthesis requires ribonucleotide reductase which uses thioredoxin and does not require a folate derivative. Genetic variability of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters has been related to interindividual variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Such differences might also result in variants in drug efficacy safety and remedy effects in some of the often prescribed drugs3.
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A solution is made by mixing 90.g of acetyl bromide CH3COBr and 89.g of benzene C6H6 . Calculate the mole fraction of acetyl bromide in this solution. Round your answer to 2 significant digits.
The mole fraction of acetyl bromide in this solution is 0.39.
Calculation:-
The molar mass of CH3COBr,
MM = 2*MM(C) + 3*MM(H) + 1*MM(O) + 1*MM(Br)
= 2*12.01 + 3*1.008 + 1*16.0 + 1*79.9
= 122.944 g/mol
Molar mass of C6H6,
MM = 6*MM(C) + 6*MM(H)
= 6*12.01 + 6*1.008
= 78.108 g/mol
n(CH3COBr) = mass/molar mass
= 90.0/122.944
= 0.732
n(C6H6) = mass/molar mass
= 89.0/78.108
= 1.1394
n(CH3COBr),n1 = 0.732 mol
n(C6H6),n2 = 1.1394 mol
Total number of mol = n1+n2
= 0.732 + 1.1394
= 1.8715 mol
Mole fraction of CH3COBr:
X(CH3COBr) = n1/total mol
= 0.732/1.8715
= 0.39
The mole fraction can be calculated by dividing the number of moles of one component of the solution by the sum of the number of moles of all components of the solution. Take care that the sum of the mole fractions of all components in the solution is 1. Calculate the mole fraction of solute by dividing the number of moles of solute by the total number of moles of substance present in the solution.
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How many moles of Al are necessary to form 35.2 g of AlBr₃ from this reaction: 2 Al(s) + 3 Br₂(l) → 2 AlBr₃(s) ?
Based on the mole ratio, the number of moles of Al required to produce 35.2 g of AlBr₃ is 0.13 moles.
What is the mole ratio of the reaction?The mole ratio of the reaction is the ratio in which moles of reactants combine to form moles of product.
The mole ratio is obtained from the equation of the reaction.
Considering the given reaction equation below:
Al(s) + 3 Br₂(l) → 2 AlBr₃(s)
1 mole of Al produces 2 moles of AlBr₃ when reacted with 3 moles of Br₂
Molar mass of AlBr₃ = 267 g
Molar mass of Al = 27 g
Moles of Al required to produce 35.2 g of AlBr₃ = 35.2 * 27/267 * 1 mole/27
Moles of Al required to produce 35.2 g of AlBr₃ = 0.13 moles of Al
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If 1500 liters of hard water contains .02 moles of calcium and .004 moles of magnesium how many moles of sodium are needed to replace these ions?
The magnesium ions require 0.04 moles of sodium ions while the calcium ions require 0.008 moles of the sodium ions.
How many moles of sodium can replace the ions?We know that is the presence of the calcium and the magnesium in water that makes the water hard. These ions are divalent and are often removed by the use of an ion exchange resin. The ion exchange resin has the sodium ion at the surface which is easily exchanged for any of the hardness ions.
Given that;
2 moles of sodium reacts with 1 mole of magnesium
x moles of sodium reacts with 0.02 moles of magnesium
x = 0.04 moles of sodium ions
For calcium;
2 moles of sodium reacts with 1 mole of calcium
x moles of sodium reacts with 0.004 moles of calcium
x = 0.008 moles of sodium
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What happens to liquid water when energy is transferred to it?
Answer:
below
Explanation:
First it warms up until it reaches the boiling point temperature ....add more energy and it will begin to boil ...continue adding energy and it will begin to vaporize into steam
Answer:
It evaporates the liquid water.
Explanation:
This energy exists in the form of heat. Evaporation happens when a liquid is heated. For example, as the sun heats water in a puddle, the puddle slowly shrinks. The water seems to disappear, but it moves into the air as a gas called water vapor.
an atmosphere is considered hazardous if it contains a hazardous gas in excess of 10 percent of the hazardous material's:
Lower flammable limit means the lowest concentration of a material that will propagate a flame.
What is hazardous atmosphere?
It is an atmosphere that may expose employees to risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue, injury, or acute illness from one or more of following causes
Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10 percent of lower flammable limit (LFL)Airborne combustible dust at concentration that meets or exceeds its LFLWhat is lower flammable limit?
It means the lowest concentration of a material that will propagate a flame. The LFL is usually expressed as percent by volume of material in air (or other oxidant)Atmospheres with concentration of flammable vapors at or above 10 percent of lower explosive limit (LEL) are considered hazardous when located in confined spaces. However, atmospheres with flammable vapors below 10 percent of LEL are not necessarily safe. Such atmospheres are too lean to burnLearn more about lower flammable limit at https://brainly.com/question/2456135
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las características físicas y químicas de los ácidos
Answer:
acidos
Explanation:
los conductores de energía eléctrica: es decir, este tipo de energía fluye con facilidad a través de sus iones. Al reaccionar con metales generan hidrógeno (H) y sal. Al reaccionar con bases o con óxidos metálicas generan agua
AgNO3 reacts woth MgCl2 to produce AgCl and Mg(NO3)2. 305g of AgNO3 are reacted in an excess of MgCl producing 23.7g of Mg(NO3)2. what is fhe percentage yeild
The percentage yield when 305g of AgNO3 are reacted in an excess of MgCl producing 23.7g of Mg(NO3)2 is 7.77g
What is a percentage yield?Yield, also known as reaction yield, is a measurement of the number of moles of a product created in a chemical reaction relative to the reactant consumed. It is typically given as a percentage yield.
Formula to calculate the percentage yield: percent yield = actual yield/theoretical yield x 100
Acc. to the given data:
Actual yield = 23.7g
Theoretical yield=305g
So to find the percentage yield = actual yield/theoretical yield x 100
Percentage yield = 23.7/305 x100
Percentage yield=7.77g
Hence The percentage yield when 305g of AgNO3 are reacted in an excess of MgCl producing 23.7g of Mg(NO3)2 is 7.77g
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According to Coulomb's Law, provide an example and explanation of two ions in an ionic
chemical bond that forms large electrostatic potential.
According to Coulomb's Law two ions in an ionic chemical bond that forms large electrostatic potential then the two will attract each other
Coulomb law states that bond energy is inversely related to the bond length and so factor which influence bond strength influence its length this can allow us to determine some trends in bind length and ionic compound are held together by coulombic attraction and there is a negatively charged ion next to a positively charged ion and two will attract each other and when positively charged ion form a bond with negatively charged ion one atom donate electron to the other and this is known as ionic bind and the chemical molecule sodium chloride is an example
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Draw the electron dot structure of the hydroxide ion (OH-).
Answer:
X = electrons from hydrogen
O (black) = electrons from oxygen
O (red) = electrons from when it was connected to a metal atom, hence why it has a negative charge
Why does the developing chamber need to be prepared before adding the tlc plate?.
In the process of TLC covering the beaker is necessary to ensure that the atmosphere inside is completely saturated with solvent vapour. To aid with this, the beaker is frequently lined with some filter paper that has been dipped in solvent. The solvent won't evaporate as it rises up the plate if there is enough vapour in the beaker to completely fill the atmosphere.
Describe chromatography.
Chromatography is a technique for decomposing mixtures of substances into their constituent parts. The same idea underlies all chromatographic techniques. The stationary phase of all of them is either a solid or a liquid supported by a solid, and the mobile phase is present (a liquid or a gas). The stationary phase is traversed by the mobile phase, which transports the mixture's constituents along with it. The speed of various components varies.Thin film chromatography, often known as TLC, is a quick, easy, and affordable process that provides chemists with an immediate answer regarding the number of components in a combination. When a compound's Rf is compared to the Rf of another compound that is known to be in the mixture, TLC is also utilized to support the identity of that compound.
Setting up the development container
The container used for TLC development can be a specifically constructed chamber, a jar with a lid, or a beaker with a watch glass on top (the latter is used in the undergrad labs at CU). Just under 0.5 cm of solvent should be poured into the chamber. You can line a portion of the inside of the beaker with filter paper to help with the solvent vapour saturation of the TLC chamber. The beaker should be covered with a watch glass, gently stirred, and left to stand while you make your TLC dish.
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which compound is likely to conduct electricity when in aqueous solution? 1. phosphorous trichloride 2. carbon dioxide 3. calcium chloride 4. none of these is likely to conduct electricity in aqueous solution. 5. sulfur trioxide
The compound is likely to conduct electricity when in an aqueous solution of calcium chloride. Option 3.
Sodium chloride in its aqueous state can conduct electricity due to the presence of free ions, whereas urea glucose and sucrose, which are not electrolytes, do not conduct electricity. An aqueous solution is a water that contains one or more solutes.
Solutes in aqueous solutions can be solids gases or other liquids. A mixture must be stable to be a true solution. Aqueous in a chemical formula indicates that the substance is dispersed in water. For example, if you pour caustic soda into dilute hydrochloric acid, you get an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The liquid is used to indicate the formation of liquid substances in reactions.
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which compound in each of the following pairs of ionic substances has the most exothermic lattice energy? justify your answers. mgo, bas
The compounds of ionic substances with the most exothermic lattice energy are:
LiF, LiCl Mg(OH) 2, MgO Fe(OH) 2, Fe(OH) 3Correct answer: letters B, C y D.
This is because these ionic substances have the most exothermic lattice energy because they form ionic bonds, which are very strong, and these three alkali metals are in the first row of the periodic table.
What are the compounds with the highest exothermic lattice energy?The compounds of ionic substances with the most exothermic lattice energy are those in which the ions have the largest difference in electronegativity.
The lattice energy of an ionic substance is the energy required to completely separate the ions in the solid state. The compound with the most exothermic lattice energy is the one that is the most stable. In general, the larger the ionic radius, the more exothermic the lattice energy.
Which compound in each of the following pairs of ionic substances has the most exothermic lattice energy?
Group of answer choices:
a) NaCl, KCl
b) LiF, LiCl
c) Mg(OH) 2, MgO
d) Fe(OH) 2, Fe(OH) 3
e) NaCl, Na 2
f) MgO, BaS
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fill in the blank question. gram-positive and gram-negative are among the most significant infectious agents of humans.
Gram-positive and gram-negative cocci are among the most significant infectious agents of humans.
What are the important differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?Grаm-positive bаcteriа аre bаcteriа clаssified by the colour they turn in the stаining method. Hаns Christiаn Grаm developed the stаining method in 1884. The stаining method uses crystаl violet dye, which is retаined by the thick peptidoglycаn cell wаll found in grаm-positive orgаnisms. This reаction gives grаm-positive orgаnisms а blue colour when viewed under а microscope. Аlthough grаm-negаtive orgаnisms clаssicаlly hаve аn outer membrаne, they hаve а thinner peptidoglycаn lаyer, which does not hold the blue dye used in the initiаl dying process. Another informаtion used to differentiаte bаcteriа is the shаpe. Grаm-positive orgаnisms hаve а thicker peptidoglycаn cell wаll compаred with grаm-negаtive bаcteriа. It is а 20 to 80 nm thick polymer while the peptidoglycаn lаyer of the grаm-negаtive cell wаll is 2 to 3 nm thick аnd covered with аn outer lipid bilаyer membrаne.
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difference between steam distillation and fractional distillation
According to the research, the correct answer is that steam distillation the components of a mixture are separated by direct injection of steam while in fractional distillation vaporization and condensation occur successively.
What is distillation?It is a process that allows the separation of mixtures in the liquid phase into their individual components.
In this sense, fractional distillation requires a fractionating column and is used when the boiling points of the volatiles in the liquid mixture are below 80 °C.
On the other hand, steam distillation is used to purify or isolate the compounds whose boiling point is very high based on a steam separation.
Therefore, we can conclude that in steam distillation a current of water vapor is passed while in fractional distillation a vaporization and condensation of the volatile component is carried out.
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A kcl solution is prepared by dissolving 25.0 g kcl in 250.0 g of water at 25°c. what is the vapor pressure of the solution if the vapor pressure of water at 25°c is 23.76 mm hg?
Vapor pressure of solution is 23.189mm hg
The mole fraction or the molar fraction is defined as the unit of amount of the substances, divided by the total amount of all the substances that are present in the mixture. The formula for it is given below;
[tex]X_{A}[/tex] = [tex]N_{A}[/tex] ÷ [tex]N_{A}[/tex] + [tex]N_{B}[/tex] (Where N represents the number of moles of A and B respectively)
Vapor pressure is defined as the pressure that is exerted by a vapor which is in equilibrium with its condensed phase at a given temperature in a closed system.
In the above given question we need to find out the vapor pressure of KCl where vapor pressure of water is given, so we use the following method to solve this question;
[tex]N_{A}[/tex] = weight of water = 250 = 13.88
Molecular mass 18
[tex]N_{B}[/tex] = weight of KCl = 25 = 0.335
Molecular mass 74.55
So, [tex]X_{A}[/tex] = 13.88 = 0.976 [[tex]P_{o}[/tex] = 23.76]
13.88 + 0.335
We know that P = [tex]P_{o}[/tex][tex]X_{A}[/tex]
P = 23.76 × 0.976 ⇒ 23.189
Therefore the vapor pressure of the solution is 23.189mm
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the mass of 4 atoms of c is less than the mass of 3 atoms of element d. which element has more atoms/gram?
The mass of 4 atoms of c is less than the mass of 3 atoms of element d then the c element has more atoms/gram
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in a substance or an object
Here given data is
4 atom of c
3 atom of d
We have to calculate element has more atoms/gram = ?
So 4 atom of c < 3 atom of d
So the so c has larger molar mass so c ahs the more atom/gram
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to a concentrated buffer of ph 9.0 was added an equal volume of an aqueous solution that was 0.20 m in each of the ions ca2 , cd2 , and cu2 . the expected precipitate would consist of:
Aqueous Solution - The expected precipitate would consist of Cu(OH)2.
What is aqueous solution?
An aqueous solution is one in which water serves as the solvent. Chemical equations typically illustrate it by adding (aq) to the appropriate chemical formula. For instance, Na+(aq) + Cl would be used to represent a solution of table salt, as well as sodium chloride (NaCl), throughout water (aq). The word aqueous, which derives from the word aqua, means that it is dissolved in or related to water. Water is a common solvent in chemistry due to its superior solvent properties and natural abundance. Since water is frequently used as a solvent in experiments, unless the solvent is specified, the word "solution" refers to an aqueous solution. A solution wherein the solvent is a liquid but not water is referred to as a non-aqueous solution.
Because:
salt: copper(II) hydroxide
Ksp: 1.8 × 10-19
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what is the half-life of the reaction, if the reaction is 25% complete in 94.9 min at 25c. (keep in mind that the half-life of this reaction is independent of concentration). be sure to enter your answer with the correct units.
the half-life of the reaction is 50min
Half life of the reaction is actually the time required for the reaction to reach one half of its initial concentration or sometimes pressure too. The half-life of a specific radioactive isotope remains constant and so it is unaffected by conditions and is independent of the initial amount of that isotope.
To calculate the half life of the reaction we use the below given formula;
K = 2.303 × log 100
94.9 25
K = 0.014
Half life = 0.693 ⇒ 0.693
K 0.014
Half life = 49.5 ≈ 50min
Therefore the half-life of the reaction is 50min.
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what conclusion can be drawn based on experimental results? what conclusion can be drawn regarding the ratae of reaction of the alkyl bromide vs alkyl chloride
Bromine is more reactive than chlorine.
The rate of the SN1 reaction, which is more reactive with bromine, depends only on the concentration of the alkyl halide. The higher is the concentration of substance, the faster is the reaction rate of that substance. The nature of the alkyl halide also affects the reaction . The secondary and primary alkyl halides reacts slower than tertiary alkyl halide.
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What happens to the atp molecule when a phosphate group is removed? (what does it turn into?).
When a phosphate group is removed from an ATP molecule, energy is released.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy that powers cellular processes. It can be stored and used at any time for any reaction your cells require. It consists of an adenine base attached to a ribose sugar bound to three phosphate groups that are tightly bound by phosphate anhydride bonds.
When the phosphate group is removed from the ATP molecule, this process is called hydrolysis. During the hydrolysis process, the phosphoanhydride bond is cleaved and ATP is converted to an ADP (adenosine diphosphate) molecule. ADP is converted to AMP (adenosine monophosphate) when another bond is broken. These three types of energy are constantly being interconverted within the cell according to the demands of cellular processes.
When a phosphate group is removed from an ATP molecule, energy is released. Hence, when ADP is formed from ATP by the loss of a phosphate group, energy is released.
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PLEASE HELP FAST 30 POINTS!!! YOU WILL SAVE MY LIFE TY TY TY!!!!!!
In the Lewis structure of acetic acid, there are 7 sigma bonds and 1 pi bond. Sigma bonds are the strongest covalent bond while pi bonds are covalent bonds where orbitals overlap laterally.
What are Lewis structures?Lewis structures are also called as electron dot structures and can be drawn if the molecular formula of a compound is known. It provides information regarding the nature of bond and the position of atoms .
They are also capable of exhibiting the lone pair if any present in a molecule or compound.Lewis defined a base to be an electron pair donor and an acid to be an electron pair acceptor.
They are capable of reflecting electronic structure of elements and even the pairing of electrons . In the diagram, each dot represents an electron while a pair of dots represent a bond between the atoms.
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gaseous methane will react with gaseous oxygen to produce gaseous carbon dioxide and gaseous water . suppose 0.962 g of methane is mixed with 1.2 g of oxygen. calculate the maximum mass of water that could be produced by the chemical reaction. be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits.
The maximum mass of produced will be, 2.16 grams
What is molar mass ?
In chemistry, the molar mass of a chemical compound is defined as the mass of a sample of that compound divided by the amount of substance. This is the number of moles of that sample measured in moles. Molar mass is a mass property, not a molecular property of a substance. Molar mass is the average of many instances of a compound, which often differ in mass due to the presence of isotopes. Most commonly, molar mass is calculated from standard atomic masses, so it is a global average and a function of the relative isotopic abundances of constituent atoms on Earth. Molar mass is good for converting between the mass of a substance and the quantity of a bulk substance.
Mass of Methane = 0.962 g
Mass of oxygen= 1.2 g
Molar mass of Methane= 16 g/mole
Molar mass of Oxygen = 32 g/mole
Molar mass of Water = 18 g/mole
First we have to calculate the moles of and .
Now we have to calculate the limiting and excess reagent.
Moles of methane = 0.962 g/16 g/mole=0.060
Moles of oxygen = 1.2 g/32 g/mole=0.04
As, 1 moles of CH₄ react with 2 mole of O₂
So, 0.06 moles of methane react with 2 x 0.04 = 0.08 moles of oxygen
From this we conclude that, Oxygen is an excess reagent because the given moles are greater than the required moles and methane is a limiting reagent and it limits the formation of product.
Now we have to calculate the moles of .
As, 1 mole of react to give 2 moles of
So, 0.06 moles of methane react to give 0.06 x 2 = 0.12 moles of
Therefore, the maximum mass of produced will be, 2.16 grams.
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Please help me answer this question
Answer:
Q2 Ga3+
Q3 There are no gaps/sticks between the potassium ions and the sulfur ions.
Explanation:
Among the halogens F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2, an increase in which of the following types of intermolecular forces causes an increase in boiling point going down the group?
E. Dipole-dipole forces
F. Ion-dipole forces
G. Ion-induced dipole forces
H. London dispersion forces
All halogen elements exist as diatomic molecules: F2, Cl2, etc. The intermolecular attractions between one molecule and its neighbors are van der Waals dispersion forces these forces cause an increase in boiling points down the group.
The size of the molecules increases down the group. This increase in size means an increase in the strength of the van der Waals forces.
B.P (°C) F < Cl < Br < I < At
-188 - 35 58 184 337
The boiling points of F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2 are determined by the magnitude of the intermolecular dispersion forces. The larger the atom, the higher the polarizability of the electron cloud and the greater the dispersion force. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules. The presence of hydrogen bonds greatly increases the boiling point of a substance. A plot of the hydride boiling points for group 4 shows a steady increase as you go down the group from CH4 to SnH4.
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