The strong acid and strong base has high rate constant of dissociation. The rate constant for weak acid and base for the dissociation is low, they do not easily dissociate in water. Therefore, when a base is made into an aqueous solution, it is called alkali.
What are acid and base?Acid is a solution which releases H⁺ hydrogen ion when dissolved in water. Base releases hydroxide ion OH⁻ ion when dissolved in water.
pH is a measurement of amount of hydronium ion H₃O⁺ in a given sample. Strength of acidic nature is directly proportional to the concentration of hydronium ion. when a base is made into an aqueous solution, it is called alkali.
Therefore, when a base is made into an aqueous solution, it is called alkali.
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Chrysanthemic acid occurs as a mixture of esters in flowers of the chrysanthemum (pyrethrum) family. Reduction of chrysanthemic acid to its alcohol (Section 17.6A) followed by conversion of the alcohol to its tosylate gives chrysanthemyl tosylate. Solvolysis (Section 9.2) of the tosylate gives a mixture of artemesia and yomogi alcohols.Propose a mechanism for the formation of these alcohols from chrysanthemyl tosylate.
The solvolysis of chrysanthemyl tosylate can occur through a nucleophilic substitution reaction, where the tosylate group is replaced by a solvent molecule. The mechanism can proceed through a series of steps as follows:
The tosylate group, which is a good leaving group, is protonated by the solvent, such as water, to form a charged intermediate.
The intermediate then undergoes an S_N2 reaction, where the solvent molecule acts as the nucleophile and attacks the carbon atom bearing the tosylate group. This results in the loss of the tosylate group and the formation of an intermediate containing a solvent molecule bonded to the carbon atom.
The intermediate then undergoes deprotonation, resulting in the formation of an alcohol functional group. The resulting alcohols will be a mixture of artemesia and yomogi alcohols, as these are the two primary components of chrysanthemyl tosylate.
Overall, the mechanism for the formation of these alcohols from chrysanthemyl tosylate can be represented as follows:
Chrysanthemyl tosylate + solvent (e.g. water) ---> chrysanthemic acid alcohol + tosylate ion
chrysanthemic acid alcohol ---> artemesia/yomogi alcohol + proton
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The valence electrons of an atom do not experience the full attractive force of protons in the atom’s nucleus due to the presence of inner core electrons.
The reduction in nuclear charge experienced by valence electrons due to inner core electrons is called the
A. ionization energy effect.
B. nuclear charge effect.
C. periodic law effect.
D. shielding effect.
The term "shielding effect" describes how the presence of core/core electrons reduces the positive charge experienced by the core/valence electrons.
What is shielding effect?The shielding effect is known as the reduction of the effective nuclear charge of the electron cloud as a result of the change in the attractive force acting on the electrons of the atoms. This particular case of electric field filtering is unique. Many projects in the field of materials science also consider this effect. The term "shielding effect" describes the reduction in positive charge experienced by the outer/valence electrons as a result of the presence of inner/core electrons. It prevents the outer/valence electrons from fully benefiting from the positive charge coming from the nucleus.
Due to the increased amount of core electrons, the shielding is enhanced when traveling downhill in groups. The amount of core electrons remains constant as it does not change as it moves over a period of time.
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Which of the following is not a strong acid? HNO3 HC2H3O2 (aka CH3COOH) All are strong acids. HCI H2SO4
Can you help me with this please
No, the driver is not legally dr unk in PA.
What is absorbance?Absorbance is a measure of how well a material absorbs light. It is a logarithmic measure of the light that is absorbed by a material, rather than the light that is reflected or transmitted. Absorbance is also known as optical density, and is represented by the unit of absorbance, the absorbance unit (AU). Absorbance is used to measure the amount of light that is absorbed by a given material, and can be used to measure the concentration of a given material in a solution.
The absorbance reading of .635 is equivalent to a blood alcohol level of 0.064%, which is lower than the legal limit of 0.08%. The absorbance reading is calculated by the formula A = εcl, where A is absorbance, ε is the molar absorptivity (3.52 cm in this case), c is the concentration (0.064% in this case), and l is the path length (1 cm in this case).
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The question that I have is in the photo
Answer: 56.1 g
Explanation:
We begin by finding the formula mass of KCl.
The atomic mass of K is 39 g/mol.The atomic mass of Cl is 35.5 g/mol.So, the formula mass of KCl is [tex]39+35.5=74.5[/tex] g/mol.Therefore, 87.0 grams of KCl is equal to [tex]\frac{87.0}{74.5}=1.167785[/tex] moles.
From the reaction, we know that for every 2 moles of KCl produced, 3 moles of diatomic oxygen are produced. This means that there are [tex]1.167785(3/2)=1.7516775[/tex] moles of diatomic oxygen.
The formula mass of diatomic oxygen is 32 g/mol, meaning [tex](1.7516775)(32)=56.1[/tex] grams of diatomic oxygen were produced.
Need help with this please
a) NaCl + H2O
c) POLi + HCO3
Make the following conversions
1. mol↔molar mass↔6.02×10²³ atoms ions molecules
Answer:
0.204 mol
Explanation:
Molar mass of Pb(NO3)2 = 331.22 g/mol
so mol of 67.6 g equals 67.6g x (1 mole/331.22g) = 0.204 mol
After balancing the following equation, what is the coefficient in front of hydrogen?
___Co(s) + ___HCl(aq) —> ___CoCl3(aq) + ___H2(g)
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 6
After balancing the equation, the coefficient in front of the hydrogen would be 3.
Balancing chemical equationA balanced chemical equation is an equation that contains an equal number of different atoms in the reactants and in the products in accordance with the law of conservation of atoms.
According to the law of conservation of atoms, atoms cannot be created nor destroyed during the course of chemical reactions, although their forms may change from reactants to products.
Going by this rule, the balanced equation of the reaction in the illustration would be: [tex]2Co(s) + 6HCl(aq) -- > 2CoCl_3(aq) + 3H_2(g)[/tex]
Thus, from the balanced equation, the coefficient of hydrogen is 3.
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how many grams of aluminum chloride AICI3 form when .25 mol AI reacts
Answer: 333.415 grams of AlCl3
Explanation:
For the reaction, A(g)⇋2B(g) , Kc=7.0 . A reaction mixture at equilibrium contains [A]=2.3M . What is the concentration of B in the reaction mixture?
Express the molarity to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.
Answer: [tex][B]=16 \text{ M}[/tex]
Explanation:
[tex]K_c=\frac{[B]}{[A]}\\\\7.0=\frac{[B]}{2.3 \text{ M}} \\ \\[/tex]
[tex][B]=16 \text{ M}[/tex]
What is the pH change of a 0.280 M solution of citric acid (pK₂ = 4.77) if 0.135 M citrate is added with no change in volume?
The pH change of a 0.280 M solution of citric acid is 1.7917.
What is citric acid and why is it useful?
Citric acid was originally produced from lemon juice by a Swedish researcher in 1784.
The odorless and colorless substance was manufactured from lemon juice until the early 1900s when researchers discovered that it could also be made from the black mold Aspergillus niger, which generates citric acid as it feeds on sugar.
Because of its acidic, sour-tasting character, citric acid is largely utilized as a flavoring and preserving agent, especially in soft drinks and candies. It’s also used to stabilize or preserve pharmaceuticals and as a -disinfectant.
As, in the question we have been provided with the pK2, so we will first convert it into ka.
ka= 10 ^ -4.77= 1.70 × 10 -5
⇒1.70 × 10- 5 = x²/ 0.280 -x
⇒x= [H+] = 0.00218 M
pH = - log [0.00218]
pH = 2.6615 initial pH
pH= pKa + loh [salt/acid]
pH= 4.77 +log [0.135/0.280]
pH= 4.77 - 0.3168 = 4.4532
change pH= 4.4532 - 2.6615 = 1.7917.
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How many grams of F are in 285 g CaF2?
138.75 grams of fluorine contain in 285g CaF2
To calculate no of we use
No of moles = Given Mass/Molar mass
here given mass is 285g Molar Mass of CaF2 is 78.07g/mol
Number of moles = 285/78.07= 3.650 moles
so we can say that 1 mole of CaF2 contains 2 moles of F2 in it.
3.650 ,moles of Caf2 contains =2 x 3.650=7.30 moles of F2
Mass of fluorine is 19
19 x 7.30 = 138.72 grams of fluorine is present in 285grams of Caf2
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Is NaCl more chemically reactive than NaBr? Why?
NaCl is more reactive than NaBr because Cl is more electronegative than Br and it is smaller than Br, thus, can be easily attack other compounds.
What is NaCl?NaCl is an ionic compound formed thorough the electrons loss from the metallic sodium to chlorine. Sodium has one valence electron which can be easily lost to electronegative non-metals such as halogens.
Halogens such as chlorine, fluorine etc. are highly electronegative and easily gain one electrons from metals. The electronegativity of atoms decreases down a group. Thus, F is much more electronegative than Cl which is more electronegative than Br than I.
NaBr is an ionic compound similar to NaCl. However, Br is bigger in size and less electronegative than Cl that's why it is chemically less reactive in comparison to NaCl.
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Explain how the interactions between molecules cause the difference in the state of nitrogen and water.
PLEASE I NEED THIS ANSWER ASAP --- DUE MONDAY DEC 5
The state of matter is dependent on the intermolecular forces of attraction and this is the case of Nitrogen which is gas and has Vander Waal's force of attraction while water, a liquid molecule has hydrogen bonding.
What is the interaction between molecules?Molecular interaction occurs between molecules or atoms which are linked by bonds. These interactions include repulsive and cohesive forces. An interaction is cohesive when the attraction force between molecules are of alike nature. It is repulsive for unlike molecules.
Intermolecular forces are the attractive and repulsive forces between molecules. The presence of Vander Waal's force in Nitrogen and hydrogen bond in water makes it repulsive.
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Draw the Lewis structure for the polyatomic phosphite (PO3 anion. Be sure to include all resonance structures that satisfy the octet rule.
We may arrange the valence electrons around the center atom of PO3-3 and try to fill each atom's outer shell once we learn how many exist. Its PO3 3- Lewis structure is made up of 26 valence electrons.
How can one recognize polyatomic?Only a few of the elements in the periodic table have a following letter that is lowercase after their first capital letter. Therefore, you can tell an ion is polyatomic if it has two capital letters together.
Oxygen – polyatomic or not?However, the majority of elements are found in molecules made up of two or maybe more atoms. We refer to these as polyatomic elements. The oxygen family of elements, which includes oxygen.
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a mixture of h2(g) and o2(g) is placed in a container as represented above. the h2(g) and o2(g) react to form h2o(g). which of the following best represents the container after the reaction has gone to completion?
The container is represented by 2 O2 molecules and 4 H2O molecules once the reaction has completed.
What's a molecule and how do you use one?The lowest unit of any substance that is made up with one or more atoms and has the ability to exist on its own while keeping all of the material's chemical and physical properties is called a molecule. Within molecules, more atom division takes place. For instance, the atom and molecule of oxygen are represented by the letters O and O2, respectively.
How are molecules created?The collection of atoms that arises from the establishment of covalent bonds is referred to as a molecule. Therefore, we may assert that the most fundamental part of a covalent compound is even a molecule.
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Explain how the interactions between molecules cause the difference in the state of nitrogen and water.
PLEASE I NEED THIS ANSWER ASAP --- DUE MONDAY DEC 5
Nitrogen is a non -polar because its molecule have Van der Waals force of attraction while water is a liquid because its molecule have hydrogen bonding .
What is interaction between molecules ?Molecular Interactions are between molecules that are not linked by bonds. Molecular interactions include cohesive attraction between like, adhesive attraction between unlike and repulsive forces between molecules. whether polar or non- polar are attracted to one another by dispersion forces
There are four types of interactions:
ionic covalent hydrogen bondsvan der Waals interactionsTherefore molecular interaction are between molecules that are not linked by bonds either nitrogen or water.
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In each box, write the formula of the ionic compound consisting of the positive ion to the left of the box and the negative ion above the box.
The formula of the ionic compound consisting of the positive ion to the left of the box and the negative ion above the box are as follows:
MgCl₂, MgS, MgF₂, Mg₃N₂, MgO, Mg₃P₂
CsCl, Cs₂S, CsF, Cs₃N, Cs₂O, Cs₃P
CrCl₃, Cr₂S₃, CrF₃, CrN, Cr₂O₃, CrP
NaCl, Na₂S, NaF, Na₃N, Na₂O, Na₃P
ZnCl₂, ZnS, ZnF₂, Zn₃N₂, ZnO, Zn₃P₂
AlCl₃, Al₂S₃, AlF₃, AlN, Al₂O₃, AlP
What are ionic compounds?Ionic compounds are pure substances made up of chemically bound ions. Examples include his binary compounds such as table salt and polyatomic compounds such as sodium sulfate. All ionic compounds form crystal lattices. Ionic compounds are pure substances formed mainly by positive and negative ionic attraction. Compounds are formed mainly by ions, although a small amount of electron sharing always occurs.
Ionic compounds are pure substances formed from chemically bound ions. Ionic bonds form ionic compounds. Covalent bonds form molecular bonds.Most atoms connect through covalent bonds, in which shared electrons form directional bonds. These are molecules.Ionic compounds are electrically neutral and consist of a few atoms (ions) or many atoms (ions). Diatomic and polyatomic compounds are equally common.To know more about ionic compounds, visit:
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Extraction of natural gas by the process of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is most likely to result in which of the following environmental problems?
Select one:
a. Groundwater contamination
b. Denitrification
c. Eutrophication
d. Desertification
e. Ozone depletion
a. The biggest concerns at fracking sites are groundwater contamination, air pollution, and water contamination brought on by the toxic chemicals employed in hydraulic fracturing.
Which one of the following best represents an environmental issue that is frequently connected to the fracking process?Large land areas are needed for fracking operations, which affects wildlife and ruins habitat.
What environmental issues are most frequently connected to nuclear power apes?Pollutants such as spent (used) reactor fuel, uranium mill tailings, and other radioactive wastes are the main environmental issue with nuclear power.These substances have lengthy radioactive half-lives and can endanger human health for tens of thousands of years.
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Equilibrium osmotic pressure heads h measured at 22 degrees C for a series of solutions of a polystyrene sample in toluene are tabulated below: Assuming that the densities of toluene and polystyrene at 22 degrees C are, respectively, 0.867 g cm^-3 and 1.05 g cm^-3, calculate the following. a. The number-average molar mass for the sample of polystyrene. b. An estimate of the Flory-Huggins polystyrene-toluene interaction parameter.
The average molar mass and interaction parameter constant is 23.4g and 1.8746 respectively.
The following is an example of an osmotic pressure equation that was discovered by Dutch chemist Jacobus to exist in a quantitative relationship between osmotic pressure and solute concentration.
π=iCRTWhere,.
The osmotic pressure is represented by π.The van 't Hoff index has no dimensions.The solute concentration in the solution, c, is measured in moles.The ideal gas constant is known as R.The temperature in kelvins is denoted by T.It is crucial to remember that the derived Osmotic Pressure equation only applies to solutions that behave exactly like ideal solutions. Because pure water has no osmotic pressure.
B = ln [p1/ (1-p1)] / (1 - 2p1) = ln [p1- ln (1-p1)] / (1 - 2p1)
T=22 +273K=295K
Average molar mass=pv/RT =1.05 x 22.4/8.3 x 295= 23.4gFlory Huggins interaction parameter for polystyrene toluene= B = ln [p1/ (1-p1)] / (1 - 2p1)p1=0.867, p2=1.05
B=1.8746
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Which of the statements about coal is false?
Burning coal causes air pollution.
The waste from burning coal must be stored securely for a very long time.
Mining coal can damage the land and pollute water resources.
Burning coal produces a large amount of energy.
Burning coal produces a large amount of energy. This statement is false about coal. Therefore, option D is correct.
What is burning coal ?In the United States, coal is primarily used as a fuel to generate electricity. Bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, or lignite are burned in coal-fired power plants. The heat generated by coal combustion is used to convert water into high-pressure steam, which drives a turbine and generates electricity.
Carbon is found in all living things, including humans. When coal is burned, the carbon in the coal combines with the oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless and odorless gas, but it is one of several gases in the atmosphere that can trap the earth's heat.
Thus, option D is correct.
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A soft drink contains 28 mg of sodium in 305 g of H2O?
What the concentration of sodium in the soft drink in mass percent?
The concentration of sodium in the soft drink in mass percent is 9.179485 x 10⁻³ %.
Percentage by mass, mass %, is a measure of concentration that indicates the mass of solute per mass of solution. In other words, the mass percent of a component in the solution is defined as the ratio of the mass of the component to the mass of the solution, expressed as a percentage.
mass % = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100
In the case of a soft drink which contains 28 mg of sodium in 305 g of H₂O, sodium is the solute and the solution is the mixture of sodium and H₂O.
mass % = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100
mass % = (28 mg / 28 mg + 305 g) x 100
mass % = (28 mg / 305028 mg) x 100
mass % = (9.179485 x 10⁻⁵) x 100
mass % = 9.179485 x 10⁻³ %
Hence, the mass percent of sodium in the soft drink is 9.179485 x 10⁻³ %.
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For the reaction PCl5(g)⇌PCl3(g)+Cl2(g),
the equilibrium constant Kc=1.1×10−2 at 400 K.
Part A
What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction PCl3(g)+Cl2(g)⇌PCl5(g) at 400 K?
The equilibrium constant for the reaction PCl₃(g)+Cl₂(g) ⇌ PCl₅(g) at
400K is 1/Kc.
How big of a K equilibrium constant is there?The ratio of the amount of reactant to the amount of product that is used to predict the chemical behavior of a reaction is known as the equilibrium constant for chemical reactions. The rate constants remain unchanged at a specific temperature.
When the reactants and products do not change in any significant way over time, this is known as chemical equilibrium. When the forward and reverse reactions happen at the same rate, this is the condition. The equilibrium constant, K, serves as a description of this state of equilibrium.
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need answer ASAP PLEASE!!
A container of oxygen gas has a volume of 145.6 L. If the pressure of the gas is
101.3 kPa and the temperature is 0 °C, determine the amount of oxygen gas in the
container. [ans: 6.50 mol]
According to ideal gas equation, there are 6.49 moles of oxygen gas in the container.
What is ideal gas equation?The ideal gas equation is a equation which is applicable in a hypothetical state of an ideal gas.It is a combination of Boyle's law, Charle's law,Avogadro's law and Gay-Lussac's law . It is given as, PV=nRT where R= gas constant whose value is 8.314.The law has several limitations.The law was proposed by Emile Clapeyron.
Substituting the given values in above equation, n=PV/RT=101.3×145.6/8.314×273.15=6.49 moles.
Thus, there are 6.49 moles in the container.
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how you would use electronegativity to decide if this substance has ionic or covalent bonds.
F2 <----- substance
Answer:
Explanation:
If the EN difference is large then it has an ionic bond, if it's low it has a covalent bond.
23 grams of sodium Chloride reacts with oxygen to produce Sodium oxide and how many moles of chlorine?
Question 3 options:
9.14 mol
4.98 mol
.20 mol
.87 mol
Common salt, sometimes referred to as sodium chloride, is a substance consisting of sodium and chlorine atoms. One mole of sodium chloride (23 grams) interacts with one mole of oxygen to produce two moles of sodium oxide and one mole of chlorine. This reaction is known as the sodium chloride–oxygen reaction (NaCl–O2).
How much sodium chloride is in a mole of chlorine?The molar masses of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) are respectively 22.99 g/mole and 35.4 g/mole.
One mole of sodium chloride contains how many moles of sodium?If I take a mole of NaCl, there will either be one mole of Na and zero Cl2 molecules, or two moles of Na and two moles of Cl2 molecules on either side.
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An organic molecule contains 2.088 Liters Carbon, 2.688 Liters Hydrogen, and 0.896 Liters oxygen. Calculate the Empirical formula.
The empirical formula of the organic molecule, given that it contains 2.088 L Carbon, 2.688 L Hydrogen and 0.896 L oxigen is C₃H₄₈O
How do I determine the empirical formula?The following data were obtained from the question:
Carbon (C) = 2.088 LHydrogen (H) = 2.688 LOxygen (O) = 0.896 LEmpirical formula =?The empirical formula of the organic compound can be obtained as follow:
Divide by their molar mass
C = 2.088 / 12 = 0.174
H = 2.688 / 1 = 2.688
O = 0.896 / 16 = 0.056
Divide by the smallest
C = 0.174 / 0.056 = 3
H = 2.688/ 0.056 = 48
O = 0.056 / 0.056 = 1
Thus, we can conclude that the empirical formula of the organic molecule is C₃H₄₈O
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In a chromatography experiment, how do you identify the components of an unknown mixture? Select one: O Compare the Re values of the mixture components to the Ry values of pure known compounds. O Combine the mixture with a series of known compounds and observe the color of the dots. O Combine the mixture with multiple known compounds and look for the largest spots. O Compare the color of the mixture spots to the colors of pure known compounds.
The correct answer is
a. Compare the Re values of the mixture components to the Ry values of pure known compounds.
Chromatography can identify the components of an unknown mixture by comparing the retention time or retention index of the mixture components to that of known compounds.
Retention time is the time it takes for a compound to pass through a chromatographic column, and retention index is a measure of the distance a compound travels through the column compared to a set of reference compounds. Compounds in a mixture can be identified by comparing the retention time or retention index of the mixture components to pure known compounds.
Other techniques that can be used chromatographically to identify unknown mixture components include mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These techniques involve analyzing the molecular properties of mixture components to determine their identities.
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What mass of carbon contains 6 x 10²³ carbon atoms?
Answer:
1.992×10–²³
Explanation:
We mainly use molar masses in calculation and this is not a mass of single but it is mass of one mole of atoms, molecules or ions. We know that in ions and atoms there are only differences in the number of electrons and mass of electrons is negligible. Then the mass of the ion and atom of the same element is the same.
Lavasha's backpack holds up to 62.75 kilograms. What is this mass expressed in grams?
O62750 g
O 6.275 g
O 0.06275 g
O6275 g
Hello,
I hope you and your family are doing well!
To convert a mass from kilograms to grams, we can multiply the mass by 1000, since there are 1000 grams in 1 kilogram.
Therefore, the mass of Lavasha's backpack expressed in grams is:
62.75 kilograms * 1000 grams/kilogram = 62750 grams
So Lavasha's backpack has a mass of 62750 grams.
Answer: A
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