When a genome is modified for medical or industrial use it is known as genetic engineering .
What is genetic engineering and how the genome is modified?Genetic engineering is the process of manipulation of human gene or DNA in order to produce phenotypes of desirable amount.In the process first we isolate a DNA which is desired and then the process of combination with vector takes place.For selecting vector the number of vectors selected must be few as it could generate more fragments.The recombinant DNA is formed by the fusion of Vector and desired DNA in medical use.Then the process of cloning takes place and finally what takes place is called downstreaming process.In downstreaming process one purifies and finally release the product as final product of genome.To know more about genetic engineering visit:
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16. use a punnett square to predict the offspring in a cross between a tall pea plant (heterozygous) and a tall pea plant (heterozygous). what is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?
A punnet square to predict the offspring is made below and the genotypic ration will be 25% homozygous tall pea plants, 50% heterozygous tall tea plants, and 25% short pea plants.
Suppose that a tall pea plant has the heterozygous genes Tt hence a punnet square will be formed as follows:
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
According to the punnet square, the genotypic ratio will be 25% homozygous tall pea plants, 50% heterozygous tall tea plants, and 25% short pea plants.
In the scenario above, we know that the dominant allele is the tall one (T) as the heterozygous plants tend to be tall. The effect of the recessive allele is masked by the dominant allele.
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Write a paragraph or two below to explain why there is little change in the pH of battery acid when it is diluted with water.
Also include in your answer...
• The water equilibrium expression.
• What could you add to the battery acid to significantly change the pH of the solution?
There is little change in the pH of battery acid when it is diluted with water because adding more water increases the pH of the solution towards 7 thereby making it less acidic.
What is pH?This is referred to as the power of hydrogen and it is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. pH of 7 is referred to as being neutral, pH of 1-6.9 is referred to as being acidic while the pH of 7.1 - 14 is referred to as being basic or alkaline.
The water equilibrium expression is Kw = [H₃O⁺][OH⁻].
Water can be added to the battery acid which results in its dilution thereby increasing the pH of the solution towards 7. The acid in most instances become more corrosive when observed. This means that it becomes less acidic and is therefore the correct choice.
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All living things reproduce. What is the benefit of reproducing sexually?
A. Less energy spent
B. Takes less time
C. Genetic variation
Answer:
Genetic Variation
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Explain how mutations in DNA change the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Answer: Since each codon is translated into a single amino acid in the final polypeptide chain, changing one codon changed the type of amino acid that is placed in the polypeptide at this position. The new polypeptide is different (has a different sequence of amino acids) than the original polypeptide.
Explanation:
When the equation for photosynthesis is reversed, it represents a chemical reaction that produces ATP in organisms. This is called what?
When the equation for photosynthesis is reversed, it represents a chemical reaction that produces ATP in organisms. This is called what?
Dentrification
Metabolizing
Photosynthesis
Respiration
The chemical reaction represented by the reversion of equation of photosynthesis is: Respiration.
Photosynthesis is the process of synthesizing one's own food using the inorganic raw material. This process is observed in plants and some algae. The main organelle involved in photosynthesis is chloroplast. Photosynthesis utilizes carbon dioxide. The end product of photosynthesis is glucose.
Respiration is the reverse of photosynthesis. It is the breakdown of glucose to release energy. This energy is utilized by the body to perform several processes. Besides energy, respiration also maintains the carbon balance of the plant cells. Respiration releases carbon dioxide during the process.
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the probability of a person having one copy of the allele that causes this phenotype is 1%, or one in one hundred (1/100). is it more likely that this is a dominant pattern or a recessive pattern?
The probability of a person having one copy of the allele that causes this phenotype is 1%, or one in one hundred (1/100). is it more likely that this is a recessive pattern.
According to the most respected textbooks on genetics and evolution, an allele is a different arrangement of the same sequence of nucleotides at the same location on a lengthy DNA molecule A locus is the chromosomal or genomic location of a gene or any other genetic element, and alleles are different DNA sequences at a locus.
The collection of qualities or visible characteristics that may be observed in an organism is known as its phenotype. The phrase refers to an organism's morphology, physical shape and structure, developmental processes, biochemical and physiological characteristics, behavior, and the outcomes of behavior. Because it allows for distinct behavior toward previously unknown creatures, phenotype matching is crucial.
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imagine that a toxin is introduced to the body and inhibits the establishment of the proton gradient in the intermembrane space. what would you predict would be the result?
Imagine that a toxin is introduced to the body and inhibits the establishment of the proton gradient in the intermembrane space as a result, ATP synthase would be unable to produce ATP. The correct answer is option(e).
The production of ATP by ATP synthase is dependent on the proton gradient in the intermembrane gap. As a result, the toxin will render it inert. In this situation, oxidative phosphorylation rather than substrate-level phosphorylation is now suppressed.
Pyruvate is a glycolysis byproduct that won't be harmed by a toxin. It is anticipated that the toxin will prevent NADH from being oxidized because it is crucial in creating a proton gradient. The proton gradient is created by the protons created during NADH to NAD+ conversion. NADH is unlikely to be oxidized if the gradient is missing.
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The complete question is:
Imagine that a toxin is introduced to the body and inhibits the establishment of the proton gradient in the intermembrane space. What would you predict would be the result?
a. NADH would be oxidized
b. Fermentation could not occur
c. Substrate-level phosphorylation would be inhibited
d. Pyruvate would be unable to enter the Citric acid cycle
e. ATP synthase would be unable to produce ATP
A person with AIDS may take longer than a healthy person to recover from a
Salmonella infection.
Explain why.
PLEASE I NEED IMMIDIATE HELP WITH IT!!
Answer:
a person with AIDS has a weakened immune system
In horses, black color (B) dominates chestnut color (b). The trotting gait (T) dominates the pacing gait (t). A cross is made between a horse homozygous for black color and the pacing gait, and a horse homozygous for chestnut color and the trotting gait. What is the probability that an offspring will be a black trotter? SHOW WORK FOR CREDIT!
First Horse’s Phenotype: ___________. Second Horse’s Phenotype: ___________
First Horse’s Genotype: ___________. Second Horse’s Genotype: ___________
Gamete: gamete:
Black B is dominant over chestnut color b and trotting gait T is dominant over pacing gait t. The answer is 100%. Since all offspring have at least one dominant black hair allele that overwhelms the brown hair allele, all offspring are expected to have black hair.
Phenotype refers to the physical color of a horse's coat or the way genes are expressed. Phenotype II FMF in Familial Mediterranean Fever is the onset of amyloidosis prior to the onset of his FMF with typical attacks or is an isolated finding in members of the FMF family.
White horses have pink skin. White fur mane tail, and hooves. and dark brown eyes. White is the dominant trait W at the white locus. White horse genotype must be heterozygous dominant We. Homozygous dominant because WW is more likely to cause early embryonic loss. Scientists conclude that horses were first domesticated 6,000 years ago in the western part of the Eurasian steppe, in what is now western Ukraine and Kazakhstan.
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multiple alleles explain
Answer:
Multiple alleles of a gene occupy the same locus on the chromosome. Multiple alleles are the alternative forms of the same gene so they influence the same trait. The wild-type allele is mostly dominant over the mutant alleles. The wild type is considered the standard and all other alleles are considered variants.
How are fungi and bacteria different?
A. Bacteria are eukaryotes and fungi are prokaryotes.
B.Bacteria contain a cell wall and fungi do not.
C. Bacteria reproduce sexually and fungi only reproduces asexually.
D. Bacteria are prokaryotes and fungi are eukaryotes.
Answer:
D. Bacteria are prokaryotes and fungi are eukaryotes.
The type of bone that has fully formed lamellae with regularly arranged collagen bundles and a higher percentage of inorganic matrix is classified as __________.
Answer:
Secondary bone
Explanation:
percentage of inorganic matrix is classified as Secondary bone.
A red blood cell with a low concentration of oxygen will..
A. Absorb more oxygen as it passes by the lungs
B. Pass by the lungs as if nothing happened
C. Diffuse oxygen out into the lungs
A red blood cell with a low concentration of oxygen will absorb more oxygen as it passes by the lungs.
What is red blood cell?
Red blood cells are the most prevalent form of blood cell and the primary way by which vertebrates distribute oxygen to their body tissues through blood flow through the circulatory system. They are also known as red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells, or erythrocytes.
The kidneys detect an oxygen deficiency in the blood (hypoxia) and respond by secreting a hormone called erythropoietin when low oxygen levels are present (which may be caused by circumstances such as high altitude or low partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere) (EPO). The production of RBCs is accelerated by EPO, which increases the RBC count. The higher RBC count helps to make up for the lungs' reduced ability to hold oxygen.
Hence the correct option is a red blood cell with a low concentration of oxygen will absorb more oxygen as it passes by the lungs.
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choose the mutation that you think has caused cali a calico fit coloring. form a hypothesis to explain your reasoning
The mutation that I think has caused Calix’s calico fur coloring is Nondisjunction mutation.
Why does Nondisjunction mutation cause the coloring above?"Chromosome segregation fails as a result of the mutation known as nondisjunction during cell division. One daughter cell will consequently contain an extra chromosome, whereas the other will be missing one."
This would make sense for Calix because Nondisjunction would account for the difference in mass and Calix's DNA per cell mass is larger than typical. Due to the fact that "point mutations do not modify the mass of DNA," we also know that it cannot be a point mutation.
However, chromosomal rearrangement is not the explanation since the amount of DNA in each cell of Calix does not match what it would be if Calix had a chromosomal rearrangement.
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What does each part of a bomb calorimeter do?
Answer:
The bomb calorimeter is used to determine the calorific values of solid and liquid fuels. It consists of a strong steel shell known as a bomb. It consists of a base which supports the platinum crucible and is screwed to the body of the bomb. The top of the bomb carries an oxygen supply connection and a valve to release the product.
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binary fission is the most common form of reproduction in
fungi
protozoa
animals
plants
Answer:
protozoa
Explanation:
Binary fission is a kind of asexual reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes and occurs in some single-celled eukaryotes.
What is the difference between B-cell lymphocytes and T-cell lymphocytes?
The difference between B-cell lymphocytes and T-cell lymphocytes is that B-cells originate from the bone marrow while the T-cells originate from the thymus.
What are lymphocytes?Lymphocytes are type of white blood cell with a spherical nucleus occurring in the lymphatic system. This include the following types of cells;
B cellsT cellsnatural killer cellsB-cells are lymphocytes developed in the bursa of birds and the bone marrow of other animals, that produces antibodies and is co-responsible for the immune system.
On the other hand, T-cells are lymphocytes from the thymus, that can recognise specific antigens and can activate or deactivate other immune cells.
Hence, it can be said that one of the differences between T and B cells of lymphocytes is their origin.
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the appearance of bryophytes and eventually large forests of lycophytes in the paleozoic era (from around 500 million years ago to 250 million years ago)...
The appearance of bryophytes and eventually large forests of lycophytes in the Paleozoic era (from around 500 million years ago to 250 million years ago): (3) changed the environment in such a way that it favored seed plants from that point forward.
Bryophytes is the division of the kingdom plantae that comprises of the non-vascular land plants. These plants however do not have true leaves, stem or roots. The example of bryophytes include liverwort, mosses hornwort, etc.
Seed plants are the type of plants that produce the seed. These are also called the phanerogams. Seed plants can be of following two types: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
The question is incomplete, the complete question is:
The appearance of bryophytes and eventually large forests of lycophytes in the Paleozoic era (from around 500 million years ago to 250 million years ago):
allowed for the evolution of the first aerobic animals.led to a period of global warming and more humid conditions.changed the environment in such a way that it favored seed plants from that point forward. was the first time that oxygen was produced by biological organisms and released in the environment.To know more about seed plants, here
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What polysaccharides can be found in the cell wall of a plant cell?
Answer:
Cell walls are composed primarily of multiple polysaccharides that can be grouped into three major classes: cellulose, pectins, and hemicelluloses
A All of the following are examples of hormones EXCEPT: A. insulin B. dopamine C. testosterone D. estrogen E. glucagon
Answer:
B. Dopamine is not a hormone.
Explanation:
Insulintestosterone estrogen glucagonARE all hormones but not that dopa thing.
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Description and observations of star gazing
Stars are the main source of electromagnetic radiation in the universe allowing for studies of many phenomena
Explanation and study of star gazing?A galaxy is a gravitationally bound collection of billions of stars, most of which will have their own Solar system. Their varied star shapes and sizes, along with the different angles we see from Earth, make finding them and observing through a telescope a joy! The best way to start stars exploring the night sky is with the unaided eye. Our star wheels are easy to use, and in no time you'll learn the constellations and namesA Vital Resource for Learning the Night Sky. Our array Basics stars webinar provides framework information about the vital winter constellations. Stars are the main source of electromagnetic radiation in the universe let for studies of many phenomena
we can conclude that we examined how eye gaze directed toward another face affect face preferences stars in infants. A total of 19 children were observed.
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Seed blank is when enzymes and other chemicals are activated and energy is produced to start cell division.
photosynthesis
germination
respiration
growth
Seed germination is when enzymes and other chemicals are activated and energy is produced to start cell division.
The correct option is B.
What is the germination explain?A seed, spore, or even other reproductive body sprouts after germination, usually following a period of dormancy. The procedure may be started by the following factors: moisture damage, elapse of period, cooling, warming, availability of oxygen, and light exposure.
What causes germination?When soil temperature and moisture conditions are ideal for their growth, seeds typically "wake up" and germinate. However, not all seeds have the same germination needs, therefore it's essential to know what each variety of seed needs. To germinate, seed require the right combination of temperature, water, air, and light.
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The complete question is-
Seed _____ is when enzymes and other chemicals are activated and energy is produced to start cell division.
A)Photosynthesis
B)Germination
C)Respiration
D)Growth
how are polymers broken down?
what is the difference between RNA and DNA?
DNA and RNA counter in two ways (a) RNA incorporates the sugar ribose, whereas DNA includes the slightly additional sugar deoxyribose (a type of ribose that lacks one oxygen atom), and (b) RNA possesses the nucleobase uracil, whereas DNA controls thymine.
What exactly is in human DNA?Deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer made up of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix that contains genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms and viruses. Nucleic acids have DNA and ribonucleic acid.DNA is made up of nucleotide molecules. Each nucleotide is made up of three parts: a phosphate group (one phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms), a sugar molecule, and a nitrogen base. DNA is composed of chemical building blocks known as nucleotides. These building blocks are composed of three components: a phosphate group, a sugar group, and one of four different types of nitrogen bases.To learn more about DNA, refer to:
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what three elements do all macromolecules share?
Answer:
carbon, oxygen and hydrogen,
Explanation:
In DNA the complimentary base pairs are held together by which type of bonds?
O ionic bonds
O hydrogen bonds
O peptide bonds
O James Bond
Answer:
Hydrogen bonds
Explanation:
It is important to know that the bases
AT
CG
Are bonded by hydrogen.
list three of the types of noncovalent interactions that are important in providing stability to the three-dimensional structures of macromolecules. (b) why is it important that these interactions be noncovalent, rather than covalent, bonds?
a) Noncovalent interactions include
hydrogen bonds van der Waals interactions hydrophobic interactions.(b) Noncovalent interactions can develop, break, and re-form more quickly and with less energy input than covalent bonds because they are weaker. In order to keep macromolecules flexible, this is crucial.
In contrast to a covalent bond, a non-covalent contact involves more scattered types of electromagnetic interactions between molecules or inside a molecule and does not share electrons. Large molecules like proteins and nucleic acids have a three-dimensional structure that must be maintained by non-covalent interactions.
Additionally, they participate in a variety of biological processes in which big molecules briefly yet specifically bond to one another. The design of drugs, crystallinity, materials, notably those for self-assembly, and generally the synthesis of numerous organic molecules are all significantly influenced by these interactions. Large molecules like proteins and nucleic acids are joined by noncovalent bonds. Though weaker than covalent connections, noncovalent bonds are essential for biological processes including the creation of double helices.
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You are asked to perform a fermentation test with your unknown bacteria, using a technique known as stab culturing. What can you conclude if the test came back purple?.
You are asked to perform a fermentation test with your unknown bacteria, using a technique known as stab culturing. If the test came back purple the conclusion will be the culture is basic and your unknown bacteria cannot metabolize arabinose.
Fermentation is specifically described in biochemistry as the process of obtaining energy from carbohydrates without the presence of oxygen. There are a lot of different kinds of fermentation, but the three most common ones used in food preparation are lactic acid, ethanol, and acetic acid.
Stab cultures are made of solid agar in a test tube and are comparable to agar plates. By inserting a pipette tip or an inoculation needle into the center of the agar, bacteria are introduced. The pierced area is where bacteria flourish. The most typical method for shipping or short-term storing cultures is stab culturing.
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where are the instructions that tell the cell everything it needs to survive?
Answer:
In the DNA.
Explanation:
How is the renin activated in the alimentary canal
Renin is released into your system when your blood pressure goes too low or your body does not have enough salt. Renin secretion occurs when your arterial arteries' baroreceptors (pressure-sensitive receptors) sense low blood pressure. Your kidneys detect low sodium (salt) levels.
What is the Alimentary Canal?The alimentary canal is mostly known as the conduit via which food enters our bodies and exits through the anus after digestion.
Renin is important in maintaining blood pressure after volume depletion. The role of the renin-angiotensin system in regulating blood pressure levels in persons with normal salt consumption can be assessed with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
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Terms that mean many species die out at the same time
Mass extinctions is the terms that mean many species die out at the same time.
Extinction :A species dying out or disappearing is referred to as extinction. Extinction occurs when a species becomes less numerous due to environmental factors (habitat fragmentation, climate change, natural disasters, overexploitation of species for human use).
Mass extinction :The majority of species that have ever lived on Earth have gone extinct, but the fossil record reveals five particularly large extinctions, known as mass extinction events, that each resulted in the extinction of enormous numbers of species. The majority of extinctions, which happen continuously and are referred to as background extinctions, are distinguished from these glaring declines in diversity by the term "mass extinction."
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