The ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent reactions reach the stroma of the chloroplast for the light-independent reactions to be accomplished.
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are the reactions that trap the sunlight energy and convert it into usable forms of energy i.e., ATP and NADPH. This is done by the excitation of electrons and passing it through a series of transporters.
Light-independent reactions are those that use the products of light-dependent reactions in order to synthesize food for the plant in the form of sugars like glucose or sucrose. The first process of light-independent reaction is Calvin cycle.
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The historical development of the theory of evolution by natural selection included theories such as those of jean-baptiste lamarck that superficially sounded logical, but were flawed by lack of understanding of genetics. Which of jean-baptiste lamarck’s proposals would support the idea that an individual who develops large muscles due to weight training would have offspring that also have large muscles?.
One of Lamarck's principle ideas about evolution was that Organisms develop and whatever trait they might acquire is then passed down to their offspring.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was an avid supporter of the theories of evolution. He himself gave a lot of theories and principles which he felt were the aptest but only because of the lack of scientific proof to prove him wrong. He proposed that organisms pass whatever traits they have to their offspring.
This notion supports the idea that an individual who develops large muscles due to weight training would have offspring that also have large muscles. This has been proved scientifically wrong now but had quite an impact on the then developing theories of evolution back then.
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In a species of beetles, males that have large horns are better able to fight off other males for access to females. This is an example of _______ selection.
Answer:
In a species of beetles, males that have large horns are better able to fight off other males for access to females. This is an example of intrasexual selection.
Explanation:
Intrasexual selection can refer to the act of competing with members of one's own sex (for status, tangible resources, or directly for access to mates) as well as the evolutionary process that shapes the traits employed in this competition.
The vast majority of dna damage is caused by man-made chemicals and man-made radiation.
a. true
b. false
"The vast majority of dna damage is caused by man-made chemicals and man-made radiation" is false.
Any modification to DNA that alters its coding properties or normal function in transcription or replication is referred to as DNA damage. DNA damage can impair normal cell replication and increase the rate of apoptosis (programmed cell death, also known as 'cellular senescence'). Damage to genetic material, on the other hand, can result in impaired cellular function, cell loss, or the transformation of healthy cells into cancers. Base substitutions, deletions, and insertions are the three types of DNA mutations.
Endogenous DNA damage sources include hydrolysis, oxidation, alkylation, and base mismatch; exogenous DNA damage sources include ionizing radiation (IR), ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and various chemical agents.
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In the __________, Light Energy is converted to ___________
Answer:
In the plant/photosynthesis, Light Energy is converted to Chemical Energy.
Explanation:
Answer: In the plant light energy is converted to chemical energy
You are skateboarding at the skate park and you are not wearing your knee guards. You are trying to show
your friends your new skateboard trick and fall off your skateboard, skinning your knee. How would your
body repair this cut?
a. mitosis; the injury would trigger cell division to replace those cells ; results in 2 identical cells
b. mitosis; the injury would trigger cell division to replace those cells; results in 4 identical cells
c. binary fission; the injury would trigger cell division to replace those cells; results in 4 identical cells
d. binary fission; the injury would trigger cell division to replace those cells; results in 2 identical cells
Answer:
a. mitosis; the injury would trigger cell division to replace those cells ; results in 2 identical cells
Explanation:
Mitosis is the cell-creation process that an animal would undergo while healing a cut. It is a division that results in two daughter cells. The answer is not binary fission as that is an asexual reproductive method that occurs most often in simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria. It would not be used in the body during the process of healing a cut. The answer is not that it results in 4 identical cells, as mitosis (which is the process used in healing a cut) can only result in 2 identical daughter cells, not four. 4 resulting cells is characteristic of meiosis, which differs from mitosis as each of the 4 daughter cells created in this process are genetically unique and only contain half as much DNA as the parent cell. With these understandings in mind, you can rule out all options other than A.
Although each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence?.
Since we must write this, let's ask which factor consistently requires a tiny population as a prerequisite for its occurrence, even though each of the following has a better probability of influencing gene frequency in a small proportion of small populations.
Genealogical drift is the basic response. Each of these mechanisms has an impact on the genetic makeup of populations, but only natural selection consistently increases how well-adapted an organism is to its environment.
The severity of drift and the incidence of inbreeding in the population are related to population size, or more precisely, the effective population size. Due to stochastic sampling error, small populations typically lose genetic diversity more quickly than large populations (i.e., genetic drift). This is because
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99% of all marine species can be found in the ____.
What is the answer?
Answer:
I would assume in the water or ocean since marine means they live in the water
the tilt aftereffect is the perceptual illusion of tilt, produced by
The tilt aftereffect is the perceptual illusion of tilt, produced by Size an object takes up on the retina.
Perceptual illusions are defined as consistent and chronic discrepancies among a physial state of affairs and its illustration in consciousness. it's miles argued that for the maximum element those discrepancies occur in particular as a consequence of the activation of perceptual approaches by using contrived, artificial stimuli.
Perhaps the exceptional actual-existence example of a perceptual phantasm is the Moon illusion. whilst the Moon is at the horizon, it seems to be a whole lot large than it does whilst it is excessive within the sky. but whilst the Moon is photographed at various factors throughout the sky, all the pictures on the negatives are the equal size.
But despite the fact that perceptual illusions are a laugh, additionally they have essential philosophical implications. They show us in a clear and unambiguous way that we do not at once perceive the world round us. Perceptual revel in is a simulation—a intellectual model—that doesn't usually correspond to the reality it aims to depict.
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Why are urchin barrens positively correlated with the presence of killer whales?.
Urchin barrens positively correlated with the presence of killer whales because it is is easier to find sea otters near the urchin barrens than in any other place in the sea.
An urchin barren is an area part of the ocean that is shallow, where the population growth of sea urchins has not been checked on leading to unlimited grazing of kelp forests. The kelp forests provide food and habitat for various species.
Sea otter populations have declined each year. In waters where killer whales cannot be able to go, sea otters have remained stable in numbers since they cannot be attacked. The role of sea Otters is to maintain the coastal kelp bed by controlling the sea urchin population which grazes on kelp.
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What similarities are there in the growth of the human population compared to animal population.
The similarity that is there in the growth of the human population compared to the animal population is that the growth occurs exponentially concerning the initial specimens.
Human population dynamics, at least until the past century, have probably been governed by homeostasis and in this resembled those of other animals.
Some major factors that affect population growth in both humans and animals and also have similar results are:-
How often an organism reproduces, the number of offspring of an organism, the presence or absence of parental care, how long an organism can reproduce, and the death rate of offspring.
Moreover, the populations grow in size due to births or immigration both in the case of humans and animals.
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a 3-point test cross is carried out between 3 linked genes. the nonrecombinant progeny are and s r c and the double crossover progeny are s r and c. which is the middle locus?
As a 3-pointer test cross is carried out between s r c linked genes. C will be the middle locus.
Gene mappers aspire to map all the tens of thousands of genes on the chromosomes of plants and animals. Analyzing data from matings to determine map distances of two genes simultaneously can be a time-consuming and tedious process. Therefore, geneticists often try to map as many genes as possible from one set of offspring. To illustrate the process, let's look at the simplest example of multipoint mapping, a 3-point test cross.
We reused three trait loci from maize seed and used data from one cross to map these three loci. The first step is to obtain a tri-hybrid individual that is heterozygous at all three loci, and then perform a test mat with that tri-hybrid.
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What is the difference between pcr and sanger sequencing with regard to the materials needed to perform these reactions?.
The difference between pcr and sanger sequencing with regard to the materials needed to perform these reactions is that dideoxynucleotides are needed in Sanger sequencing unlike PCR.
Dideoxynucleotides are needed for sanger sequencing, while it is not requires to perform PCR. Two primers from opposing strands are necessary for PCR amplification in order to specify the region of the sequence amplified in both the forward and reverse directions. In contrast to PCR, Sanger sequencing uses just one primer in the process. The fundamental difference between the two is that while PCR is used to duplicate the entire DNA sequence, Sanger sequencing is used to generate every possible length of DNA.
The "chain termination method," often known as Sanger sequencing, is a technique for figuring out the nucleotide sequence of DNA. In this method, target genetic regions are amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the amplified products are then sequenced.
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in 1983, it rained ten times more than normal. the island was overrun by vines that covered even the cactus. this changed vegetation caused the larger seeds became scarce. in this scenario, predict which beak shape will have an advantage for finches to eat and, therefore, to survive and reproduce?
Finches with shorter, more delicate beaks and long, pointed beaks ) will be more advantageous for finches to eat and, therefore, to survive and reproduce.
Finches with long, pointed beaks great for eating insects and shorter, more sensitive beaks will be more useful in the situation described in the question. The population of smaller-beaked birds (such medium- and small-sized ground finches), which consume smaller and softer seeds, will rise as a result of the availability of resources. The species of finches that consume larger seeds will become less common and their population will decline if there are insufficient resources available. If there are not enough resources available, the species of finches that eat larger seeds will become less widespread and experience a fall in population. Hence the survival of the fittest, finches will have advantage for finches to eat and, therefore, to survive and reproduce.
Due to their delightful vocalizations, social interactions with their flock mates, and, in the case of the Gouldian finch, their vivid coloring, finches are beloved as companion pets. They are typically calm pet birds that look for other people of their own species.
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during the devonian period,when tiktaalik lived,the only land animals were invertebrates,such as worms and insects.which macroevolutionary pattern do you think occurred once animals were able to survive outside of the water? explain your answer
The macroevolutionary patterns that occurred once animals were able to survive outside of the water are associated with the development of airways to obtain oxygen form the air and also the development of extremities to move in terrestrial environments.
What is a macroevolutionary pattern?A macroevolutionary pattern makes reference to any adaptive change in the phenotype of a given taxonomic group in order to fits with new environmental conditions such as occurred when animals moved from aquatic environments to terrestrial conditions.
This type of evolutionary pattern (macroevolutionary pattern) is well known to be associated with the presence of mutations in developmental genes that produce changes in the morphological features of an individual which are then selected by natural selection.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that macroevolutionary patterns are associated with changes at a high scale in the phenotype to fit certain environmental conditions.
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Explain what could be a mechanism by which jendrassik maneuver produces bigger myotatic reflex.
Jendrassik maneuver helps to generate a better response of the myotactic reflex since it increases its response because it will divert the patient's attention and this allows the complete relaxation of the muscle to be evaluated.
What is the Jendrassik maneuver?Jendrassik maneuver consists of the patient strongly stretching their joined hands in front of the chest for at least 10 seconds in order to usually test the patellar reflex. This maneuver is used to reinforce the myotactic reflex on individuals with no response or mild response to the reflex, then amplifying it and allowing us to see if the muscle is healthy or not.
When the Jendrassik maneuver is performed, the patient's attention will be diverted and this allows complete relaxation of the muscle to be evaluated, this then amplifies the reflex and allows us to analyze it correctly.
Therefore, we can confirm that Jendrassik maneuver helps to generate a better response of the myotactic reflex since it increases its response because it will divert the patient's attention and this allows the complete relaxation of the muscle to be evaluated.
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The brain is about 75 percent its adult weight by three years of age. By age 6, it is at 95 percent its adult weight
Myelination and the development of dendrites continue to occur in the cortex and as it does, we see a corresponding change in what the child is capable of doing. Greater development in the prefrontal cortex, the area of the brain behind the forehead that helps us to think, strategize, and control attention and emotion, makes it increasingly possible to inhibit emotional outbursts and understand how to play games. Understanding the game, thinking ahead, and coordinating movement improve with practice and
myelination.
In the beginning, the average baby's mind is ready 1 / 4 of the size of the common adult brain. noticeably, it doubles in length inside the first year. It keeps developing to about 80% of the grownup length between age three and 90% almost fully grown by age 5.
With the aid of age 2, it is at 75 percent of its adult weight, at95 percent with the aid of age 6, and at 100 percent via age 7 years. organization of high-stage visual cortex in human toddlers”.
By way of age 2, it's miles at 75 percent of its grownup weight, at 95 percent with the aid of age 6, and at 100 percent through age 7 years. organization of high-stage visual cortex in human toddlers”.
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which of the following enzymes converts atp to camp? which of the following enzymes converts atp to camp? adenylyl cyclase galactoside permease b-galactosidase atp synthase
Galactosidase glucoside permease Adenocysteine Cyclase Synthesizing ATP Correct Adenylyl Cyclose turns ATP into cAMP, aiding CAP in binding.
Which enzyme from the list below breaks down lactose?Lactase, also known as lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, is an enzyme that breaks down lactose (milk sugar) into the simple sugars glucose and galactose in the small intestine of animals.
Catalase—is it an enzyme?The important enzyme catalase feeds on hydrogen peroxide, a nonradical ROS. This enzyme is in charge of neutralising hydrogen peroxide through its breakdown, hence preserving an ideal level of the molecule in the cell that is also necessary for cellular signalling processes.
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The spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the foramen magnum, then through the vertebral canal, and ends at the level of the ______ vertebra.
The spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the foramen magnum, then through the vertebral canal, and ends at the level of the first or second lumbar vertebrae.
The spinal cord's length is unknown?The spinal cord is a part of the central nervous system (CNS), which also includes the brain and other brain-related structures. The lower back is where the spinal cord terminates, where it tapers to create a cone known as the conus medullaris. The spinal cord starts at the base of the brain stem, in a region known as the medulla oblongata.
The spinal cord travels through which foramen, exactly?The occipital bone's foramen magnum is where the spinal cord exits the body. The hard palate and the upper jaw are made up of two maxillary bones, or the maxilla.
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select all correct descriptions of peptidyl transferase. check all that apply it catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds. it catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds. it is part of the large ribosomal subunit. it is part of the large ribosomal subunit. it is composed of a single protein.
The correct description of peptidyl transferase are:
it catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds. it is part of the large ribosomal subunit.Peptidyl transferase is the enzyme involved in protein synthesis/ translation. It has two main functions. These are: the catalysis of the formation of peptide bonds and help in peptide release. The enzyme is entirely composed of RNA molecule.
Peptide bonds are the covalent bonds that are formed between the amine group of one amino acid and carboxylic group of another amino acid. The bond is also called the amide bond. These bonds are used to link amino acids together to form a polypeptide.
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Abnormally slow conduction through the ventricles would change the ________ in an ecg tracing.
Abnormally slow conduction through the ventricles would change the QRS complex in an ecg tracing.
Three of the visual deflections seen on a typical electrocardiogram combine to form the QRS complex (ECG or EKG). It is typically the most prominent and central area of the trace. It is the same as the heart's right and left ventricles depolarizing and contracting their large ventricular muscles. The QRS complex typically lasts 80 to 100 ms in adults; it may be shorter in children. The Q, R, and S waves all follow one another quickly, represent the same occurrence, and do not all show in all leads. For these reasons, they are frequently grouped together. Any downward deflection that comes right after the P wave is known as a Q wave. Following an upward deflection known as a R wave, the S wave is any subsequent downward deflection. The S wave is followed by the T wave, and in some circumstances, a subsequent U wave.
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Which option would provide Louise with the most diversity in the following scenario?
Louise needs to do a report on forest biomes. She has to write ten pages and choose an option that will provide her
with ample information on many different plants and animals.
O boreal forests
O deciduous forests
O lowland forests
O tropical forests
Boreal forests and Tropical forests will provide her with ample information on many different plants and animals.
Taiga (also known as boreal forest) is the world's northernmost and coldest forest, dominated by evergreen conifers such as spruce, fir, and pine, as well as deciduous conifers such as larch and birch and aspen. It can be found in large areas of Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia, Russia, and northeastern China.
Tropical forests are defined as forests with a closed canopy that grow within 28 degrees north or south of the equator. They are very wet areas, receiving more than 200 cm of rain per year, either seasonally or all year. Temperatures are uniformly high, ranging from 20°C to 35°C. Wet tropical forests are classified into two types: equatorial evergreen rainforests and moist forests, which include monsoon forests and montane/cloud forests.
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which two statements best describe fertilization and meiosis in the life cycle of plants
The two statements which best describe fertilization and meiosis in the life cycle of plants is option A and it includes the following:
I. These processes are part of the life cycle.
III. Fertilization produces a zygote, and meiosis produces haploid spores.
What is Fertilization?This is referred to as the process in which gametes fuse together to form a new organism while meiosis on the other hand is referred to as a type of cell division which involves the parent cell giving rise to four unique daughter cell.
Both processes mentioned above are part of the life cycle while the difference between them is that fertilization produces a zygote, and meiosis produces haploid spores which is therefore the reason why option A was chosen as the correct choice.
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The options are:
I. These processes are part of the life cycle.
II. These processes produce gametophytes.
III. Fertilization produces a zygote, and meiosis produces haploid spores.
IV. Fertilization is used only by seedless plants; meiosis is used only by seed plants.
A.I and III
B.I and IV
C.II and III
D.II and IV
Define senescent. What cells put off senescence?
what are okazaki fragments? how do prokaryotic vs eukaryotic okazaki fragments compare. why are okazaki fragments only found on the lagging strand, but not on the leading strand of dna?
Okazaki fragments are brief DNA segments created when the lagging strand of DNA replication experiences discontinuous synthesis. It is crucial because it enables the production of both daughter strands needed for cell division.
In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the lengths of Okazaki fragments are different. Okazaki fragments in prokaryotes are significantly longer than those in eukaryotes. While prokaryotic E. Coli can have Okazaki fragments that are as long as 2,000 nucleotides, eukaryotes typically have Okazaki fragments that are 100 to 200 nucleotides long.
Because new strand synthesis occurs in the 3' to 5' direction, Okazaki fragments must be produced in the lagging strand during DNA replication. However, only the 5' to 3' direction can be used by the DNA polymerase to create the strand.
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In what ways have Robert Hooke contributed to a wider understanding of life?
Answer:
He contributed to the discovery of cells while looking at a thin slice of cork. He then thought that cells only exist in plants and fungi. In 1665, he published Micrographia.
Explanation:
please help
5 points for each question
1. define enzymes in your own words
2. distinguish between absorption and digestion
3. compare the functions of the stomach and the small intestine
4. give an example of how the digestive system affects other systems
Enzymes are biological catalysts of chemical reactions. Absorption refers to the intake of substances from the small intestine while digestion also involves breaking down foods by enzymatic processes. The stomach mechanically breaks down food into small substances, while the small intestine absorbs these products. The digestive system affects other systems because the chemical energy required by cellular respiration is obtained by digestion.
What is an enzyme?An enzyme is a biological catalyst that acts to lower the activation energy of reactions. These catalysts (enzymes) play a fundamental role in digestion by breaking down foods into smaller particles.
Moreover, the small intestine functions to absorb these small particles which are used by cells during cellular respiration.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that an enzyme is a catalyst that acts to enhance the release of energy in the chemical reaction that occurs during digestion, which is a process that involves many organs such as the stomach and the small intestine.
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In what region would you find deep rooted plants and vines such as olives and grapes?.
On the Mediterranean coast, you would find deep-rooted plants and vines such as olives and grapes.
The Mediterranean coast is home to deep-rooted plants and vines like olive and grape trees because the climate is ideal for their growth and development. The climatic and environmental factors in these areas allow plants to develop roots that can reach a depth of 15 meters. As a result of receiving their nutrition from their roots, the plants in this area can endure for a number of years.
The role of the olive and vine is particularly important in allowing diversification, specialization, and the commodification of resources, completely changing the landscape and the basic "cereal-pulse-livestock" Neolithic economy, and ultimately leading to the emergence of complex, hierarchical societies.
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Some researchers suggest that ______ molecules were the first information molecules formed on early earth.
Answer: RNA
Explanation:
Chimpanzee communication involves different combinations of sounds. What are some examples of these sounds?.
Grunts, pants, and hoots are examples of sounds of Chimpanzee communication involving different combinations of sounds.
There are many different vocalizations made by chimpanzees, including hoots, pant-hoots, pant-grunts, pant-barks, rough-grunts, nest-grunts, alarm barks, waa-barks, wraps, screams, and copulation screams. They also make soft panting play sounds. Chimpanzees can only express themselves through body language, facial expressions, posture, and noises because they are unable to speak. Chimpanzees are capable of communicating a wide range of messages to one another by combining the gestures at their disposal.
Different contexts were found to be used for sounds with and without panting. For instance, single grunts were used when eating, while panted grunts were used during submissive greetings, and a single "hoo" was emitted in response to a threat, while panted "hoos" were used in interactions with other chimpanzees.
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Name the irregular ridges of muscle lining the ventricles that are not indirectly to the atrioventricular values.
The trabeculae carnage (columnar carnage, or meaty ridges) are rounded or irregular muscular columns that project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricle of the heart.
The inner surface of each ventricle has an irregular surface of ridges and folds called trabeculae carnage. The interventricular septum separates the two ventricles.
Squamous cell nuclei tend to be flat, horizontal, and elliptical, mirroring the form of the cell. The endothelium is the epithelial tissue that lines vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems.
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The irregular ridges of muscle lining the ventricles are Trabeculae carnage.
The tricuspid valve is the atrioventricular valve on the right side of the heart. It separates the right atrium and right ventricle. The Purkinje fibers lie beneath the endocardium. They are larger than cardiomyocytes but have fewer myofibrils more glycogen and mitochondria, and no T-tubules.
These cells are connected by desmosomes and gap junctions but not by intercalated discs. The right ventricle is very muscular. In contrast to the right atrium, which is mostly smooth-walled, it has many muscular ridges called trabeculae. The endothelium is the epithelial tissue that lines the blood vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems and is composed of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells.
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