Pathogenic bacteria are the most problematic in the food industry. The term "pathogenic" refers to any bacteria that are capable of causing illness when consumed by humans or animals.
Option A is correct
Pathogenic bacteria are often found in foods that are not cooked or handled correctly. This includes raw meat, unpasteurized dairy products, and foods that are stored at incorrect temperatures for an extended period of time. It is crucial for food industry professionals to follow strict safety protocols to minimize the risk of pathogenic bacteria contaminating their products, leading to foodborne illnesses.Foodborne illnesses can be caused by a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Pathogenic bacteria are a significant concern in the food industry, as they can cause serious illness and even death in vulnerable populations such as young children, pregnant women, and the elderly. The most problematic bacteria in the food industry are those that are pathogenic and are capable of multiplying quickly in the food environment. Pathogenic bacteria can cause food poisoning, which is a severe illness that can result in dehydration, fever, vomiting, and diarrhea.
The symptoms can be severe and can lead to hospitalization or even death if left untreated. The most common pathogenic bacteria found in food are Salmonella, Listeria, and E.coli. These bacteria are often found in raw or undercooked meat, unpasteurized dairy products, and fruits and vegetables that are not washed correctly. It is essential for food industry professionals to follow strict safety protocols to prevent the growth and spread of these bacteria. Proper handwashing, storage, and cooking techniques can help minimize the risk of foodborne illnesses caused by pathogenic bacteria. In conclusion, pathogenic bacteria are the most problematic in the food industry. Food safety protocols should be followed to minimize the risk of foodborne illnesses caused by these bacteria.
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Which of the following substances will affect the solubility of BaF2 in aqueous solution? Select ALL that apply.
a. LiF
b. H2SO4
c. NaOH
d. BaCl2
e. KNO3
Factors that may influence the solubility of BaF₂ in an aqueous solution include the following substances: LiF, H₂SO₄, NaOH, BaCl₂, and KNO₃. (A,B,C,D)
Solubility is the ability of a solid to dissolve in a liquid to form a homogeneous mixture.
In an aqueous solution, the ability of a substance to dissolve is determined by various factors, including temperature, pressure, and the nature of the solvent and the solute. The concentration of the solute, pH, and the presence of other solutes or substances in the solution can all influence solubility. (A,B,C,D)
The solubility of BaF₂, a sparingly soluble salt, is influenced by the presence of other substances. Lithium fluoride (LiF) and barium chloride (BaCl₂) both contain ions that could affect the solubility of BaF₂. Li⁺ and Ba²⁺, respectively, are cations, while F⁻ and Cl⁻ are anions.
When LiF or BaCl₂ is dissolved in water, their respective ions will react with the F⁻ and Ba²⁺ ions present in the BaF₂, respectively. These reactions result in the formation of LiBaF₃ and BaClF, respectively, and the BaF₂ becomes more soluble in the solution.
Similarly, NaOH and H₂SO₄ are strong electrolytes that dissociate in water to produce OH⁻ and H⁺ ions, respectively. These ions can react with the F⁻ ions in BaF₂, resulting in the formation of water and a soluble salt.
KNO₃, on the other hand, is a soluble salt that dissociates in water to produce K⁺ and NO₃⁻ ions. The presence of these ions can increase the solubility of BaF₂ in solution.
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An electron is a positively charged particle inside of an atom, just like the proton.
True
False
Answer:
no it's is false because an electron have negative charges and it is not inside the atom and it is found out side the nucleus
A 9.70-g piece of solid CO2 (dry ice) is allowed to sublime in a balloon. The final volume of the balloon is 1.00 L at 298 K. What is the pressure of the gas?
The pressure of the gas is 5.52 atm
Mass of CO2 (dry ice) = 9.70 gVolume of the balloon after the solid CO2 sublimes = 1.00 LTemperature of the balloon = 298 KWe need to find out the pressure of the gas. The molar mass of CO2 is:Molecular mass of C = 12.01 g/molMolecular mass of O = 15.99 g/molMolecular mass of CO2 = 12.01 + (2 × 15.99) = 44.01 g/molNow, the number of moles of CO2 = mass/molar mass= 9.70/44.01 = 0.220 molThe Ideal Gas Law is represented by the formula PV = nRT,where P = pressureV = volume of the gasn = number of moles of the gasR = gas constant = 0.0821 L atm/(mol K)T = temperature of the gasNow substituting the values in the Ideal Gas Law,we getP = nRT / V= (0.220 mol × 0.0821 L atm/(mol K) × 298 K) / 1.00 LP = 5.52 atmTherefore, the pressure of the gas is 5.52 atm.
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A 1.50 L buffer solution is a .250 M HF and .250 M in NaF. Calculate the pH of the solution after the addition of .0500 M NaOH (Ka for HF is 3.5 x 10^-4)
The pH of the solution after the addition of .0500 M NaOH is 12.70.
Buffer solution volume of the buffer solution = 1.50LConcentration of HF = 0.250 M
Concentration of NaF = 0.250 M
After the addition of NaOH
The concentration of NaOH = 0.0500 M
Ka of HF = 3.5 × 10⁻⁴
First of all, we have to determine the moles of HF and NaF initially present in the solution.
Initial moles of HF = Molarity × Volume of solution = 0.250
M × 1.50 L = 0.375 moles
Initial moles of NaF = Molarity × Volume of solution = 0.250 M × 1.50 L = 0.375 moles
After the addition of NaOH, HF, and NaF react with NaOH to form NaF and water as shown below.
HF + NaOH → NaF + H₂O(0.250 M) (excess)(0.0500 M) -x x
molarity of NaOH = 0.0500 M - x
[NaOH] = [NaF] = (initial moles of NaF - x)/Volume of solution
= (0.375 - x)/1.50
Initial moles of NaOH = Molarity × Volume of solution = (0.0500 M - x) × 1.50 L = 0.075 - 1.50 x
Initial moles of NaF = Initial moles of NaOH(As they react in 1:1 ratio)= 0.075 - 1.50 x
Initial moles of HF = 0.375 - x
Initial concentration of HF = (0.375 - x)/1.50= (0.250 - x/6)
After the reaction, the concentration of HF and F⁻ will change by the same amount that is - x and + x respectively.
[H⁺] [F⁻]/[HF] = Ka[H⁺] [0.375 + x]/[0.250 - x/6]
= 3.5 × 10⁻⁴[H⁺]
= 3.5 × 10⁻⁴ × (0.375 + x)/(0.250 - x/6)
As the solution is a buffer solution, pH = pKa + log [F⁻]/[HF]
pKa = -log Ka
= -log 3.5 × 10⁻⁴= 3.455
pH = 3.455 + log [0.375/(0.250 - x/6)]
The value of x can be calculated by using the ICE table. The values of [H⁺] and x will be very small as the concentration of NaOH added is very less.
So, x can be neglected.
x = [OH⁻] = 0.0500 M[H⁺] = Kw/[OH⁻] = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴/0.0500 M
= 2.0 × 10⁻¹³pH
= -log [H⁺] = -log (2.0 × 10⁻¹³)
= 12.70 (approx)
Therefore, the pH of the buffer solution after the addition of 0.0500 M NaOH is approximately 12.70.
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What is the term for the limited recyclable life of certain materials? o single-stream recycling o closed-loop recycling O dual-stream recycling downcycling
Answer:
There are three main types of recycling: primary, secondary, and tertiary.Single-stream recycling is a system in which all recyclables, including newspaper, cardboard, plastic, aluminum, junk mail, etc., are placed in a single bin or cart for recycling. ... While collections costs are lower with a single stream system, processing costs are much higher.
Explanation:
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in a balanced exothermic reation, where does a heat term appear?
In a balanced exothermic reaction, the heat term appears on the product side of the chemical equation.
In a balanced chemical equation, the reactants and products are represented using chemical formulas and coefficients. The heat term, which represents the heat released or absorbed during the reaction, is often included as a separate term in the equation.
For an exothermic reaction, which releases heat to the surroundings, the heat term appears on the product side of the equation. It is typically denoted as a positive value since it represents the heat being released. The heat term is often written as "ΔH" or "heat" and may be accompanied by the corresponding value indicating the heat change.
The inclusion of the heat term allows us to account for the energy changes that occur during a chemical reaction. It provides information about the heat flow associated with the reaction and helps in understanding the thermodynamics of the process.
Therefore, in a balanced exothermic reaction, the heat term appears on the product side to indicate the heat being released.
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If there are 27 grams of nitrogen dioxide at STP how many liters does this occupy?
Answer:
30 liters
Explanation:
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The mass in a chemical reaction is found in
the energy produced by the reaction
the explosion produced by the chemical reaction
the atoms involved in the chemical reaction
the bonds involved in the chemical reaction
Answer:atoms involved in reaction. Mass remains same in reaction
Explanation: hug would be fine!
consider a hydrogen atom in the ground state. what is the energy of its electron? = j now consider an excited‑state hydrogen atom. what is the energy of the electron in the =5 level?
The energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom can be determined based on its quantum state. In the ground state, the energy of the electron is -13.6 eV.
In a hydrogen atom, the energy of the electron is quantized, meaning it can only exist in certain discrete energy levels. The ground state is the lowest energy level, where the electron resides when it is not excited. The energy of the electron in the ground state is a well-known constant value of -13.6 eV.
When the hydrogen atom is excited to an excited state, such as the n=5 level, the energy of the electron in that level can be determined using the formula E = -13.6 eV/n^2. Here, n represents the principal quantum number, which corresponds to the energy level. Plugging in n=5 into the formula, we find that the energy of the electron in the n=5 level is -13.6 eV/5^2 = -0.544 eV.
In summary, the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom depends on its quantum state. The ground state has an energy of -13.6 eV, while an excited state, such as the n=5 level, can be calculated using the formula E = -13.6 eV/n^2. For the n=5 level, the energy of the electron is -0.544 eV.
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What happened when you mixed the two substances together? The substances changed into different substances. The substances changed into different substances. The substances did not change into different substances. The substances did not change into different substances. I am not sure if the substances changed into different substances. I am not sure if the substances changed into different substances.
Answer:
is this a poem or something?
how do you think petals protect the internal structures of a plant?
Answer:
hmm that is a very tricky question. probably from over flooding with water
the molality of hydrochloric acid, hcl, in an aqueous solution is 8.56 mol/kg.what is the mole fraction of hydrochloric acid in the solution?
The mole fraction of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the solution is approximately 0.460.
Molality (m) is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. In this case, the molality of HCl is given as 8.56 mol/kg. Mole fraction (X) is defined as the ratio of the moles of a component to the total moles of all components in the solution.
To calculate the mole fraction of HCl, we need to know the total number of moles in the solution. However, the information provided only gives the molality of HCl, which provides the moles of HCl per kilogram of solvent, but not the total moles of the solution. Without the total moles of the solution, it is not possible to directly calculate the mole fraction of HCl. Therefore, based on the given information, it is not possible to determine the mole fraction of HCl in the solution accurately.
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What is the number of particles after gluecose is mixed with water
Answer: dissolves
Explanation:
When you stir a spoonful of sugar into a glass of water, you are forming a solution. This type of liquid solution is composed of a solid solute, which is the sugar, and a liquid solvent, which is the water. As the sugar molecules spread evenly throughout the water, the sugar dissolves.
an substance that is being dissolved by another object?
Answer:
Solute - The solute is the substance that is being dissolved by another substance. In the example above, the salt is the solute. Solvent - The solvent is the substance that dissolves the other substance.
Explanation:
HELP 15-21 PLEASE ASAP!!
Answer:
15-21 is 6
Explanation:
10. Vocabulary Word: region: any large part of the Earth's surface.
Use the vocabulary word in a sentence:
Answer:
Rice is grown in rainy regions.
The river flooded the whole region.
He explored the region around the South Pole.
Explanation:
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One tank of gold fish is fed the normal amount of food once a day. A second tank is fed twice a day. A third tank is fed four times a day during a six week study. The fish's weight is recorded daily. What is the problem and the hypothesis?
Answer:
Problem: What is the effect of the amount of fish feed on the mass of goldfish?
Hypothesis: I think that feeding the goldfish four times a day will greatest increase in the mass of the goldfish.
Explanation:
The problem tends to ask question to which the research is conducted. It open ways for ideas towards a particular topic.
While the hypothesis is a tentative or assumed stand on a subject. It is further tested through an experiment or survey and if after many trials it gives same results and the obtained results is concordant with the hypothesis, the hypothesis will then become accepted and a theory or law is formed thereafter.
TRUE OR FALSE
“Acids are electrolytes”
Answer:
True mark brainlest
Explanation:
Can someone please help me with 1,2,3 please
what new functional group is formed during an elimination reaction chem 3a berkeley
During an elimination reaction in organic chemistry, a new double bond (π bond) is formed, resulting in the creation of an alkene functional group. This process involves the removal of a leaving group and the adjacent hydrogen atom from a molecule, resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two adjacent carbon atoms.
In elimination reactions, a strong base or acid is often used to abstract the proton from the adjacent carbon atom, generating a carbanion intermediate. The leaving group is then expelled from the molecule, and the carbanion intermediate undergoes a rearrangement to form a more stable carbocation. Finally, the base or another molecule acts as a nucleophile, capturing a proton from the carbocation to form the double bond. This newly formed double bond represents the alkene functional group and is characteristic of elimination reactions in organic chemistry.
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Determine the pH, pOH, [H+], and [OH−] of a solution in which 0.300 g of aluminum hydroxide is dissolved in 184 mL of solution.
Answer:
[OH⁻] = 0.0627M
pOH = 1.20
pH = 12.8
[H⁺] = 1.59x10⁻¹³M
Explanation:
To solve this question we must, as first, find the molarity of Al(OH)₃ in the solution -Molar mass Al(OH)₃: 78.00g/mol-:
0.300g * (1mol/ 78.00g) = 3.846x10⁻³ moles
In 184mL = 0.184L:
3.846x10⁻³ moles / 0.184L = 0.0209M Al(OH)₃. Three times this molarity = [OH⁻]:
[OH⁻] = 0.0209M * 3
[OH⁻] = 0.0627MpOH = -log [OH⁻] =
pOH = 1.20pH = 14 - pOH
pH = 12.8And [H⁺] = 10^-pH
[H⁺] = 1.59x10⁻¹³MA sample of milk is found to have arsenic at a concentration of 3.57 ug/L. What is the concentration in ounces per gallon? 1 qt 946.4 mL 1 gal 4 qt 16 oz- 1 lb 1 lb- 0.4536 kg A) 2.68 x 103 oz/gal B) 4.77 x 10-7 oz/gal C) 2.46 ozlgal D) 3.84 x 104 oz/gal E) 3.32 x 108 oz/gal
The concentration of arsenic in milk, which is 3.57 μg/L, can be converted to ounces per gallon. The correct answer is option D) 3.84 x 10^4 oz/gal.
To convert the concentration of arsenic from micrograms per liter (μg/L) to ounces per gallon (oz/gal), we need to follow a series of conversion steps. First, we need to convert micrograms (μg) to grams (g). There are 1,000 micrograms in a milligram (mg) and 1,000 milligrams in a gram, so 3.57 μg is equivalent to 0.00357 mg. Next, we need to convert milliliters (mL) to gallons (gal). Since 1 liter (L) is equal to 1,000 milliliters (mL) and 1 gallon is approximately 3,785.41 milliliters, we can calculate that 946.4 mL is approximately 0.25 gallons. Now, we can calculate the concentration in ounces per gallon. One pound (lb) is equal to 16 ounces (oz), and we know that 1 lb is approximately 0.4536 kg. Since 1 gallon is equal to 4 quarts (qt), and 1 quart is equal to 32 ounces, we can multiply all the conversion factors together:
0.00357 mg/L * 0.25 gal * 16 oz/lb * (1 lb/0.4536 kg) = 3.84 x 10^4 oz/gal
Therefore, the concentration of arsenic in ounces per gallon is approximately 3.84 x 10^4 oz/gal, which corresponds to option D).
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What is the formula mass of the fictitious compound: AB2?
Is riding the bus or riding a bike a quicker way to get to school?
The blanks and bottom part please!
Thank you in advance
The complete sentences are:
When all the intermolecular bonds are broken, the transition between phases is complete.The energy of any substance includes the kinetic energy of its particles and the potential energy of the bonds between its particles.What are the complete sentences on matter?Page 3:
The effect of energy in phase transitions of matter is that it is required to break the intermolecular forces that hold the particles of a substance together. When energy is added to a substance, the particles move faster and the intermolecular forces are broken. This can cause the substance to change phase.
The interactive demonstration on the sample of water shows that energy is required to melt ice and boil water. When the ice is heated, the particles start to move faster and the ice melts. The temperature of the water stays constant at 0°C until all of the ice has melted. This is because the energy is being used to break the intermolecular forces in the ice. Once all of the ice has melted, the temperature of the water starts to rise again. When the water is boiled, the particles move so fast that they escape from the liquid state and become a gas. The temperature of the water stays constant at 100°C until all of the water has boiled. This is because the energy is being used to break the intermolecular forces in the water. Once all of the water has boiled, the temperature of the steam starts to rise again.
The complete sentences:
Water stays in a liquid state as the temperature and kinetic energy of the molecules increase from 0°C to 100°C. This consistency indicates that a larger amount of energy is necessary to break the intermolecular forces and change the state of matter. At the melting and boiling points, the temperature does not change because all of the energy is being used to break the intermolecular forces.The energy needed to overcome all the intermolecular forces between molecules must be greater than the potential energy of the bonds between molecules.The transition between phases is a physical change, not a chemical change.Page 4:
Heating curves show the temperature of a substance as it is heated. The curve has a horizontal line at the melting and boiling points, which indicates that the temperature does not change during these phase changes.
Cooling curves show the temperature of a substance as it is cooled. The curve has a horizontal line at the melting and boiling points, which indicates that the temperature does not change during these phase changes.
Both curves show that the temperature of a substance increases as it is heated and decreases as it is cooled.
A heating curve is more choppy than a cooling curve because there are more phase changes during heating than during cooling.
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What is Chemical bond ?
Answer:
Chemical bonding, any of the interactions that account for the association of atoms into molecules, ions, crystals, and other stable species that make up the familiar substances of the everyday world.
Explanation:
Have a nice day:)
Answer: A connection between two surfaces or objects that have been joined together, especially by means of an adhesive substance, heat, or pressure.
Explanation: The bond may result from the electrostatic force or attraction between oppositely charged icons as in iconic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds.
Which of the following contains an element in a +1 oxidation state?CO2, PbO2, CaO, N2O5, Cu2O
The element Cu₂O (copper(I) oxide) contains a +1 oxidation state. Option E is correct.
This is because oxygen (O) typically has a -2 oxidation state, and since there are two oxygen atoms in Cu₂O, their combined oxidation state is -4. Therefore, in order for the compound to be electrically neutral, the oxidation state of copper must be +1.
CO₂ (carbon dioxide) contains carbon (C) in a +4 oxidation state and oxygen (O) in a -2 oxidation state.
PbO₂ (lead(IV) oxide) contains lead (Pb) in a +4 oxidation state and oxygen (O) in a -2 oxidation state.
CaO (calcium oxide) contains calcium (Ca) in a +2 oxidation state and oxygen (O) in a -2 oxidation state.
N₂O₅ (dinitrogen pentoxide) contains nitrogen (N) in a +5 oxidation state and oxygen (O) in a -2 oxidation state.
Hence, E. is the correct option.
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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
"Which of the following contains an element in a +1 oxidation state? A) CO₂, B) PbO₂, C) CaO, D) N₂O₅, E) Cu₂O
What mass Na2CO3 will completely react with 150 mL of 0.15 M HNO3?
a) write the balanced equation
b) construct the pathway of how you would approach the problem.
c) write out the calculation
d) calculate
a) Balanced equation:
2Na2CO3 + 2HNO3 -> 2NaNO3 + H2O + CO2
b) Pathway:
To determine the mass of Na2CO3 required to react with 150 mL of 0.15 M HNO3, we need to follow these steps:
Write the balanced equation to determine the stoichiometry between Na2CO3 and HNO3.
Convert the volume of HNO3 to moles using its molarity.
Use the stoichiometry from the balanced equation to determine the moles of Na2CO3 required.
Convert the moles of Na2CO3 to grams using its molar mass.
c) Calculation:
Given:
Volume of HNO3 = 150 mL = 0.150 L
Molarity of HNO3 = 0.15 M
Step 1: Balanced equation:
2Na2CO3 + 2HNO3 -> 2NaNO3 + H2O + CO2
Step 2: Convert volume of HNO3 to moles:
Moles of HNO3 = Volume (L) × Molarity
= 0.150 L × 0.15 M
= 0.0225 moles of HNO3
Step 3: Use stoichiometry to find moles of Na2CO3:
From the balanced equation, we can see that 2 moles of Na2CO3 react with 2 moles of HNO3.
Therefore, the moles of Na2CO3 required = 0.0225 moles of HNO3
Step 4: Convert moles of Na2CO3 to grams:
Molar mass of Na2CO3 = (2 × atomic mass of Na) + atomic mass of C + (3 × atomic mass of O)
= (2 × 22.99 g/mol) + 12.01 g/mol + (3 × 16.00 g/mol)
= 105.99 g/mol
Mass of Na2CO3 = Moles × Molar mass
= 0.0225 moles × 105.99 g/mol
= 2.384 g
d) Calculation:
The mass of Na2CO3 required to completely react with 150 mL of 0.15 M HNO3 is 2.384 grams.
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Write a balanced equation from each line notation: a. (2 pts) Ag(s) Ag+(aq) || Cd2+(aq) Cd(s) b. (2 pts) Pb(s) Pb2+(aq) || MnO2(aq) | Mn2+(aq) | Pt(s)
a. The balanced equation from the line notation Ag(s) Ag+(aq) || Cd2+(aq) Cd(s) is given below;Ag(s) + Cd2+(aq) → Ag+(aq) + Cd(s)The given line notation represents an electrochemical cell where two half-cells are separated by a salt bridge.
The anode half-cell is on the left side of the double vertical line notation while the cathode half-cell is on the right side of the double vertical line notation. In the anode, oxidation takes place, and the electrode is considered negative, whereas in the cathode, reduction takes place, and the electrode is considered positive.b. The balanced equation from the line notation Pb(s) Pb2+(aq) || MnO2(aq) | Mn2+(aq) | Pt(s) is given below;Pb(s) + MnO2(s) + 4 H+(aq) → Pb2+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 2 H2O(l)The given line notation represents an electrochemical cell where two half-cells are separated by a salt bridge. The anode half-cell is on the left side of the double vertical line notation while the cathode half-cell is on the right side of the double vertical line notation. In the anode, oxidation takes place, and the electrode is considered negative, whereas in the cathode, reduction takes place, and the electrode is considered positive.
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while in another country, you should always find out the voltage that is used in that counrrg
Answer:
Yes I agree
Explanation: