Which is an expression for the derivative of P(x)=f(x)/1-f(x)?

Which Is An Expression For The Derivative Of P(x)=f(x)/1-f(x)?

Answers

Answer 1

Here the correct expression for the derivative of P(x) is: option B

What is mean by derivative?

The fact that the initial function f implies a second, distinct function f′(x) gives origin to the name "derivative" (x). As a result, we have deduced one from another. When we deduce one from the other, the terms differential, etc. pertain more to the real mathematics that is taking place.

The definition of a derivative in mathematics is a technique for displaying the simultaneous rate of change. The amount by which the provided function is changing at a certain instant is thus represented by it.

The following are some uses for derivatives: to ascertain the pace at which one item is changing in relation to another. The saddle points of a function are used to calculate maximum and minimum. to establish a function's concavity and convexity.

P(x) = [tex]\frac{f(x)}{1-f(x)}[/tex]

or, [tex]\frac{d}{dx} P(x) =[/tex] [tex]\frac{d}{dx} \frac{f(x)}{1-f(x)}[/tex]

or, [tex]\frac{d}{dx} P(x) =[/tex] [tex]\frac{f'(x)}{1-f(x)}[/tex]

Correct option: B

To know more about derivative refer to:

https://brainly.com/question/23819325

#SPJ1


Related Questions

Can you give more examples of inverse?

Answers

7 pens are obtained by adding 5 and 2. We receive 5 back after subtracting 7 pens and 2 pens. The procedures of addition and subtraction are reversed in this case.

Given,

Inverse operations;

Inverse operations, such as addition and subtraction, multiplication and division, are pairs of mathematical operations where one operation reverses the effect of the other. The term "inverse" refers to the reciprocal of a number, i.e., x - 1 = 1 / x. One results from multiplying a number by its reciprocal, or inverse.

Examples for inverse operations;

We get 7 pens when we mix 5 and 2. We now have 5 pens left after subtracting 7 pens and 2 pens. Addition and subtraction are inverse operations in this situation.

Learn more about inverse operations here;

https://brainly.com/question/12425007

#SPJ4

3-(-7)
3- (-17)
3-(-27)
3-(-127)
13-(-6)
24 - (-8)
5- (-23)

Answers

3-(-7) = 10
3- (-17) = 20
3-(-27) = 30
3-(-127) = 130
13-(-6) = 19
24 - (-8) = 32
5- (-23) = 28

What is the median of 23?

Answers

The Median of 23 will be 23.

How to calculate the Median?

A data set's median value is the point where 50% of the data points have values that are lower or equal to it, and 50% of the data points have values that are higher or equal to it. In a list of odd numbers, one would select the middle number with an equal number of numbers on either side of it to determine the median value. The numbers should be arranged in order, typically from lowest to highest, before calculating the median.

The middle pair must be identified, added, then divided by two in order to calculate the median value in a list of even integers. Once more, group the figures from lowest to highest.

The median will be the average of the two middle numbers, in our questions 23 and 23, the mean of which is 23 because there are an even number of values.

So the final answer will be 23.

To learn more about Median, visit: https://brainly.com/question/11237736

#SPJ4

Why is it called XY axis?

Answers

Answer: the tradition is to use (x, y) as the order of the coordinate pair locating a point on a plane

Step-by-step explanation: A two-axis system of east-west and north-south was defined using the algebra coordinate system created by mathematician René Descartes in the 1600s

A bakery offers a sale price of 2.55 for 4 muffins.what is the price per dozen?

I hope someone answers fast

And explain what you did

Answers

Answer: $7.65 for a dozen/12

Step-by-step explanation: 2.55 x 3

How do you find the HCF using the long division method of 3 numbers?

Answers

We divide the smaller number in HCF by the remaining after dividing the smaller number by the smaller number. Until there is no more remaining, we repeat the process.

what is a HCF ?

For two or more numbers, HCF can be assessed. It is the most powerful factor for dividing any pair of numbers by either half or all of them. To illustrate: 15 is the biggest number that can divide both 60 and 75 perfectly, making it the highest common factor between those two numbers.

here

Step 1 is to divide the largest integer by the smallest number.

Step 2: Divide the first divisor by the first remainder, taking the divisor as the new dividend and the remainder as the new divisor.

Step 3: Continue until the remainder is 0 and the HCF of the given numbers is the last divisor.

To know more about HCF visit :-

https://brainly.com/question/29114178

#SPJ4

Why do we use the range () function?

Answers

The range() function outputs a list of numbers that starts at 0 by default, increases by 1 (by default), and ends before a given value .

what is range ?

The statistical range for a given data collection is the range of values between the highest and lowest values. Another way to show the range is to compare the top and lowest observation differences. The sample interval can be calculated by subtracting the highest number from the lowest. For continuous variables, the sample range is an essential measure of variability.

here ,

Python has a built-in method called range() that can be used to create a series of numbers.

The range() function accepts starting and ending values as inputs, which can be supplied by the user to construct a sequence .

The range() function outputs a list of numbers that starts at 0 by default, increases by 1 (by default), and ends before a given value .

To know more about range visit :-

https://brainly.com/question/28135761

#SPJ4

if y=156 when x=39 what is y when x is 17 please show work

Answers

By applying direct proportion, the value of y when x is 17 is equal to 68.

What is a direct proportion?

Mathematically, a direct proportion or direct variation can be represented the following mathematical expression:

y = kx

Where:

y and x are the variables or dimensions.k represents the constant of proportionality.

Next, we would determine the constant of proportionality (k) as follows:

k = y/x

k = 156/39

k = 4

Now, we can calculate the value of y when x is 17;

y = kx

y = 4 × 17

y = 68.

Read more on proportionality here: brainly.com/question/12866878

#SPJ1

What is a 3 term expression called?

Answers

A three-term expression is called a trinomial.

The Power of Trinomials: Exploring the Possibilities of Three-Term Expressions

Math is a powerful tool that can be used to solve a range of problems. From simple arithmetic to complex equations, math provides us with powerful tools to explore the world around us. One such tool is the trinomial, a three-term expression that can be used to represent a wide variety of mathematical problems. In this essay, we will explore the possibilities of trinomials, examining their structure, uses, and potential applications.

Trinomials are composed of three terms: a variable, a coefficient, and a constant. Each term can be used to represent a different aspect of a problem. The variable is typically either an x or a y, and is used to represent the unknown quantity in an equation. The coefficient is a number used to modify the variable, and the constant is a number that is not affected by the variable. Together, these three terms form a trinomial, which can be used to represent a wide range of mathematical problems.

Learn more about math expressions:

https://brainly.com/question/4541471

#SPJ4

a recent survey reported that in a sample of 300 students who attend 2-year colleges, 105 work at least 20 hours per week. additionally, in a sample of 225 students attending private 4-year universities, only 20 students work at least 20 hours per week. what is the test value for a test of the difference between these two population proportions?

Answers

Test value for a test of the difference between these two population proportions would be 2.44

What is Proportion?

A proportion in math is when two ratios are equivalent, that means they are equal to each other.

To calculate the test value for the difference between the two population proportions, you will need to first calculate the sample proportions for each group.

The sample proportion for the group of students attending 2-year colleges is 105/300 = 0.35.

The sample proportion for the group of students attending 4-year universities is 20/225 = 0.089.

Next, you can use these sample proportions to calculate the test value using the following formula:

      test value =  [tex]\frac{p1-p2}{\sqrt{[(p1(1-p1)/n1) + (p2(1-p2)/n2)]} }[/tex]

where p1 is the sample proportion for the first group, p2 is the sample proportion for the second group, n1 is the sample size for the first group, and n2 is the sample size for the second group.

Plugging in the values from the problem, we get:

test value = [tex]\frac{(0.35 - 0.089)}{\sqrt{[(0.35(1-0.35)/300) + (0.089(1-0.089)/225)]} }[/tex]

Simplifying this expression gives us a test value of approximately 2.44. This is the test value for the difference between the two population proportions.

To know more about Proportion visit,

https://brainly.com/question/870035

#SPJ4

someone know how to do this tmr need hand in ​

Answers

Answer:

(1) The answer is given in the paper.

(2) The answer is given in the paper.

(3) PT = 21.26 cm

Step-by-step explanation:

(1) the paper says the answer is 7.81 cm

(2) the paper says the answer is 42 cm

(3) The work is in the image that is attached to this response.

What is AAA congruence rule?

Answers

AAA ( Angle - Angle - Angle) congruence rule is one of congruence postulate but not preferable, for showing the similarity in two triangles

Two triangles are said to be congruent if one can be superimposed on the other exactly by rigid body motion, and the congruence theorem gives the conditions under which this occurs.

SAS (side-angle-side)SSS (side-side-side)ASA (angle-side-angle)AAA( angle-ange-angle)AAS (angle-angle-side)RHS( right angle-hypotenuse-side)

AAA Congruence rule:

It is stands for angle-angle-angle Congruence rule. When all three angles of one triangle is equals to the corresponding angles of another triangle. but it is possible if and only if the corresponding sides of both triangles are equal and when all three sides of two triangles are equal to each other then we use SSS Congruence rule. So, it not considered as preferable congruence rule . For example, In ∆ABC and ∆PQR

all three angles of ∆ABC is equal to corresponding angles of ∆PQR. So,∆ABC and ∆PQR are congruent.

To learn more about AAA (angle-angle-angle) Congruence rule, refer:

https://brainly.com/question/29792706

#SPJ4

Sam i an accountant. He find that he pend two-fifth of hi work day by anwering email. If he pent 3. 6 hour anwering email yeterday, how many hour did he work

Answers

Sam spent two-fifth of his work day by answering email. He works for 9 hours.

Steps to translate and solve a word problem using algebraic expressions:

- Assign the unknowns to variables

- Translate the word into operators plus, less, multiply, or division

- Isolate the unknown

In the given problem, let p is the variable to express the total hours Sam worked yesterday.

He spent two-fifth of hi work day by answering email = 2/5 p

He spent 3.6 hours answering email yesterday, means:

2/5 p = 3.6

p = 5 x 3.6/2 = 9 hours

Hence, Sam worked for 9 hours.

Learn more about variables here:

https://brainly.com/question/28651633

#SPJ4

How many combinations of 3 variables are possible where each variable can take only two values?

Answers

The total number of combinations is given by the product between the numbers of options, so there are 8 combinations.

How many combinations are possible?

Here we have 3 variables and each can take two values:

x = {x₁, x₂}

y = {y₁, y₂}

z = {z₁, z₂}

The total number of combinations is equal to the product between the number of options that we have for each variable, then the number of combinations is:

C = 2*2*2 = 4*2 = 8

C = 8

There are 8 combinations.

Learn more about combinations:

https://brainly.com/question/11732255

#SPJ1

How do you solve for Y problems?

Answers

By analyzing and applying correct method we can solve for any given Y problem.

Define analysis.

Analysis is the process of carefully examining something difficult in order to comprehend it or identify its key characteristics.

Define interpretation.

Explaining, rephrasing, or otherwise demonstrating your own understanding of something is the act of interpretation. An interpreter is a person who interprets from one language into another for the purpose of explaining what is being said to a non-native speaker.

Let any problem is represented as Y. We can solve Y problem by analyzing the situation that is presented in the problem and by applying right method or formula to get required solution of given problem.

To learn more about analysis visit the link:

https://brainly.com/question/1859113

#SPJ4

What is the equation of the line with slope 5 and y-intercept 10?

Answers

Answer:

y = 5x + 10

Step-by-step explanation:

The equation is y = mx + b

m = the slope

b = y-intercept

We know slope 5 and y-intercept 10

So, our equation is

y = 5x + 10

What is the y-intercept of the line 5x 3y =- 15?

Answers

The y-intercept is (0, 5). Hence, the intercepts of the equation 5x + 3y = 15 are (3,0) and (0,5).

To find the x-intercept we have to substitute y = 0 into the equation, as follows:

9x - 7*0 = -63

9x = -63

Dividing by 9 at both sides of the equation:

9x/9 = -63/9

x = -7

To find the y-intercept we have to substitute x = 0 into the equation, as follows:

9*0 - 7y = -63

-7y = -63

Dividing by -7 at both sides of the equation:

-7y/(-7) = -63/(-7)

y = 9

x-intercept: −7; y-intercept: 9

learn more about of intercept here

https://brainly.com/question/29113022

#SPJ4

What is mean method formula?

Answers

The mean formula in statistics for a set is defined as the sum of the observations divided by the total number of observations.

One of the most significant and often employed metrics of central tendency is the mean. In mathematics, there are various different kinds of means. In statistics, the mean is the product of all the values in a set of data divided by the total number of values in the data for a particular set of observations.

To put it another way, calculating the mean of a data set only requires adding up all the values and dividing the result by the total number of values.

However, depending on whether grouped or ungrouped data is provided, the basic approach and formulae change. Ungrouped data is a collection of random observations, whereas grouped data is a collection of individual observations of a variable aggregated into separate groups.

To know more about the mean visit: brainly.com/question/29895356

#SPJ4

To put it another way, all that is necessary to determine the mean of a set of data is to sum up all the values and divide the total by the number of values.

However, the fundamental approach and equations vary according on whether grouped or ungrouped data are presented. Ungrouped data is a collection of arbitrary observations, whereas grouped data is a collection of distinct groupings of individual observations of a variable.

What is the median of 2/3 and 4?

Answers

The median of 2/3 and 4 is 2.33.

The median is the middle point in a dataset—half of the data points are smaller than the median and half of the data points are larger.

A data set's median value is the point where 50% of the data points have values that are lower or equal to it, and 50% of the data points have values that are higher or equal to it.

To arrange the data points in ascending order for a small data set, count the number of data points (n).

To get the rank of the data point whose value is the median when the number of data points is unequal, multiply the total by 1 and divide the results by 2.

Median = (2/3+4)/2 = 4.66/2 = 2.33

Thus, the median of 2/3 and 4 is 2.33.

To know more about the median visit: brainly.com/question/28060453

#SPJ4

To get the rank of the data point whose value is the median when the number of data points is unequal, multiply the total by 1 and divide the results by 2.

Median = (2/3+4)/2 = 4.66/2 = 2.33

Thus, the median of 2/3 and 4 is 2.33.

Suppose f(x) = 3x + 5. Describe how the graph of g(x) = (3x+5) +8

Answers

Answer:

The graph of g(x) = (3x+5) + 8 will be shifted 8 units up from the graph of f(x). Specifically, the graph of g(x) will be 8 units higher than the graph of f(x) for all x.

Step-by-step explanation:

What is AAS postulate?

Answers

AAS (Angle-Angle-Side) is the basic congruence criteria for proving the congruence ( similarity) of two triangles.

Congruence postulate:

Two triangles are said to be congruent if all three corresponding sides are equal and all three corresponding angles are equal.

The basic terms of the agreement are as follows.

SSS Consensus CriteriaSAS Consensus CriteriaAAS Consensus CriteriaASA Consensus CriteriaAAA Consensus CriteriaRHS Consensus Criteria

Now let's talk about AAS Consensus Criteria.

AAS Congruence Criteria: AAS Criterion stands for Angle-Angle-Side Criterion. According to the AAS criterion, two triangles are congruent if any two angles and excluded sides of one triangle are equal to the corresponding angles and excluded sides of the other triangle.

To learn more about AAS Congruence postulate, refer:

https://brainly.com/question/28039171

#SPJ4

What is the standard deviation of 225?

Answers

15 is the standard deviation of 225 .

What is explained by the standard deviation?

You can tell how skewed the data is by looking at the standard deviation. It gauges how far away from the mean each observed value is.

                      Any distribution will have roughly 95% of its values within two standard deviations of the mean. Think about the following data: 2, 1, 3, 2, 4. The average and the sum of squares representing the observations' variances from the mean will be 2.4 and 5.2, respectively.

Variance is simply the square of the standard deviation (v=σ2) .

          So if the variance is 225,

                        σ=√225 or 15.

Learn more about Standard deviation

brainly.com/question/23907081

#SPJ4

The cost of 6 oranges is $1.What is the cost of 3 dozen oranges?
GUYS PLEASE ANSWER IT FAST
AND EXPLAIN HIW YOU DID IT!

Answers

Answer:6 dollars

Step-by-step explanation:

1 dozen=12 oranges

3 dozen=36 oranges

36 divided by 6=6

6 times 1= 6 dollars

A set of data is represented in the stem plot below.

Stem plot with stems of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Leaf for stem of 3 is 5. Leaves for stem of 4 are 2 and 3. Leaves for stem of 5 are 1, 5, and 7. Leaves for stem of 6 are 2, 6, 8, and 9. Leaves for stem of 7 are 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Leaves for stem of 8 are 2, 4, 6, and 8. Leaves for stem of 9 are 3 and 4. Leaf for stem of 10 is 1.

Key: 3 | 5 = 35

Part A: Find the mean of the data. Show each step of work. Round answer to the nearest whole number. (2 points)

Part B: Find the median of the data. Show each step of work. (2 point)

Part C: Find the mode of the data. Show each step of work. (2 point)

Part D: Compare your values for mean, median, and mode from parts A, B, and C. Explain which value would best represent the data, and why? (4 points)

Answers

A. The mean of the data set is 71.09.

B. The median of the data set is the 12th term which is 74.

C. There is no mode value in the given data set.

D. Median value best represents the data.

What is a stem leaf method?

A stem leaf method is used to represent discrete data.

The first column are the stem values and the second are the leaf values.

To find the mean of the data set we'll use the weightage average method

which is sum of all the values divided by the number of values.

∴ Mean = 71.09.

Total no. of data is 23 so the median is the 12th term which is 74.

There is no particular frequently occurring data hence no mode.

Median value best represents this data set as in the stem and leaf the most no. of data are in this row.

learn more about the stem leaf method here :

https://brainly.com/question/9798801

#SPJ1

What is a multiplicity of 3?

Answers

Multiplicity of 3 is the number of times that the value 3 appears as a root of an equation  is the multiplicity of 3 is 3

Multiplicity of 3 (also known as a 3-fold root) is a mathematical concept used to describe the number of times a certain value appears as a root (or solution) of an equation. Specifically, it refers to the number of times a certain value appears as a root of a given equation when the equation is solved.

For example, the equation x2 = 9 has three solutions: x = 3, -3, and 0. This means that the multiplicity of 3 is 3, because 3 appears three times as a root of the equation. The general formula used to calculate the multiplicity of a given root is:

Multiplicity of x = Number of times x appears as a root of the equation

In this case, the multiplicity of 3 is 3, because 3 appears as a root of the equation three times. Similarly, if there are two solutions, x = -2 and x = 0, the multiplicity of -2 is 2, because -2 appears as a root of the equation twice.

In summary, multiplicity of 3 is the number of times that the value 3 appears as a root of an equation when the equation is solved. In the example above, the multiplicity of 3 is 3.

Learn more about multiplicity here:

https://brainly.com/question/19943359

#SPJ4

Alvin is 11 years younger than Elga. The sum of their ages is 33. What is Elga's age?

Answers

Answer:

Elga is 22 years old

Step-by-step explanation:

Let A = Alvin's age

Let E = Elga's age

We have the equations:

A = E - 11

A + E = 33

Substitute A = E - 11 from the first equation into the second equation and solve for E

So, we have

A + E = 33

(E - 11) + E = 33

2E - 11 = 33

2E = 44

E = 22 years old

So, Alvin is 11 years old and Elga is 22 years old

Two students were asked to graph increasing exponential functions with the same y-intercept. Would the graphs always have to be identical given the stated key features? Explain.​

Answers

Answer:

No

Step-by-step explanation:

Consider the graphs of [tex]y=2^x[/tex] and [tex]y=3^x[/tex].

What do all equilateral triangles have in common?

Answers

All equilateral triangles have angle measures of 60.°

the longer the extended supply chain, the greater the probability of risk group of answer choices false true

Answers

the probability of risk increases with the extension of supply chain. The more we enlarge our business the more possibility of risk.

What is supply chain?

A supply chain refers a system of connection of the business elements such as raw materials, products, resources, profit, loss as well as all the activities of a running business organization.

What is probability of risk?  

the extent of possibility of occurring unexpected incident in a business. while going on with our business, we wish to extend our organization so as to earn reputation as well as gaining outstanding outcomes. But at the same time the chance of getting bad outcomes rises. It is termed as probability of risk.

hence, the above expression risk rises with increasing supply chain is true.

to know more about supply chain and risk visit:

https://brainly.com/question/18793688

#SPJ4

A function h(x) is defined by the equation h(x) = + 3.

Which is the graph of h(x)?

Answers

The graph of the function h(x) is attached below.

What is a function?

A mathematical phrase, rule, or law that establishes the link between an independent variable and a dependent variable (the dependent variable). In mathematics, functions exist everywhere, and they are crucial for constructing physical links in the sciences.

Given function is h(x) = √(x-2) + 3

The radical function is always positive.

Therefore,

x - 2 ≥ 0

x ≥ 2

The domain of the function is [2, ∞)

The value of h(x) is at the lowest value of x that is x = 2.

h(2) = √(2-2) + 3

h(2) = 3

The range of the function is [3, ∞)

The starting point of the function is (2,3).

To learn more about graph, click on below link:

https://brainly.com/question/14813590

#SPJ1

Other Questions
Which two sentences describe how a team of engineers would be likely to use a physical model during the engineering design process?A. They might develop a prototype that works differently than theactual design so they do not confuse the results.B. They might build and test a smaller model if the full-size design istoo expensive.C. They might build a larger model in order to use up any extramaterials.D. They might create a prototype of the real-life object to test andrefine their design. There are several books placed in the HackerStudy library. One of those books on mathematics described an interesting problem that a mathematician wishes to solve. For an array arrofnintegers, the mathematician can perform the following move on the array: 1. Choose an indexi(0i When 150 joules of work is done on a system by an external force of 15 newtons in 20. Seconds, the total energy of that system increases by. I need the solution of C. please give a step by step explanation Did the Nazis invent antisemitism? What are the three function of taxation? the smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction What gets you denied for disability? What is Zinn's argument in chapter 1? Between 4000 and 3000 BCE, agricultural villages and cities began to emerge. All of the following new economic developments grew out of these prosperous cities, except which?a.grain millsc.textile millsb.ceramic shopsd.metal workshops How do you use perilous? please can you solve this question A florist ordered a shipment of red, blue, and white carnations to use for table decorations at a banquet. The ratio of red : blue : white carnations in the shipment is 3:1:2. There are 60 white carnations in the shipment. What is the total number of carnations in the shipment? 120 carnations 180 carnations 240 carnations 360 carnations. How are subsidies similar to tariffs both are types of taxes both aim to lower the price of domestic goods? Summarize the main points of this video in 2 sentences or less. Type your answer here 2. Based on this knowledge about maps inaccuracies, how do you think this affects the way we use maps to study history? Type your answer here (1-2 sentences) The Book of Kells was protected inside a monastery, it contains the gospels of Mathew, Mark, Luke and part of John. One of the most famous pages is the Chi Rho, what is depicted on this page? People at an airport can pass through security on one of two levels: level A or level B. Suppose that, on average, it takes people 222222 minutes to pass through security on level A with a standard deviation of 777 minutes. On level B, the mean and standard deviation are 202020 and 666 minutes, respectively.Every day, the airport looks at an SRS of 100100100 people who use level A, and an independent SRS of150150150 people who use level B. They calculate the mean time for each sample, then look at the difference (AB)(AB)left parenthesis, start text, A, end text, minus, start text, B, end text, right parenthesis between the sample means.What are the mean and standard deviation (in minutes) of the sampling distribution of the difference in sample means?Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AxAxB=2xAxB=72+62250 xA xB xA xB =2= 2507 2 +6 2 (Choice B)BxAxB=2xAxB=72100+62150 xA xB xA xB =2= 1007 2 + 1506 2 (Choice C)CxAxB=21xAxB=72+62250 xA xB xA xB =21= 2507 2 +6 2 (Choice D)DxAxB=21xAxB=72100+62150 xA xB xA xB =21= 1007 2 + 1506 2 Which of the following assets would be categorized as current assets on a firm's balance sheet?a. Accounts receivableb. Treasury billsc. Cash Read the following passage from Freedom of Expression in the United States regarding defamatory speech, which is a false statement of fact that damages a person's character, fame, or reputation:Under U.S. defamation law, there are different standards for public officials and private individuals. Speakers are afforded greater protection when they comment about a public official, as opposed to a private citizen. In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that public officials could prove defamation only if they could demonstrate "actual malice," that is, that the speaker acted with knowledge that the defamatory statement was false or "with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not."Choose the explicit textual evidence that best supports the claim that not all citizens are given the same protection under U.S. defamation law . . .Question 12 options:In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that public officials could prove defamation only if they could demonstrate "actual malice" . . .Speakers are afforded greater protection when they comment about a public official . . .Under U.S. defamation law, there are different standards for public officials and private individuals. . . . the speaker acted with knowledge that the defamatory statement was false or "with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not."