Which neurotransmitters are used for each division of the autonomic nervous system? Be sure to describe the synapse at the autonomic ganglion and at the effector. What component of the system determines if a given neurotransmitter has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the target effector?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

The autonomic nervous system is in charge of controlling visceral effectors. Traditionally, it is described by its peripheral nervous components (ganglia, nerves and plexuses) and two divisions are distinguished: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. Transmission of the excitatory stimulus through the synaptic cleft occurs by release of neurotransmitters; the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are mainly norepinephrine (NA) and acetylcholine (AC). The NA-secreting fibers are called adrenergic and those that secrete AC, cholinergic. All preganglionic neurons, both those of the sympathetic nervous system and those of the parasympathetic nervous system, are cholinergic. The neuron that releases the neurotransmitter is called a presynaptic neuron. The signal receptor neuron is called a postsynaptic neuron. Depending on the type of neurotransmitter released, postsynaptic neurons are either stimulated (excited) or de-stimulated (inhibited).

Explanation:

The autonomic nervous system is the part of the central and peripheral nervous system that is responsible for the regulation of the involuntary functions of the organism, the maintenance of internal homeostasis and the adaptive responses to variations in the external and internal environment  and two divisions are distinguished: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. Acetylcholine is the preganglionic neurotransmitter of both divisions of the S.N.A. (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and also of the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic. The nerves at whose endings acetylcholine are released are called cholinergic. Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter of postganglionic sympathetic neurons. The nerves into which norepinephrine is released are called adrenergic. Within the efferent sympathetic impulses, the postganglionic neurons that innervate the eccrine sweat glands and some blood vessels that supply the skeletal muscles are of the cholinergic type. Both acetylcholine and norepinephrine act on the different organs to produce the corresponding parasympathetic or sympathetic effects. The peripheral nerve endings of the sympathetic form a reticulum or plexus from which the terminal fibers come in contact with the effector cells. All the norepinephrine in peripheral tissues is found in the sympathetic endings in which it accumulates in subcellular particles analogous to the chromaffin granulations of the adrenal medulla. The release of norepinephrine at nerve endings occurs in response to action potentials that travel through nerve endings. The receptor, when stimulated by catecholamines, sets in motion a series of membrane changes that are followed by a cascade of intracellular phenomena that culminate in a measurable response. There are two classes of adrenergic receptors known as alpha and beta. These two classes are again subdivided into others that have different functions and that can be stimulated or blocked separately. Norepinephrine primarily excites alpha receptors and beta receptors to a small extent. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is synthesized at the axonal terminal and deposited in synaptic vesicles. Acetylcholine activates two different types of receptors, called muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Acetylcholine (AC) synthesis takes place at presynaptic termination by acetylation of choline with acetyl-coenzyme A, a reaction catalyzed by acetylcholinetransferase. The energy required for the release of a neurotransmitter is generated in the mitochondria of the presynaptic terminal. Binding of neurotransmitters to postsynaptic membrane receptors produces changes in membrane permeability. The nature of the neurotransmitter and the receptor molecule determines whether the effect produced will be one of excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron.


Related Questions

The highest level of organization in an organism is

Answers

Answer: The biosphere

Explanation:

Answer:

Biosphere

Explanation:

because it encompasses all the other levels and also the biological levels of organisation of living things . Hope it is helpful and have a good luck

Which of the possible examples below would most likely lead to a change in the cell theory? A Scientists find life on Mars that is not made of cells. BScientists identify a cell organelle that practices the process of photosynthesis. C Scientists determine that an organism is living if it is made of twenty structurally-identical cells. D Scientists gather life from a volcano that is composed of cells which are very different from humans.

Answers

Answer: Probably B?

Explanation:

The possible examples below would most likely lead to a change in the cell theory: Scientists discover life on Mars that is not made of cells, i.e., option A, despite the fact that the cell theory states that all living organisms are made of cells.

What is the significance of the cell and its importance?

Cell theory explains that life is made up of cells, but If scientists were to discover life on Mars that did not fit this definition, it would challenge the current understanding of the cell theory and the discovery of life on Mars that is not composed of cells would indicate that the cell theory is not universally applicable.

Hence, the possible examples below would most likely lead to a change in the cell theory: Scientists discover life on Mars that is not made of cells, i.e., option A, despite the fact that the cell theory states that all living organisms are made of cells.

Learn more about the cell and its importance here.

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What is the complementary sequence of the DNA strand modeled below?

3' AATCGC 5​

Answers

Answer:

5' GCGATT

Explanation:

Complementary sequence: Nucleic acid sequence of bases that can form a double- stranded structure by matching base pairs. For example, the complementary sequence to C-A-T-G (where each letter stands for one of the bases in DNA) is G-T-A-C.

Cell division in eukaryotic cells is a complex process because of
A
the multiple chromosomes.
B
the nucleus.
C
the many organelles.
D
all of the above

Answers

The answer is D. All of the above. :)

What happened to the peppered moths of Manchester, England when industry boomed and coal smoke darkened the light grey bark of the trees?​

Answers

Answer:

glades middle.

Explanation:

Hello, I'm 18 yrs, I just wanted to see the answer pls for this!

Answers

Answer:

Central diagram

Explanation:

what is the message of your study of the symbol of hypothetical elements?​

Answers

Ummm cycles are periods I guess

Q. what will happen to a plant if its xylem is removed ?
Q. In which chamber of heart is oxygenated and deoxygenated blood found ?
Pls mate ans fast, hurry up​

Answers

➜ The xylem tissue transports water and minerals from the soil to the leaves of a plant for photosynthesis. If xylem is removed, upward movement of water will stop leading to wilting of leaves and ultimately causes death of that plant.

Oxygenated blood ⇢ It is found in left auricle and left ventricle.

Deoxygenated blood It is found in right auricle and right ventricle.

1. Write the complementary DNA sequence for:
AAT TGG CGT TGA

Answers

Answer: TTA ACC GCA ACT

Explanation:

What is the Sun’s role in Photosynthesis and what type of energy conversion occurs
during the process?

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

Sunlight is needed for photosynthesis because the solar energy is what is converted to chemical energy by the plant's chloroplasts. This energy is necessary for the production of glucose, which provides usable energy for the plant. the energy convertion turns solar energy into chemical energy

1
1 point
A genetic mutation causes a snake to have brown skin. After many generations, most of the
snake population has the brown skin mutation.
e
Which of the following most likely caused this change?
Snakes with the brown skin mutation are able to survive and reproduce more
successfully than snakes without it.
The same mutation occurred in other snakes in response to environmental conditions.
All the snakes in the area were infected with the mutation.
The other snakes changed their colors to mimic the brown snake.
2
1 point
Lo

Answers

Answer:

I think the answer is B. "The same mutation occurred in other snakes in response to enviromental  conditions.

Explanation

Answer:

Snakes with the brown skin mutation are able to survive and reproduce more

successfully than snakes without it.

Explanation:

i already aswered this question correctly .


What 2 body systems Uterus contracts to give birth

Answers

reproductive and muscular

Why are ribosomes necessary for both Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells to function properly?

Answers

Answer:

ribosomes are found in both cells

Explanation:

Ribosomes are special because they are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. While a structure such as a nucleus is only found in eukaryotes, every cell needs ribosomes to manufacture proteins. ... The attached ribosomes make proteins that will be used inside the cell and proteins made for export out of the cell

Black holes are inviable because they don't reflect light? true or false

Answers


The gravity of a black hole is so strong that not even light can escape. Even if a bright star is shining right next to a black hole, you cannot see the black hole. Instead of reflecting the light as other objects do, the black hole just swallows the starlight forever.

Answer:

False

Explanation:

I think I hope this helps If so can u add brianlist

Problem 3: Unfortunately Punnett Squares are not always for finding out the best parts about parenting. They are often, as you will see in the next few lessons, often used to determine the probability of a disease being passed on to a child. We'll have you try one and see what that looks like. One such disease is Cystic Fibrosis. Let's assume both parents are heterozygous for Cystic Fibrosis. That means both parents carry the recessive gene for the disease, but because of the dominant genes they have, they don't have it. However, they want to know if they try to have a child, what the chances of the child would be for having Cystic Fibrosis?​

Answers

Answer:

eh

Explanation:

A small and this of spring will be impacted, and this offspring will be normal. Therefore, it is clear that there is a 25% risk that the progeny may be impacted. Due to the fact that one in four people have cystic fibrosis, we can thus state that the likelihood that either of these two people's offspring will be affected is four to one. Therefore, this will be our last arm.

What is cystic fibrosis?

The lungs, digestive system, and other body organs suffer severe damage as a result of the genetic condition cystic fibrosis (CF).

Mucus, perspiration, and digestive juice production are all impacted by cystic fibrosis. Normally thin and slick, they released fluids. However, CF patients' secretions are thick and sticky due to a gene abnormality. The secretions clog up tubes, ducts, and passages rather than functioning as lubricants, notably in the pancreas and lungs.

People with cystic fibrosis can normally go to school and work, but the disease is progressive and necessitates daily care. In many cases, their quality of life is higher than it was for those with CF in the past. CF patients may now live longer because to advancements in diagnosis and therapy.

To know more about cystic fibrosis, visit:

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The energy that enters or leaves a living system during cellular processes comes from:
A transforming matter into energy
B the kinetic energy of electrons in motion
С
the building or breaking of chemical bonds
D absorbing heat in the environment

Answers

A. transforming matter into energy

What is CRISPR-Cas-9? a A medical device made of titanium that cuts genes. b A metal tool used for cloning animals. c A gene editing tool used to cut specific genes

Answers

Answer: C. A gene editing tool used to cut specific genes.

Explanation:

CRISPR is simply a family of the sequences in DNA thst are found in certain organisms like bacteria. They are used in the detection and also in destroying DNA.

The CRISPR-Cas9 enables geneticist to

remove or alter parts of the gene. It is a simple, and precise method for manipulating genes.

Answer:

C. A gene editing tool used to cut specific genes.

Explanation:

Hope this helps

Plants use sunlight to convert nutrients into energy. What form of energy transfer is taking place?

The*blank1*energy of the Sun is converted into*blank2*energy by the plants.

options for blank1= chemical, potential, radiant, sound
options for blank2=chemical, kinetic, mechanical, thermal

Answers

Answer:

Osmosis is the form of energy.

..

Which statement describes an advantage of sexual reproduction?

Answers

Answer:

The advantages of sexual reproduction: produces genetic variation in the offspring. the species can adapt to new environments due to variation, which gives them a survival advantage. a disease is less likely to affect all the individuals in a population.

Explanation:

1.
What is the basic level of an ecosystem?
population
community
individual organisms
ecosystem

Answers

The 3rd one probably

Answer: 3rd one

Explanation:

Brandy knows that chromosomes behave differently in meiosis and mitosis. What do chromosomes do in meiosis but not in mitosis?

Answers

Answer:

secure the cells

Explanation:

because they circle the cell in meiosis but not in mitosis

The daughter cells produced by mitosis are identical, whereas the daughter cells produced by meiosis are different because crossing over has occurred. The events that occur in meiosis but not mitosis include homologous chromosomes pairing up, crossing over, and lining up along the metaphase plate in tetrads.

PLEASE HELP!!
How can garbage dumps pollute water?
garbage finds its way into streams and rivers
water overflows garbage dumps and moves into drainage systems
rainfall carries pollution deep underground
garbage is blown out of dumps into living areas

Answers

Answer:

water overflows garbage dumps and moves into drainage systems

Explanation:

Which statement below, is the best way to state the function of photosynthesis?

A To get rid of carbon dioxide from the plant, as it is toxic.

B To convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

C To allow cells to breakdown glucose, thus releasing the stored energy.

D To produce oxygen.

Answers

Answer:

,,,lll

ll:

mmmmmkk

What was the importance of the Supreme Court's decision in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden?

Answers

Answer:

Ogden (1824). In this Commerce Clause case, the Supreme Court affirmed Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce, and held that by virtue of the Supremacy Clause, state laws “must yield” to constitutional acts of Congress.

Explanation:

Lives of plants and animals.
4. Explain how plants and animals may be adapted to live in water​

Answers

Answer:

These plants require special adaptations for living submerged in water, or at the waters surface. The most common adaptation is aerenchyma, but floating leaves and finely dissected leaves are also common. Aquatic plants can only grow in water or in soil that is permanently saturated with water

Explanation:

Where does the salt in salt water come from? Choose the two correct answers. A. dissolved salts from rocks B. rainwater flowing over land C. rainwater falling on oceans D. river water flowing into the ocean E. melting glaciers and polar ice caps

Answers

Answer:

C

Explanation:

when the rain falls its slightly acidic and that will erode the rocks on the ocean floor causing the water to be salty

Answer:

I feel like it would be A and C

A student makes the following list of facts about a groups of objects in space while watching a NASA documentary:

- made of 200 billion stars
- 300 million light years from Earth
- 100 light years in diameter

Which of the following components of the universe is the student most likely describing?
(1 Point)

A galaxy

The universe

A constellation

The solar system

Answers

Answer:

the solar system of the universe is most likely.

Which gas is released due to photosynthesis?

A Carbon dioxide

B Oxygen

C Nitrogen

D Methance

Answers

Answer:

Oxygen

Explanation:

Plants take in Carbon dioxide and releases Oxygen

A student cross-pollinates 20 pairs of pea plants that are heterozygous for flower color and sows all of the seeds obtained from the crosses. Once the seeds germinate, the student observes that the number of purple-flowered offspring is three times the number of white-flowered offspring. Which question is the experiment designed to test

Answers

Complete question:

I failed to find the complete problem, but there are a few questions that are usually of importance when performing crosses. These questions are described in the answer box.

Answer:

What is the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of the offspring? Which is the inheritance pattern in the population? What is the dominant trait?

Explanation:  

Due to technical problems, you will find the complete explanation in the attached files

What are some examples of traits?

Answers

Answer:

Character Traits List & Examples

Honest.

Brave.

Compassionate.

Leader.

Courageous.

Unselfish.

Loyal.

Answer:

Their could be traits such as the ones like features of your body. Or how you feel!!! So you could have brown hair. You could be bored. You could have a mustache.

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Alternatively, you can use the list slicing notation. student.py 1 - def make_list_of_first_three(argument_list): 2 WN Ist = argument_list[: 3 ] return IstIn the function below, return the (single) element from the input list input_list which is in the second to last position in the list. Assume that the list is large enough. student.py 1 - def return_second_to_last_element(input_list) :