FADH2 is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle).
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle, is the primary source of energy for cells and an essential component of aerobic respiration. The cycle converts acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)'s chemical energy into the reducing power of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).
The Krebs cycle reactions occur in eukaryotes in the mitochondrial matrix, a dense solution that surrounds the mitochondrial crests and contains, in addition to water, all of the enzymes required for the cycle's biochemical reactions, coenzymes, and phosphates.
The citric acid cycle is the mitochondrial hub for the final stages of carbon skeleton oxidative catabolism for carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids.
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what does transformation involve in bacteria? a. the creation of a strand of dna from an rna molecule b. the creation of a strand of rna from a dna molecule c. assimilation of external dna into a cell d. the infection of cells by a phage dna molecule
Transformation in bacteria involves assimilation of external DNA into a cell, which means option C is the right answer.
Transformation in bacteria is the process by which the bacteria takes in external DNA. This process is used in DNA cloning. DNA means deoxyribose nucleic acid, which the genetic or hereditary material present in all organisms. All the organisms have different DNA sequencing. During transformation, it is needed that bacteria is competent enough to take up foreign genetic material. Bacteria are prokaryotic in nature that is they do not have membrane bound nucleus, due to which it is easy for them to take DNA material from their surrounding environment. This process is widely used by researchers to obtain medicines for several diseases such as human insulin for diabetes.
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1. how does being a generalist help a species become established in a new habitat as an invasive species?
A generalist specie is more likely to continue to exist in a changing environment, because they may be capable of live in lots of exclusive locations, however additionally they tend to be greater adaptable to disturbances, that means that they are able to without problems adapt to any change of their environment.
A key characteristic of generalist species is that they have got a higher benefit of surviving in habitat this is changing.. they're capable of continue to exist due to the fact they have a massive variety of sources which permits them to conform to a extensive variety of environmental situations and weight-reduction plan as well.
Finally, a generalist education and revel in might also require less time than specialists. that is as it focuses greater on a top level view of different regions and less on in-depth analyses. then again, specialists tend first of all better salaries and are generally enormously sought out inside their domain.
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which technology has been commonly utilized by scientists to manipulate heritable information by producing large amounts of identical recombinant dna molecules? gel electrophoresis gene cloning artificial selection restrictive enzyme analysis
The technology that has been commonly utilized by scientists to manipulate heritable information by producing large amounts of identical recombinant DNA molecules is gene cloning.
Gene cloning is the process by which we insert a section of DNA into a cell and then let the cell undergo mitosis, creating copies of that genetic information. Gene cloning is different from organism cloning, which uses an organism's DNA to produce a genetically identical organism because it only produces cells, not an entire organism.
Cloning of any DNA fragment involves four steps in the traditional restriction enzyme digestion and ligation cloning protocols: isolation of the desired DNA (or target DNA ), ligation, transfection, or transformation.
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What do we need protein for in our bodies?
Answer:
We need proteins for a lot of very vital functions in our bodies. We would not survive without them. Here are some examples below:
Enzymes are mostly proteins. They carry out the chemical reactions in the body. This includes digestion and energy production.Transportation proteins bind and carry molecules throughout the body. Proteins in your cell membrane controls what pass in and out of the cell.Messenger proteins, such as certain types of hormones, sends signals to oversee the biological processes between the different structures in your body.Proteins help provide structure and support for the cell. An example would be keratin, which is found in your nails.Answer: We need protein to help the body repair cells and make new cells
Explanation:
The human body is made up of proteins. The most basic form of proteins is chains of amino acids. Every cell in the human body contains proteins. Proteins are essential for the growth and development of our body. It helps the body repair cells to form new cells. Protein is important for building bones, muscles, cartilage, and skin, oxygenation of the body since red blood cells contain a protein compound, digestion, and speeding recovery.
Lack of protein can make us lose body mass, and strength and slows down our metabolism rates. The body cannot function normally without protein and its essential amino acids. Low protein levels in our body can lead to nausea, headache, mood changes, weakness, fatigue, low blood pressure, diarrhea, etc.
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In an important experiment with e. Coli, meselson and stahl established that during dna replication, each of the two strands that make up the double helix were used as a template for the new strands of dna. The scientists described the replication method as semi-conservative. What does this indicate?.
In an important experiment with e. Coli, Mseason and Stahl hooked up that in DNA replication, every one of the 2 strands that make up the double helix had been used as a template for the new strands of DNA to just take the test.
The presence of 1 parental subunit for every daughter DNA double helix supported semi-conservative replication. The 1/3 conclusion made with the aid of Meselson and Stahl said that for every parental DNA molecule, new molecules were made. consequently, the quantity of DNA after each replication is elevated via an issue of two.
Meselson & Stahl reasoned that these experiments confirmed that DNA replication changed into semi-conservative: the DNA strands separate and everyone makes a copy of itself so that each daughter molecule accommodates one "vintage" and one "new" strand.
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Quick help:
A cell enters anaphase before all of its chromosomes have attached to the spindle. This may indicate that the cell is not responding to
(1) internal regulators
(2) mitosis
(3) growth factors
(4) apoptosis
Answer:
(1) internal regularors
______ dna is dna that has been cut and spliced together from multiple organisms.
Recombinant DNA is dna that has been cut and spliced together from multiple organisms.
DNA fragments are broken and recombined during the recombination process to create novel allele combinations. The genetic diversity that results from this recombination process at the gene level reflects variations in the DNA sequences of various organisms.
Recombination happens when two DNA molecules trade genetic material with one another. When homologous chromosomes align in pairs and exchange DNA segments during prophase I of meiosis, one of the most notable instances of recombination occurs.
In living things, at least four varieties of spontaneously occurring recombination have been identified: Site-specific recombination, general or homologous recombination, illicit or nonhomologous recombination, and replicative recombination are the four types of recombination.
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Compared to what you know about the methods of disciplines such as mathematics, the natural sciences (e. G. , biology, chemistry), or the social sciences (e. G. , psychology, sociology), what do you think is unique about the methods used to investigate the humanities? if you have any questions for your peers, feel free to include them as part of your response.
We have elaborated on the methods used to investigate the humanities
Subjects like math, natural sciences, and social sciences all are interrelated and coordinate with each other. As these are intensely evaluated, disciples. The uniqueness of these subjects is their strategies of investigation as a science deals with both qualitative and quantitative phenomena and humanities deals with viewpoints of society and culture. Similarly, the viewpoints of natural science are related to the thinking about the human and population-related wonder that is associated with natural settings. All have their ways of centering on the cause and impact relation. Hence they draw and determine the frame of society, economy, and interaction of ecosystems.
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The methods of investigation for the Humanities are very different from those of other sciences.
In the case of natural sciences, scholars have to study inanimate objects more. Their studies are focused on the why and how of the world around us. They research life processes, and mechanisms of certain objects and why these are the way they are.
Social Sciences/the Humanities are very different in these regards. These focus on the human mind and emotions. While natural sciences talks to us about how bridges are made, social sciences tell us why these are important for us humans and how they help us. It is what is unique in their methods. They observe human behavior and then decide what is to be done.
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what are the two principal factors that lead to microevolution?
The two principal factors that lead to microevolution are migration and natural selection.
What is microevolution?
Microevolution is the gradual shift in allele frequencies within a population. Four separate processes—mutation, natural and artificial selection, gene flow, and genetic drift—are responsible for this shift.
As the primary mechanism for microevolution, you can turn to Charles Darwin's foundational theory of natural selection. Alleles that result in advantageous adaptations are handed on to subsequent generations because the likelihood that individuals with those features will live long enough to reproduce is increased. As a result, undesirable adaptations gradually disappear from the gene pool and are bred out of the population. When compared to earlier generations, variations in allele frequency become more obvious over time.
The genetic features that are present in a population can change at any time due to migration, or the movement of people into or out of that group. Other organisms relocate seasonally or in reaction to unanticipated environmental pressures, similar to how northern birds migrate south during the winter. Different alleles are introduced into the new host group through immigration, or the movement of an individual into a population.
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The site within a chromosome where dna replication begins is known as the of replication.
At specific sites, referred to as origins, wherever DNA replication starts, the double helix of DNA unwinds.
What transpires when DNA replication occurs?Through process of DNA replication, the double DNA molecule is reproduced to produce two identical genetic molecules. Replication is a vital process because every when a cell divides, the two additional clones must share the very same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell.
What part of the cell does DNA replication occur in?DNA replication occurs in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells and the nucleoid sections of prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus and organelles that are bound to membranes, include animal and plant cells. Eukaryotic cells contain their DNA in their nuclei.
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Breaking the side bonds of the _____ makes it possible to change the natural wave pattern of the hair.
Breaking the side bonds of the cotex makes it possible to change the natural wave pattern of the hair.
Immediately below the cuticle layer, in the middle layer of such hair. Human hair has extraordinary strength as well as elasticity thanks to the cortex. The natural wave pattern of such hair can be altered by severing the side connections of the cortex.
These polypeptide chains are joined together by side bonds including disulfide, hydrogen, as well as salt bonds. The side connections that hold the hair strands in place give hair its elasticity and strength. A hydrogen bond seems to be a type of physical side connection that is easily destroyed by water or heat.
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jane's mother had familial adenomatosis polyposis (fap), a colon cancer syndrome caused by mutations in the apc gene. jane has been diagnosed with colon cancer and analysis of the cancer cells indicates that they have the mutated apc gene. jane's colon cancer is most likely:
A deficiency in the adenomas polyposis coli (APC) gene results in the rare, inherited disorder known as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).
What causes cancer to develop in the body?Bacteria that divide uncontrollably & invade adjacent tissues are also what cause cancer. DNA changes are the underlying cause of lung cancer. Most DNA mutations that cause disease actually occur in sections of DNA called genes. Genetic alterations are another name for these modifications.
Which tumors are the deadliest?The most common cause of death is lung and bronchus cancer, which is predicted to claim 130,180 lives this year. When compared to colon cancer, which is the second most common type of cancer death, that is almost three times as many deaths. With 49,830 fatalities, pancreatic cancer is indeed the third deadly malignancy.
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according to piaget, when children understand that the amount of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape they enter____stage.
In the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget, children learn that despite changes in a substance's shape, its volume remains constant.
What takes place in Piaget's preoperational stage?the stage before operations (2–7 years) Children continue to develop abstract thought processes and build on object permanence during this stage. They are thus capable of thinking about things that are not physically present, such as past events.
What would be an illustration of the formal operational stage?A child who needs to draw something or use objects is still in the concrete operational stage, as opposed to a child who can reason out the solution in their head.
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4. how are receptors and transport proteins similar 5. when a person becomes dehydrated due to loss of fluids and solutes saline solution is infused into the bloodstream by medical personnel why is the saline solution used instead of pure water
Answer: 4. They are similar by their function, receptors act as the receiver and both the sender of information.
Protein channels are needed to transport substances because it accelerates the transport process. Very few substances enter or leave cells without being attached to a transport protein. Different types of substances require different types of proteins to transport them. Protein channels transport water or ions downwards and ATP-powered pumps transport molecules or ions upwards. ATP generates energy to transport the molecules upwards. 5. Pure water would be hypotonic relative to the contents of blood cells and could cause the cells to burst.
Explanation:
A mutant dna polymerase that increases the frequency of strand slippage would increase the frequency of which type of mutation?.
A mutant DNA polymerase that increases the frequency of strand slippage might increase the frequency) triplet-repeat growth mutation.
Triplet enlargement is resulting from slippage at some stage in DNA replication or at some stage in DNA repair synthesis. because the tandem repeats have an identical collection to one another, base pairing among two DNA strands can take region at more than one factor alongside the sequence.
Repeat expansion issues are a category of genetic illnesses which are a result of expansions in DNA repeats. The DNA repeats are available in diverse sizes from single nucleotides to dodecamers or longer. the threshold at which the repeat expansions emerge as symptomatic varies with the unique disease.
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g which choice among a-e below is false? a. transferrins: an iron-binding protein in your body b. fever: increases t cell activity and lowers iron availability c. amps: peptides of the innate immune system that possess antimicrobial activity d. interferon: acts on increfhypothalamus to elevate body temperature set point causing fever e. alternative complement pathway: complement activated by binding to pathogen surface glycolipids f. none are false; a - e are all true
False, Interferon acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body's natural temperature, resulting in fever.
What class of medication is interferon?Immunomodulators are a class of drugs that includes interferon alfa-2b. By reducing the amount of virus in the body, interferon alfa-2b treats hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV).
What is the purpose of interferon?Hepatitis B and C, lymphoma (lymph node cancer), malignant melanoma (skin cancer), genital warts, hairy cell leukemia (blood cell cancer), and Kaposi sarcoma are all conditions that are treated with interferon alfa-2b injection. In order to combat infections and tumors, the body's cells produce substances called interferons.
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If the earth was once cold and then warmed again, what caused the warming?
among the biological influences on learning, drift is the tendency of animals to revert to natural behaviors that interfere with learning.
A. true
B. false
True. the biological influences on learning, drift is the tendency of animals to revert to natural behaviors that interfere with learning.
Instinctual drift is the tendency of some trained animals to revert again to instinctual behaviors. In other phrases, they will behave according to evolutionary contingencies, as opposed to the operant contingencies in their training. these behaviors are frequently needless, and rarely useful.
Instinctual drift, alternately called instinctual float, is the tendency of an animal to revert to unconscious and automated behavior that interferes with learned behavior from operant conditioning.
Operant conditioning, additionally called instrumental conditioning, is a form of associative getting to know in which the effects of behavior change the possibility of the conduct's incidence. fine reinforcement is reinforcing a stimulus following a behavior so that the conduct is much more likely to arise again.
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there is an immediate energetic advantage to muscle in using its own glycogen stores in glycolysis rather than glucose from the bloodstream. why?
Glycogen is broken down by phosphorolysis and this reduces the number of ATP molecules that must be invested in the hexoses stage of glycolysis.
What is Glycogen ?Glycogen is a stored form of glucose composed of many linked glucose molecules. Glucose is the primary source of energy in your body. It is derived from carbohydrates found in certain foods and fluids.Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that acts as an energy storage system in animals, fungi, and bacteria. The polysaccharide structure is the primary form of glucose storage in the body.Glycogen is one of two types of energy reserves, the other being triglyceride stores in adipose tissue, which are used for long-term storage. In humans, glycogen is primarily produced and stored in liver and skeletal muscle cells. Glycogen can account for 5-6% of the fresh weight of the liver, and an adult liver weighing 1.5 kg can store approximately 100-120 grammes of glycogen. Glycogen is found in low concentrations in skeletal muscle, and an adult weighing 70 kg stores approximately 400 grammes of glycogen.To learn more about Glycogen refer :
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2 ways of reforesting the U.S
Answer: donate money to team tree, even-aged stands
Explanation:
a mechanic tries to change as many tires as possible in a short time by bringing more cars into the garage before previously repaired cars can be removed. eventually no more work can be done until the fixed cars are removed. what enzyme function is this like?
Feedback inhibition is the enzyme function in this scene
Feedback inhibition is an essential biochemical process that modulates several enzymatic reactions using noncompetitive inhibitors. The final product of this process blocks the enzyme that catalyzes the first series of reactions. Synthesis of some amino acids is regulated by feedback inhibition. A simple example of feedback cancellation is a thermostat connected to a heater. A sensor detects the temperature in the that room, and when the temperature was reaches a predetermined set of point, the thermostat was signals the stove to turn it off. Feedback inhibition occurs when there end product of the reaction interferes with the enzyme that actually helped produce it. Inhibitors do this by the binding to the second active binding site that is actually different from that bound to the first and the reactant. The enzyme then changes shape and can no be longer catalyze the reaction
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edema appears when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because multiple choice the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine. blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts into extracellular spaces. the blood vessels become more permeable to ions. sodium is retained in the body. prevquestion 16 of 25 total
When there is a significant protein deficiency in the diet, blood protein levels drop, and fluid moves to the tissues, resulting in edema.
What is Edema?Edema is swelling brought on by extra fluid that gets caught in your body's tissues. Although edema can occur anywhere in the body, it is frequently brought on by congestive heart failure or a vein blockage in the leg.
Edema can be brought on by pregnancy, infections, adverse drug reactions, and a variety of other medical disorders. Your body's small blood vessels may leak fluid into nearby tissues, leading to edema. The accumulating extra fluid causes the tissue to expand. Anywhere in the body might be a possible place.
Edema comes in different forms. Peripheral edema affects the hands, arms, legs, feet, and ankles. Pulmonary edema is the result of an accumulation of extra fluid in the lungs, which makes breathing challenging. Cerebral edema, this affects the brain. A major side effect of diabetic retinopathy is macular edema.
Edema treatment consists of the following elements:
Treatment of the underlying condition (if feasible), a diet low in salt and sodium, and usually the use of a medication known as a diuretic to eliminate surplus fluid are all advised. Wearing compression stockings and elevating the legs are other recommendations. Dropping blood protein levels cause a shift of fluid to the tissues.
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The external brain structure found between the pre-central gyrus and the post-central gyrus is the.
The precentral gyrus lies in front of the postcentral gyrus - totally on the lateral (convex) aspect of each cerebral hemisphere - from which it is separated by the important sulcus.
The relevant sulcus often maintains a quick distance onto the medial floor of the hemisphere. Anterior and posterior to it lie the medial extensions of the precentral and postcentral gyri growing the morphological entity known as the paracentral lobule.
The superolateral surface shows the valuable sulcus that separates the pre-imperative and put-up-critical gyri. The parietal lobe is divided with the aid of the interparietal sulcus into supra-parietal and infra-parietal lobes. The occipital lobe includes the primary visible area surrounded by peristriate and parastriate regions.
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Many eukaryotic genes can be placed into bacteria and expressed in bacterial cells. However, some modifications must be made for this to work successfully. What do you predict is a primary issue with expressing eukaryotic genes in bacterial cells?.
Because E. coli is a prokaryote and lacks the membrane-bound nucleus (and other organelles) present in eukaryotic cells, utilizing it to express eukaryotic genes has several drawbacks.
The pre-introns mRNAs won't be cut out, which will cause the synthesis of an aberrant protein. In bacteria, the sequences needed for effective translation initiation do not exist. Due to the cells' inability to carry out the necessary post-translational modifications or molecular folding, multi-domain eukaryotic proteins produced in bacteria frequently lack functionality.
Finding the best combination of information sources extrinsic and internal to the genome of interest is one of the main challenges of gene prediction in eukaryotes. RNA transcripts and cross-species proteins produced from annotated genomes may both carry external information.
As a result, we can state that E. coli is a prokaryote and does not have a membrane-bound nucleus or other eukaryotic cell organelles, using it to express eukaryotic genes has a number of disadvantages.
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Which of the following statements is correct regarding the functions channel members perform?
A. Channel members do not get involved in financinglong dash—in other words, the acquisition and use of funds to cover the costs of the channel work.
B. Finding and engaging customers and potential buyers is not a function performed by channel members.
C. Channel members fulfill a variety of functions, but in doing so do not take any risks.
D. Channel members create greater efficiencies than manufacturers could achieve on their own.
E. Manufacturers can decrease costs by taking on more channel functions.
D. Channel members create greater efficiencies than manufacturers could achieve on their own.
An organization or group of organizations that transports a good from a manufacturer to a customer is known as a marketing channel (Stern et al., 1996, p. 8). An company or agency that purchases, sells, or transfers ownership of goods or services as they go from the producer to the consumer is referred to as a marketing channel (Rosenbloom 1987, p. 5). Other organizations that just enable the exchange of commodities or services and don't engage in "negotiatory tasks" are excluded (e.g., buying, selling, or transferring title to goods and services).
A producer feeds a wholesaler, who in turn supplies a retailer, making up a highly styled channel. (We will run across increasingly intricate channel topologies during the coming weeks.)
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7. Which one of the following would be considered a vestigial structure?
(a) remnants of the tailbone in humans (b) a bird beak that is specialized to extract nectar
from flowers (c) the similarity in structure of bones in two different organisms
(d) the similarity in function between a bird wing and a butterfly wing.
Answer:
The answer would be (a) Remnants of the tailbone in humans.
Explanation:
Vestigial structures are cells, tissues, and/or organs that have no apparent function.
In the reactions of photosynthesis, simple sugar molecules are manufactured in the.
Manufacture of simple sugar molecules in the reactions of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts.
Photosynthesis is the process of synthesizing food performed in the plants, some bacteria and fungi. For this the plants capture the inorganic raw material like sunlight energy, water and carbon dioxide and convert into sugars like glucose and sucrose, releasing oxygen as the by-product.
Chloroplasts are the green pigment containing cell organelles not present in animals. The chloroplast contains the pigment called chlorophyll that enables the capture of sunlight. It is a double membranous cell organelle containing stacks of thylakoids called grana. Chloroplast also contains is own DNA.
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6. As long as these pores are open, there will be an opportunity for a free exchange of gases between the
external atmosphere and the internal atmosphere of the leaf. Which gases will pass through the
stomata? In which direction will they be moving?
The guard cells get sluggish (swollen with water). The stomata are opened, allowing water loss (and gas exchange).
What is the role of stomata exchange of gases?The plant's potassium pumps stop working in the dark, and potassium ions diffuse back out of the guard cells, causing the plant to become less turgid and the stomata to close.
The majority of the gases that plants require come from their leaves. In plants, stomata serve as the primary sites for gas exchange.
Therefore, These pores, which are often on the underside of the leaf, allow the gases to pass into the intercellular spaces of the leaf.
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What is the name given to the process by which a parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells?.
The mitotic process produces two identical daughter cells from a parent cell.
How does mitosis work?The process of cell duplication, or reproduction, is called mitosis. where two genetically identical daughter cells are produced from one parent cell. The process of mitosis involves the duplication and distribution of the chromosomes, which contain the genetic code.
As the means of asexual reproduction in single-celled eukaryotes, it is a crucial process. Mitosis' primary purpose is to multiply cells.
In a multicellular creature, which is created from two gametes, life begins with a single cell. As this single celled multicellular organism only carries genetic information in the form of DNA and lacks sufficient cells, mitosis occurs, dividing one cell into two. These two cells divide again via mitosis to produce four, eight, sixteen, and finally thirty-two cells.
It is vital to life because it produces new cells that support growth and replace damaged ones. Depending on the type of cells, it could take a few minutes or several hours. Time, temperature, and chemicals all play a role.
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What happens if a muscle cell has LOTS of myofibrils?
Answer: With a decrease in ATP levels, actin and myosin enter into a fixed and rigid state of adhesion until, under the influence of autolysis and putrefaction, protein ...
Explanation:
Increased numbers of contractile myofibrils are one of the side effects of hypertrophy, which has the overall effect of making the muscle stronger.
What are myofibrils?A myofibril, also called a muscle fibril or sarcostyle, is a fundamental organelle that looks like a rod and is found inside of a muscle cell. Muscle fibres are long, tubular cells that make up skeletal muscles; inside these cells are multiple chains of myofibrils. Muscle fibres are what make up skeletal muscles. The diameter of a single myofibril ranges between one and two micrometres.
Increased numbers of contractile myofibrils are one of the side effects of hypertrophy, which has the overall effect of making the muscle stronger.
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