Soft-bodied organisms are less likely to leave a fossil trace than hard-bodied organisms because soft body parts are less likely to be preserved (compared to, for example, shells, bones, and teeth).
Fossils are the remains of a prehistoric animal or plant, that turned into rock over ten thousand to million years. Paleontology is the study of fossils.
Generally, there are several ways that an organism's remains can be fossilized: buried in sediment or preserved in ice, tar, or amber. The environment affects the formation of fossils as well. An environment that can break down dead organism easily (like a rainforest) prevent fossilization from happening.
Soft body parts are less likely to be preserved because they're generally more susceptible to decomposition. Hard body parts (such as bones, shells, or teeth) are harder to decompose and to destroy, thus more likely to be preserved.
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Independent assortment is when what kind of pairs randomly align along the middle of the cell before they separate?.
Independent assortment is when Homologous pairs randomly align along the middle of the cell before they separate.
What is Homologous pairs?
Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have genes for the same traits located at matching loci and are roughly the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern. The organism inherits one homologous chromosome from its mother and the other from its father. Despite not always being similar, they convey the same kind of information. Despite the fact that the daughter chromosomes carry the exact same genetic makeup during mitosis, The result of this is an identical cell, but this does not describe the situation in which a mutation takes place.What is independent assortment?
According to the Law of Independent Assortment, sexually reproducing organisms absorb various genes and their alleles independently. Chromosomes are divided into many gametes during meiosis. Through the process of crossing-over, genes connected to a chromosome can re-organise themselves. As a result, each gene is inherited separately.To know more about homologous pair check the below link:
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Neisseria gonnorrhoeae is a gram-negative diplococcus that typically causes symptomatic infections in males. The presence of neisseria gonorrhoeae is urethral pus is diagnostic for gonorrhea in males. What would be observed in a positive gram stain?.
A bacterial infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the primary cause of the STD gonorrhoea. The reproductive tract's mucous membranes, including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, as well as the urethra in both men and women, are infected with gonorrhoeae.
The effects of Neisseria gonorrhoeae on the body are what?Fever, scrotal discomfort, and edoema are possible symptoms. Neisseria gonorrhoeae can, in rare circumstances, enter the circulation and infect the skin, joints, or internal organs. Men who have gonorrhoea may experience painful infections in their testicles and prostate glands, which in a small percentage of cases may affect their fertility. Gonorrhea can occasionally spread into the bloodstream and result in illnesses that can be fatal if ignored.
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Would you results have been any different if you had used a cell type different from your cheek cells? why or why not?.
The results have been different if you had used a cell type different from your cheek cells because of the absence of a cell wall in the cheek cell.
Like other animal cells, the cheek cells in humans lack a cell wall. A cell membrane that is partly permeable surrounds the cytoplasm. In comparison to plant cells, animal cells have denser, more granular, and bigger cytoplasms. The cheek cells are shaped irregularly because they lack cell walls. Animal cells typically have unusual shapes since only plant cells have cell walls.
Animal cells, like those seen in the human cheek, lack a cell wall. The outer barrier of the human cheek cell is thus the cell membrane, a semi-permeable barrier. In contrast to onion cells, human cheek cells have a rich cytoplasm. It is granular and takes up a lot of space inside the cell.
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What would be the result of a cytosine base being substituted for a thymine base in a dna segment during dna replication?.
During DNA replication, if a cytosine base is changed to a thymine base in a DNA segment, the sequence might code for the incorrect amino acid when translated. Mutation refers to a change in the DNA's sequence.
Why does thymine instead of uracil make up DNA?DNA substitutes thymine for uracil because it strengthens the genetic code and has a higher resistance to photochemical mutation. This is necessary in order to store all the information needed for life to function.
How could the traits that are meant to be developed be impacted by a change in the DNA sequence?A mutation might alter a property in a way that's even advantageous, such making it possible for an organism to more effectively adapt to its surroundings. A point mutation is the most basic type of mutation. When one nucleotide base in a DNA sequence is swapped out for another, something happens.
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Which of the following aspects of society is the least affected by limiting factors?
a.
location
b.
health
c.
behavior
d.
stability
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
A
B
C
D
Answer:
D.
stability is the answer
Which group was not described in Woese's tree of life analysis?
View Available Hint(s)
a. Prokarya
b. Archaea
c. Bacteria
d. Eukarya
Woese's analysis of a tree of life did not include prokarya among the categories it described.
What does analysis mean example?the process of closely scrutinizing something in order to learn more about it or form an opinion and judgment after doing so: An unbiased assessment of the results of the investment plan was done by our financial specialists. Clare's interpretation of the issue piqued my interest.
What is a analysis in writing?Your chance to contextualize or explain the evidence for your reader is during analysis. You may explain to a readers the importance of the evidence, what it means, and how it connects to other concepts in your work in your analysis.
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according to the phylogenetic tree, chimpanzees and pigeons share _______________ of the listed synapomorphies (a derived trait shared by two or more taxa that is inherited from their common ancestor).
The evolutionary tree shows that chimpanzees and pigeons share three of the synapomorphies.
What is an example of synapomorphy?Humans and cats have a similar bones, although coming from distinct groups (primate species or carnivore, respectively). These common characteristics were passed down to both groups by their last common ancestor, even if their evolutionary trajectories were divergent.
What are synapomorphies and why are they important?Synapomorphies are characteristics (morphological, molecular, or behavioral) shared by a collection of species as a result of their descent from a common ancestor. Thus, synapomorphies serve as proof for historical relationships and the hierarchical system that goes along with those.
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What are the 6 most important ions in the body and their function?
The main six ions present in our body are Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Chloride and Phosphate. Their functions are regarding the body functioning.
What is the role of ions in our body?
Our body has a wide variety of ions that has their various functions. some are used in the transmission of electrical cell membranes in neurons and muscles while others are used in stabilizing the protein structure of enzymes.
The function of six main ions is as follow:
1. Sodium- it helps in regulating osmotic pressure, contraction of muscles and transmitting nerve signals.
2. Potassium- the functions are same as sodium ion.
3. Magnesium- it is used in activating enzymes and helps in the formation of bones and teeth.
4. Calcium- it is affective in clotting of blood, formation of bones and teeth.
5. Chloride - it is used to enable the secretion of stomach acids, regulating the osmotic pressure and water content of the body.
6. Phosphate- it is necessary for formation of bones and teeth.
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Variability is seen in the endoskeleton of the different echinoderm classes. Match the description the endoskeleton with the correct echinoderm class. of Asteroidea Echinoidea Ophuiroidea Crinoidea Holothuroidea A. "Test" formed of tightly fused skeletal plates B. Latticework of ossicles; flexible to facilitate movement C. Endoskeleton reduced to isolated ossicles embedded in a muscular body D. Stalk of ring-shaped ossicles and branches or cirri E. Flexible arms; appears jointed due to conspicuous plates on outer surface
The correct match of the endoskeleton with the correct echinoderm class is:
Asteroidea- (B) Latticework of ossicles; flexible to facilitate movement.Echinoidea- (A) "Test" formed of tightly fused skeletal plates.Ophuiroidea- (E) Flexible arms; appears jointed due to conspicuous plates on outer surfaceCrinoidea- (D) Stalk of ring-shaped ossicles and branches or cirri. Holothuroidea- (C) Endoskeleton reduced to isolated ossicles embedded in a muscular body.Enchinoderms are the animals of the phylum Echinodermata. These are the marine animals that are invertebrates. The examples are: brittle stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, etc.
Ossicles are are the endoskeleton of the echinoderms. These are formed from the calcium deposits. The ossicles are embedded into the dermis layer of the body wall.
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You use several model organisms in your lab's research. which of your model organisms would you expect to exhibit a higher mutation frequency?
a. D. melanogaster
b. S. typhimurium
c. M. musculus
d. E. coli
M. musculus is a model organism that would show a greater mutation frequency.
M. musculus is a favorite model organism since its genome is 85% identical to the human genome. Mice are nonetheless simpler to care for, breed, and study despite being bigger than other model species.
M. musculus is a crucial research tool for simulating the progression and development of human diseases in the lab.
Mice and people are biologically similar, and they share many diseases for the same genetic causes. It is simple to genetically modify mice to imitate almost any human disease.
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germ-line or somatic cell mutations match the terms with their definitions. 1. cells that give rise to the gametes. (click to select) 2. mutation that can be passed onto offspring. (click to select) 3. all cells of the body excluding the gametes or cells that can give rise to the gametes. (click to select) 4. a mutation that cannot be passed onto the offspring. (click to select) 5. an individual that has somatic regions that are genotypically different from each other. (click to select)
Cells that give rise to the gametes and A mutation that cannot be passed onto the offspring.
How do you define somatic and germ line mutations?DNA alterations known as germline mutations are passed down to you from the egg and sperm cells during conception. Somatic mutations are DNA changes that occur in cells other than the egg and sperm after fertilization. Genetic problems that affect your health might result from mutations.
What distinguishes a somatic mutation from a germline mutation?Blood or buccal cells from a saliva sample are used to identify chromosomally pathogenic variations. In order to determine the DNA sequencing changes causing the tumor growth, somatic variations are either tested directly on the tumor or identified through liquid biopsy of a blood sample containing circulating tumor cells.
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As a group, the mollusks are morphologically diverse, but they do share several defining features. Complete the following sentences about mollusk characteristics with the correct terms.
Mollusks have a thick epidermal sheet or __________, which covers the dorsal side of the body.
The __________ has been adapted for a number of different functions across the phylum including locomotion, attachment, feeding, and digging.
Mollusks have centralized digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems within a __________.
Many mollusks feed using a rasping, tonguelike structure called the __________.
The __________ is the principle structure used by mollusks to maintain osmotic balance.
The mantle, muscular foot, visceral mass, radula, and nephridium are characteristics of mollusks.
What is meant by morphological?a field of biology that studies the structure and form of plants and animals; the structure and shape of an animal or any of the parts. amphibian anatomy. A study and explanation of word production in language, including inflection, derivation, and compounding, is called external and internal eye morphology.
What is an example of morphology?There are many examples in English, such as "replacement," which is made up of the elements re-, "place," and -ment, and "walked," which is made up of the elements "walk" and -ed. Other languages, like Vietnamese or Chinese, possess very little to no morphology. Many American Indian cultures are quite complicated.
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Why is testing on animals, needed in some cases? Why do we test on animals instead of controlled vairiables and substances?
Answer:
Animal testing is necessary because alternative methods are currently not as reliable. The reason why animals are used in testing products that will be used by humans is the physical make-up of animals that has a great degree of resemblance to that of the human body.
Answer:
Hope this helps!
Explanation:
Animal testing is necessary because alternative methods are currently not as reliable. The reason why animals are used in testing products that will be used by humans is the physical make-up of animals that has a great degree of resemblance to that of the human body. This physical resemblance enables scientists and researchers to gather biological data and information that are needed for developing medicines. This biological information also happens to be unavailable in plants and while there have been recent development in the use of non-animal methods such as computer modeling, and in vitro and genetic research, these methods were not developed to replace animal research but simply to supplement it (Trull, 2002, p. 45). Moreover, these non- animal methods are still being developed which necessitates that testings must continue to be done to an intact living system which is an animal (Guither, 1998, p. 80). In addition to this, there has been difficulty in the scientific community as to finding competent, safe and reliable alternatives to animal tests. This is because it takes several years to validate alternative methods and those methods that are currently available were developed without using the latest technology (Daston & Mcnamee, 2005). Thus, the use of animals to determine the effectiveness, toxic level and possible side effects of drugs, cosmetics and other products remains to be the primary and most reliable method that is available today.
Animal testing is necessary to secure humans from unsafe and dangerous medications and products. Animals are not only used to test the effectiveness of new medications and products. They are also used to check the safety of products so no human users will be harmed when using them. If products are sold in the market without being tested on animals, users of these products which range from medicines, cosmetics and household products are put in danger. Products that have not undergone animal testing are generally considered as unsafe and may imperil the lives of their users. This is demonstrated by several medical tragedies that have
occurred because humans have used products and substances that were not used first or experimented on animals. In the 1930’s, for example, a number of women lost their vision and at least one was reported to have died for using an eye mascara that contains a substance that can cause corneal ulceration in the eyes of its users (“The Care of Use”, 2002). The substance called p-phenylenediamine was not tested on animals. Another tragedy which happened because no animal testing was conducted was the case of an antibacterial medicine that was dissolved in an antifreeze. The medicine was marketed without prior animal tests and since antifreeze is toxic, the medicine has resulted in the death of 107 people (“The Care of Use”, 2002). Animal testing therefore guarantees the safety of using drugs and similar products.
Animal testing is necessary because it is unethical and dangerous to experiment with untested substances using humans. The welfare of humans and human life are more important and valuable than that of any animal. This is the reason why it is unethical and dangerous to use humans to test new drugs and substances. By using animals in research and experiments, medical researchers will be able to determine the safety and effectiveness of medicines and other products without risking the lives and safety of human subjects. This explains why animal test results on new drugs have to be evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) “to determine whether the drug is safe enough to test in humans and, if so–after all human testing is completed –to decide whether the drug can be sold to the public” (Cohn, 1987). By trying on potential substances and formula on animals, researchers will also be able to determine the harmful side effects of medicines and similar products they are experimenting on. If tested products were found safe and effective, they can be used by humans. If animals are not used to determine the safety and effectiveness of products, humans will be obliged to try them which may have disastrous and dangerous consequences. Government regulations therefore necessitates that substances should be tested on animals first before trying them on humans. The importance in the use of animals in preliminary experiments and research is currently evident in
the development of medicines for AIDS. A substances that is suspected of being potential in curing the disease is tested first on animals “to find out how it works in the body, what unwanted side effects it can cause, and if it is effective against the illness” (Segal, 1987).
PLEASE PLEASE HELP (ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE)
Fossilized carbon found in ancient plan and animal remains is said to be “_______”.
A. absorbed
B. eroded
C. sequestered
D. transferred
Fossilized carbon found in ancient plan and animal remains is said to be “transferred”, option D.
What are fossils?Fossils are the remains or inklings of prehistoric plants and animals found embedded in rocks and conserved in ossified forms. They consist of two types; trace and body fossils and are usually converted to fuel.
Carbon is an essential element on earth and its cycle describes how carbon transfers between reservoirs and organisms. It maintains stability of the climate and carbon balance of the earth. Fossilized carbon is transferred to ancient plants and animals which is converted to sediments.
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Answer: eroded
Explanation: I got it correct.
Discuss voluntary and involuntary actions in movement. Include skeletal tissue, cardiac tissue, and smooth tissue in your response.
Voluntary and involuntary movements are divided due to differences in the nervous system involved and differences in muscle type use.
Voluntary Movements
Voluntary movements or movements that we are aware of are movements that are regulated by the somatic nervous system. For example, when there are thoughts of our own to eat. Then the brain will think to take food from the plate, put it in the mouth, move the jaw to chew, and with the help from tongue we swallow it. That is called voluntary movement or movement that we are aware of.
Voluntary movements are easily identified with us being able to start and stop them as we wish. For example, when we chew we want to stop, of course we can, right? Voluntary movements can be performed using the skeletal muscles. So only the muscles attached to the skeleton of the body that can be moved voluntarily.
Involuntary Movements
Whereas involuntary movements are the opposite, movements that we are not aware of and are regulated by the autonomic nervous system. For example, after swallowing food, it goes into the esophagus. In the esophagus, peristaltic movement is carried out by the muscles in the wall of the esophagus to make food reach the stomach.
Why is this movement called involuntary movement? Because we can’t control peristaltic movement the way we want. As soon as food enters the oesophagus, peristaltic movement begins. Even in the middle we can not stop the peristaltic movement. Involuntary movements can be carried out by smooth muscles and cardiac muscles, which are muscles located in internal organs.
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Black bears eat berries, plants,
insects, fish and animals, so they
can be classified as-
A. producers
B. herbivores
C. omnivores
D. carnivores
Answer: C - Omnivores
Omnivores eat both meat, plants, and other things. Bears are omnivores, since they have a varied diet consisting of berries, plants, insects, fish and animals.
Which of the following is NOT evidence that a chemical reaction has occurred?
Question 3 options:
Gas production
Changes in properties
Change in size
Changes in temperature
Answer:
change in size is the answer
which accessory structure of the hair is likely to be malfunctioning in a patient with a dry scalp?
The hair is likely to be malfunctioning in a patient with a dry scalp hypodermis.
The hypodermis is the lowest layer of skin on your body. It has many critical functions, which include storing strength, connecting the epidermis layer of your pores and skin on your muscle tissues and bones, insulating your body, and protecting your body from harm. As you age, your hypodermis decreases in length, and your pores and skin starts to sag.
Adipose tissue present in the hypodermis consists of fat-storing cells called adipocytes. This stored fat can function as a strength reserve, insulate the frame to save you warmness loss, and act as a cushion to protect underlying systems from trauma.
The subcutaneous tissue, also known as the hypodermis or superficial fascia, is the layer of tissue that underlies the pores and skin. The terms originate from subcutaneous in Latin and hypoderm in Greek, each of which implies “beneath the pores and skin,” as it is the deepest layer that rests just above the deep fascia.
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which of the following features of salmonella prevent it from being phagocytosed? which of the following features of salmonella prevent it from being phagocytosed? fimbriae invasins flagella
Flagella is the feature of salmonella prevent it from being phagocytosed.
What is the function of flagella ?Flagella, which are present in various eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes, are largely employed for cell motility. A filament in the prokaryotic flagellum rotates to propel the cell forward. A prokaryote may have one or more flagella, which may be confined to one pole or may be dispersed throughout the cell.The flagellum is made up of a base body that is implanted in the cell membrane, a primary corkscrew outside the cell called a filament or rod, and a hook that joins the body and filament. The flagellum, which can self-assemble, also provides a means of export.In contrast to the filament, which develops to a more variable length, the hook has a fixed length. The C ring, which measures the hook before exporting it, is thought to control the set length. The middle of the flagellum is hollow from the base to the tip of the filament to aid in self-assembly.Learn more about Flagella refer :
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The chart shows Environmental Protection Agency data for forestry practices in Minnesota in the 1980's. Clearcutting timber involves leveling all the
trees in a forest in strips and allowing the forest to re-grow completely Selective cutting involves felling only larger timber trees and allowing smaller
trees to remain until they are ready to be harvested. The EPA measured soil and water loss in these areas, and also tested uncut sections of forests
(controls). The EPA measured water loss (water yield) and erosion (sediment loss).
According to the chart
4x A
4x
selective cutting causes more soil loss by erosion, than clear-cutting
B
in 1984 and 1985, selection cutting actually conserved more water and saved more soil from erosion, than the uncut control
forest
C
clear-cutting and selective cutting cause similar amounts of water (water yield) to be lost from forested areas.
D
in 1982, more water was lost from clear-cut forest soil, than in any other year.
According to the chart in 1984 and 1985, selection cutting actually conserved more water and saved more soil from erosion, than the uncut control forest.
what is soil erosion?
The top, fertile layer of soil is lost during this process. The soil loses its fertility as a result of erosion. Since the soil's top layer is so light, wind and water can readily carry it away. Soil erosion is the process by which topsoil is removed by the forces of nature.
The main factors that contribute significantly to soil loss each year are wind, rain, and flowing water. In addition to seriously reducing crop production potential, lowering surface water quality, and harming drainage systems, excessive soil erosion also results in substantial topsoil loss.
therefore, Option B is correct.
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what might happen if the life cycle of the milkweed plant changed in some way?
Answer:
It might Create an imbalance on the organisms feeding on it leading to imbalance in the ecosystem
What part of the cell cycle has been disrupted to allow for the formation of cancer cells?.
Answer: DNA Synthesis
In many cancer cells, the number of chromosomes is altered so that there are either too many or too few chromosomes in the cells. These cells are said to be aneuploid. Errors may occur during the DNA replication resulting in mutations and possibly the development of cancer.
Explanation:
homologous recombination proteins match the proteins involved in homologous recombination with their function. 1. recognizes double stranded breaks and unwinds dna. (click to select) 2. binds to single stranded dna and promotes strand invasion. (click to select) 3. promotes branch migration. (click to select) 4. is an endonuclease. (click to select)
The correct matches about homologous recombination proteins are:
RecBCD recognizes double stranded breaks and unwinds DNA.RecA binds to single stranded DNA and promotes strand invasion. RuvAB promotes branch migration.RuvC is an endonuclease.Homologous recombination is the process where nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA. The process is carried out in order to perform functions like repair of damaged chromosomes, for preventing the demise of damaged replication forks, etc.
Endonuclease are the enzymes that perform the cleavage of phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain. These are referred as molecular scissors because they perform cut in the DNA strand.
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Match each biological factor with its influence on sexual behavior.
1.) Testosterone
2.) Estrogen
3.) Hypothalamus
4.) Gonads
1.) An androgen hormone associated with sexual desire in males and females
2.) Class of hormones that are present in higher levels in women than in men
3.) Brain region that controls the release of sex hormones
4.) Part of the body that secretes the sex hormones
1.) An androgen hormone associated with sexual desire in males and females- testosterone
2.) Class of hormones that are present in higher levels in women than in men - estrogen
3.) Brain region that controls the release of sex hormones- hypothalamus
4.) Part of the body that secretes the sex hormones- gonads
A putative male chemo-signal called androstadienone has been linked to sex variations in hypothalamic activity in adult heterosexual men and women. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the hypothalamic responsiveness to this chemo-signal in 39 pre-pubertal and 41 adolescent boys and girls in order to determine if puberty moderated this sex difference in response to androstadienone. The next step was to determine whether the sex-atypical (in accordance with the experienced gender) rather than the sex-typical (in accordance with the natal sex) hypothalamic activations during androstadienone-induced olfactory stimulation were present in the 36 pre-pubertal children and 38 adolescents with gender dysphoria (GD; DSM-5) diagnoses.
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1. The bacterial samples a, b, and c are e. Coli transformed with unknown plasmids. Your bacterial plates will be incubated and returned to you in the second molecular biology lab. How will you know the bacteria were transformed? in other words, how will the bacterial phenotypes be expressed?.
Bacterial plates will be incubated and returned to you in the second molecular biology lab The bacterial samples .
Bacterial plates are the standard solid assist cloth for growing microorganisms. Microbial boom media incorporates nutrients and an electricity supply to gas the microbes as they develop, and agar to maintain the media in a semi-solid, gel-like state.
To make your personal agar petri dishes or ramekins, pour 625ml of water into a clean microwave-secure medium-sized glass bowl. add 25g of agar into the equal bowl, stir until absolutely dissolved with a easy spoon or fork. 04. put the agar-water solution into the microwave and set the timer for 4 mins.
Agar, that's a polysaccharide derived from pink seaweed (Rhodophyceae) is preferred because it's far an inert, non-nutritive substance. The agar provides a stable boom surface for the bacteria, upon which bacteria reproduce till the distinctive lumps of cells that we call colonies shape.
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which processes lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms? select all that apply.
Processes that lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms are
(a) Random fertilization
(b) Crossing over
(c) Independent assortment of chromosomes in meiosis
What is genetic variation ?Genetic variation is the difference in DNA between people or between populations. Genetic recombination and mutation are two of the many factors that cause genetic variation. Genetic variation is primarily caused by mutations, but other processes like genetic drift also play a role.
In sexually reproducing organisms, crossing over is the process that results in the greatest genetic variation. Gamete formation occurs during meiosis.Learn more about Genetic variation here:
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based on just the anatomy, how can you distinguish the sympathetic division from the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
The sympathetic division and indeed the parasympathetic division are the two parts of the self-regulating nervous system.
What is the purpose of parasympathetic nerves?In calm "rest and digest" situations, the parasympathetic system predominates, whereas the sympathetic nervous systems activates the "fight or flight" response in stressful circumstances. The essential roles of the PNS are to govern body processes like metabolism and urine and also to store energy for subsequent use.
How do sympathetic and parasympathetic differ?Your nervous system is balanced by the parasympathetic portion of your autonomic nervous. Your body's "fight or flight" response is regulated by your sympathetic nervous system, while the "rest and digest" response is regulated by your parasympathetic nervous system.
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Which correctly defines homologous structure
Answer: hope this helps
Explanation:
Homologous structures are organs or skeletal elements of animals and organisms that, by virtue of their similarity, suggest their connection to a common ancestor. These structures do not have to look exactly the same or have the same function.
in experiments by greene and colleagues (1987) with the tephritid fly zonosemata vittigera and the jumping spider phidippus apacheanus, the purpose for gluing housefly wings onto the bodies of the tephritid fly was to in experiments by greene and colleagues (1987) with the tephritid fly zonosemata vittigera and the jumping spider phidippus apacheanus, the purpose for gluing housefly wings onto the bodies of the tephritid fly was to control for the effect of wing waving in preventing predation.
Experiments by Greene and colleagues (1987) with the tephritid fly (Zonosemata vittigera) and the jumping spider (Phidippus apacheanus) aimed to test the effectiveness of wing markings to prevent predation.
How do tephritid flies mimic the territorial display of jumping spiders?The tephritid fly Zonosemata vittigera (Coquillett) has leg-like patterns on its wings and a wing-waving display that together mimics the aggressive territorial display of the jumping spider (Salticidae). Zonosemata flies initiate this display when chased by a jumping spider, causing the spider to turn backwards and retreat. Wing transplantation experiments showed that effective mimicry required both wing patterns and wing wave representations.
Zonosemata flies transplanted with housefly wings and houseflies transplanted with zonosemata wings were attacked by jumping spiders. Similar experiments showed that this mimicry does not protect zonosemata from non-salt predators. This is a new form of sign stimulus mimicry that may occur more commonly.
As such, tephritid flies mimic the territorial display of jumping spider predators.
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An important Innovation that mad it possible to pinpoint location at sea was:
maps
clocks
latitude and longitude
stick charts
An important Innovation that made it possible to pinpoint location at sea was latitude and longitude.
The geographic coordinate system is a spherical or ellipsoidal coordinate system used to measure and communicate positions on Earth as latitude and longitude. It is the simplest, oldest, and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems in use, and serves as the foundation for the majority of others.
Latitudes are horizontal lines that indicate how far north or south of the equator you are. Longitudes are vertical lines that run east or west of the Greenwich Meridian in England. Cartographers, geographers, and others can use latitude and longitude together to locate points or places on the globe.
Latitude lines are measured in degrees north or south of the equator, up to 90 degrees at the North and South poles.
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