Why are symbols used in chemistry?

An atom having principal quantum number, n = 3 can have a maximum of :2n²= 2(3)²=18  electrons

Principal quantum number denotes the energy and size of the orbital. It is represented by the symbol "n". It can have positive values viz. 1,2,3,4,5...,etc. The orbitals having the same value of principal quantum number forms a shell.

In a given atom, for a shell having principal quantum number "n", the maximum number of electrons that can be occupied is 2n².

Out of these electrons, half of them will have principal quantum number -1/2 and other half will have +1/2.

So, when n=3 , out of 18 electrons, 9 electrons will have spin quantum number -1/2 and rest 9 electrons will have spin quantum number +1/2.

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A compound is a substance that is formed when two or more elements chemically combine in a fixed ratio by mass.

Compound is a substance that is made from two or more different elements that have been chemically joined. Some of the examples of compounds includes water (H₂O), which is made from the elements hydrogen and oxygen, and table salt (NaCl), which is made from the elements sodium and chloride.

Important properties of compounds.

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Ernest Rutherford suggested the Rutherford Atomic Model, often known as the Rutherford Model, as a nuclear atom or planetary model of the atom in 1911.

Rutherford's model was unable to explain why atoms are stable. The charged particles known as electrons should ultimately run out of energy and collide with the nucleus if they are continuously rotating around it.

According to the idea, an atom has a tiny, compact, positively charged center called a nucleus, where almost all of the mass is concentrated, while light, negatively charged particles called electrons orbit far around it, much like planets orbit the Sun.

The majority of the atom's space is vacant, according to three key findings of the experiment.

The nucleus is a very small region inside the atom where all the positive charges are gathered.

In comparison to the size of the atom, the size of the nucleus is extremely small.

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28% is the percentage of oxygen in AgNO₃ by mass.

Mass percent is a way of expressing concentration or describing a component in a particular mixture. The composition of a solution can be expressed in mass percent and indicates the mass of solute present in a given mass of solution. The amount of solute is expressed in mass or moles. This formula helps indicate the minimum number of moles and the relative number of atoms of each element in the compound. With the help of molecular formulas, chemists can also calculate the actual molecular formula. This formula gives the exact number of atoms in the compound.

To calculate the mass percent of an element in a compound, divide the mass of the element in 1 mole of the compound by the molar mass of the compound and multiply the result by 100.

Given,

Molecular mass of AgNO₃ = 169.87 g/mol

Molecular mass of O in AgNO₃ = 16 × 3

= 48 g/mol

% of oxygen in AgNO₃ = (48/169.87) × 100

= 0.28 × 100

= 28%

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equation 1 1/λ =R(1/n2-1/n2h)

  ∴ λ =(n2-1)n2h /R

substute this value in equation 3

ΔE = hc/(n2-1)n2h/R

∴ΔE = hcR( 1/n2 -1/n2h )

∆E is the internal energy change, and n is the number of gaseous products, gaseous reactants, or moles. The change in a system's internal energy is the sum of the heat is transferred and the work done. The heat flow is equivalent to the change in the system's internal energy plus the PV work done. Internal energy (U) is defined in chemistry and physics as the amount of energy of a closed system. Internal system is the energy of the system's potential energy and kinetic energy. Furthermore, the transformation in a system's internal energy equals the sum of heat transferred and work done.

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The pH at which the amino acid is neutral is called its isoelectric point. The neutral structure of the amino acid is called Zwitter ion.The pH of a buffer solution is determined using Henderson -Hasselbalch equation. The side chain in the amino acid serine is OH group.

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20 amino acids found in human. In which essential amino acids are amino acids that have to be uptaken through diet. Non -essential amino acids are in built in our body.

The pH at which the amino acid is neutral is called its isoelectric point. The neutral structure of the amino acid is called Zwitter ion.The pH of a buffer solution is determined using Henderson -Hasselbalch equation.

Each amino acids have different side chains on them and based on it their characteristics changes.The side chain in the amino acid serine is OH group.

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A hybridization to each interior atom in cytosine is as follows Carbon (C): sp3, Nitrogen (N): sp3, Oxygen (O): sp2, Hydrogen (H): s-character.

In the molecule cytosine, the central carbon atom (C) is bonded to three atoms (H, N, and C) and has one lone pair of electrons, resulting in a trigonal pyramidal geometry and sp3 hybridization. The nitrogen atom (N) is bonded to three atoms (C, H, and C) and has one lone pair of electrons, resulting in a trigonal pyramidal geometry and sp3 hybridization. The oxygen atom (O) is bonded to two atoms (C and H) and has two lone pairs of electrons, resulting in a bent geometry and sp2 hybridization. The hydrogen atoms (H) are bonded to one atom (C or N) and have no lone pairs of electrons, resulting in a linear geometry and s-character hybridization.

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Group III is divided into the groups IIIb and IIIa. Scandium, yttrium, and lanthanum, which are typically grouped with the lanthanoids, as well as actinium, which is grouped with the actinoids, make up Group IIIa.

The periodic table's second group of transition metals is Group 4. It includes the four elements rutherfordium (Ru), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), and titanium (Ti) (Rf). In honor of its lightest member, the group is sometimes known as the titanium group or titanium family.

Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids are the Periodic Table's three main groups. Each group's constituent elements share comparable physical and chemical characteristics.

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Lewis structure for CI4 is finding the total amount of valence electrons is the first step.

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Instead, Cupid fell in love with Psyche and married her just on condition that she would never see him face.

Venus, a goddess of love, is the mother of Cupid in Roman mythology.He was the son to Aphrodite and was known by the Greek name Eros.In spite of his mother's jealousy over Psyche's beauty, Cupid reportedly fell deeply in love with her.

According to one story, Cupid had a partner by the name of Psyche who lived a very lonely existence because no other women liked her and no male gods were interested in her until she found Eros.

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A potassium atom's ground state electron configuration is 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1.

An atom's electron configuration is a picture of how electrons are arranged in relation to orbital shells and subshells. Consequently, this is potassium's electron configuration.

Making Electron Configurations in Writing. Write the energy level (the period) first, then the subshell that needs to be filled, and finally the superscript, which indicates how many electrons are in that subshell. The atomic number, Z, is the sum of all the electrons.

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Diagram 2 best represents the speed of the particles of a gas at a fixed temperature because the particles have a variety of different speeds.

What is speed?

In everyday use and kinematics, the velocity of an object (commonly denoted by v) is the rate of change of position over time, or the rate of change of position per unit time. So it's a scalar quantity. The average velocity of an object within a time interval is the distance traveled by the object divided by the duration of the interval [2] The instantaneous velocity is the limit of the average velocity as the duration of the time interval approaches zero. Velocity is not the same as speed.

Velocity is the dimension of distance divided by time. The SI unit for speed is meters per second (m/s), but the most common everyday speed units are kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mph) in the US and UK. ). Knots are widely used in air and sea travel.

Diagram 2 best represents the speed of the particles of a gas at a fixed temperature because the particles have a variety of different speeds.

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A shoe would be chiral as not superimposable on its mirror image. There is left and right side of the shoe. So, when placed in front of the mirror the left will look like the right shoe.

The Greek word cheir, which meaning hand, is where the word chiral comes from. If a molecule or ion cannot be superimposed on its mirror counterpart, it is said to be chiral.

A plane of symmetry or a center of symmetry are absent from chiral compounds. Two stereoisomers of chiral molecules—commonly referred to as enantiomers since they cannot be superimposed mirror images of one another—exist. Based on the absolute configuration, enantiomers are divided into "right-handed" and "left-handed" categories.

The opposite of chiral is achiral. If a molecule or ion may be superimposed on its mirror counterpart, it is said to be achiral. They either have a symmetry plane or a symmetry center.

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At least 2,000 years ago, during the Roman era, pewter was used. The basic ingredients of old pewter were 70% tin and 30% lead. This form of pewter, also referred to as black metal, rapidly lost its lead when exposed to acidic foods.

Older pewters with a higher lead concentration are heavier, tarnish more quickly, and turn a darker shade of silver-grey with time. In 1974, BS5140, which was strengthened in 1994 by the European directive BSEN611, eliminated lead from the composition.

Modern pewter is lead-free and safe to use for eating and drinking, however older antique pewter objects may have lead residues.

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The direct capture of a free electron by a neutral atom is the easiest technique to create negative ions.

How is an ion made to be negatively charged?

Positive ions made by a positive ion source can be double-charged-exchanged to create negative ions,

or negative ions can be directly extracted from a negative ion source.

creation of negative ions.

Negative ions and other energy levels below the vacuum level can be inhabited by adding an electron to an atom or molecule.

The atom has a net negative charge of e despite not being stable.

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The reaction that describe an acid an acid- base neutralization reaction is

[tex]Be(OH)2 + H2SO4 = BeSO4 +2 H2O[/tex]

Neutralization reaction involve an acid  and a base reaction whereby the acid  neutralization the base for the reaction above Be(OH)2 is  the base while it is the acid  thus [tex]H2SO4[/tex] neutralizes  Be(OH)2 to form BeSO4 and [tex]H2O.[/tex]

Reactants: Na = 2, O = 2, H = 2, Cu = 1, Cl = 2;

Products: Na = 2, Cl = 2, Cu = 1, O = 2, H = 2

[tex]NaOH + CuCL2 — > NaCl + Cu(OH)2[/tex]

The balanced equation can be achieved by doing the following:

There are 2 oxygen and 2 hydrogen atom on the right side. This is balanced by putting 2 in front of NaOH as shown below:

[tex]2NaOH + CuCL2 — > NaCl + Cu(OH)2[/tex]

Therefore, The reaction that describe an acid an acid- base neutralization reaction is

[tex]Be(OH)2 + H2SO4 = BeSO4 +2 H2O[/tex]

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The molar enthalpy of vaporization is 374.9 J/mol.

We know that at the boiling point of a substances, the vapor pressure of the substance would become equal to the atmospheric pressure of the substance.

We know that;

ln(P2/P1) = -ΔHvap/R(1/T2 - 1/T1)

P2 = final pressure

P1 = initial pressure

ΔHvap = molar enthalpy of vaporization

T2 = Final temperature

T1 = initial temperature

ln(75/760) = -ΔHvap/8.314(1/15.2 - 1/64.6)

-2.3 =  -ΔHvap/8.314(0.066 - 0.015)

-2.3 =  -0.051ΔHvap/8.314

ΔHvap = -2.3  * 8.314/ -0.051

ΔHvap = 374.9 J/mol

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After the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme, the enzyme-substrate complex may undergo a conformational change, which brings the substrate closer to the catalytic site of the enzyme.

This conformational change is often necessary for the chemical reaction to occur, as it positions the substrate in the proper orientation for the reaction to take place. The conformational change may be induced by the binding of the substrate to the active site, or it may be a result of the substrate interacting with specific amino acid residues within the active site. The conformational change of the enzyme can also help to stabilize the intermediate species formed during the reaction, which helps to increase the rate of the reaction.

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These mechanisms consist of covalent catalysis, catalysis through proximity and orientation, acid-base catalysis and steel ion catalysis.

In covalent catalysis, the catalytic residue in the energetic site  is accountable for forming a transient covalent bond. The response then occurs, changing the substrate into merchandise and forming an enzyme merchandise complicated. The merchandise then go away the energetic site of the enzyme. The first step of an enzyme catalyzed response is catalytic turnover the binding of substrate via way of means of the enzyme the discharge of product dissociation of the ES complicated ES -> E + P. An enzyme-catalyzed response may be more or less divided into 3 stages: enzyme-substrate binding, "catalysis" and product release.

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The amount, in grams, of magnesium that must react with phosphoric acid to produce 100 L of hydrogen gas would be 108.38 grams.

Magnesium reacts with phosphoric acid to produce hydrogen gas and magnesium phosphate according to the following balanced equation:

[tex]3Mg + 2H_3PO_4 -- > Mg_3(PO_4)_2 + 3H_2[/tex]

The mole ratio of the magnesium that reacts to the hydrogen gas that is produced is 1:1.

If, 1 mole of a gas = 22.4 L, then 100 L of hydrogen gas would be equivalent to:

100/22.4 = 4.46 mols

Since the mole ratio is 1:1, the mole of magnesium that will produce 100 L of hydrogen gas will also be 4.46 moles.

Mass of 4.46 moles magneisum = 4.46 x 24.3

                                                       = 108.38 grams

In other words, the amount of magnesium that must react with phosphoric acid in order to produce 100 L of hydrogen gas would be 108.38 grams.

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Each molecule of water contains 2 H and 1 O atom = 3 atoms, so there are approximately [tex]1.8 * 10^{24}[/tex] atoms in a mole of water.

In the International System of Units, the mole (symbol mol) is the unit of substance amount (SI). The amount of substance is a measurement of how many elementary entities of a given substance are present in an object or sample.

An elementary entity can be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an ion pair, or a subatomic particle such as an electron, depending on the substance. For example, despite having different volumes and masses, 10 moles of water (a chemical compound) and 10 moles of mercury (a chemical element) contain equal amounts of substance, and the mercury contains exactly one atom for each molecule of water.

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To calculate the root mean square velocity, we need to find the squares of all the velocities, sum of those values and then divide by the number of molecules.

Root mean square (RMS) speed is the square base of the amount of the squares of the stack speed values separated by the quantity of values. RMS speed is the speed of a wave going through underground developments at various span speeds along a given beam way.

For flat or somewhat slanted layers, NMO and stacking speed are equivalent to RMS speed. Notwithstanding, in regions with enormous horizontal speed varieties, the stack speed contrasts essentially from the RMS speed.

Conduction is the minuscule temperature angle of the root-mean-square speed of issue. This substance can be either strong, fluid, or gas.

To ascertain the root mean square speed, we want to track down the squares of the multitude of speeds, amount of those qualities and afterward partition by the quantity of atoms.

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The rank solutions from smallest basicity to greatest is

[tex]C_{5}H_{5}NHNO_{2}[/tex] - [tex]NaCHO_{2}[/tex] - [tex]C_{2}H_{5} NH_{3}I[/tex] - NaI - NaOH

Sаlt cаn be аcidic, bаsic аs well аs neutrаl. NаOH hаs the leаst аcidity becаuse it is bаse аnd it gives hydroxyl ions in wаter. Higher is the pH of аny substаnce, lesser will be its аcidity. Lower pH vаlue indicаtes thаt the given substаnce is аcidic.

[tex]NaCHO_{2}[/tex] - It is a basic salt of a weak acid (HCOOH) + strong base (NaOH)

[tex]C_{2}H_{5} NH_{3}I[/tex] - It is an acidic salt of a weak base (Ethyl Amine) + strong acid (NaOH)

NaOH - It is a strong base itself

[tex]C_{5}H_{5}NHNO_{2}[/tex] - It is a weakly acidic salt of  very weak bases (pyridine) + moderately

NaI - It is a neutral sort of strong as HI.

Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full question can see in the Attachment.

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Fruit juice spoilage is mostly brought on by the growth of osmophilic and acid-tolerant bacteria. Fruit juice consumption is linked to an increased risk of contracting a foodborne illness. Fruit juices are preserved in various ways to lower the likelihood of outbreaks.

What causes spoilage?

Food can rot for a number of reasons, rendering it unfit for ingestion. Perishable foods' quality and safety can both be impacted by light, oxygen, heat, humidity, and bacteria that cause food decomposition. Foods exposed to these conditions will eventually lose their quality.

Fruit juice spoilage is mostly brought on by the growth of osmophilic and acid-tolerant bacteria. Fruit juice consumption is linked to an increased risk of contracting a foodborne illness. Fruit juices are preserved in various ways to lower the likelihood of outbreaks.

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The hybridization of the carbon atom that is double bonded to an oxygen atom is: A. sp.

To determine the hybridization of an atom in a molecule, we can follow these steps:

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Sodium is in a solid state at 20 degrees. Table salt, or sodium chloride, is another name for this substance. It is a solid, white crystalline substance that is easily fractious at 20 degrees.

Alkaline earth group (Group a and group b [Ia]) of something like the periodic table element sodium (Na). The element sodium is an extremely delicate silvery-white. Sodium makes up 2.8 percent of the Earth's crust and is the most prevalent alkali metal & sixth most plentiful element on the planet.

The main issue is typically having much more water in your body. The salt levels are diluted by the extra water. Hyponatremia is far less frequently brought on by severe sodium lauryl from human body.

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The largest buffering capabilities of monoamino monocarboxylic acids are found in the two pH ranges closest to their two pK′ values, namely pH 2.3 and pH 9.7.

Buffer capacity measures a solution's ability to tolerate pH fluctuations by either absorbing or desorbing H+ and OH- ions. The effect of adding an acid or base to a buffer system on pH change can be considerable or modest, depending on both the starting pH and the buffer's ability to resist pH change.

A good buffer combination should include roughly equal amounts of both components. As a general rule, a buffer solution is no longer helpful when one component of the buffer pair is less than around 10% of the other.

If the buffer capacity is increased by tenfold, the buffer solution may absorb ten times more strong acid or base before experiencing a noticeable pH shift. When an acid or basic is introduced to a solution, a buffer maintains a reasonably constant pH.

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Cooking temperature can reach above 150 degrees F kill salmonella. Salmonellosis is caused primarily by contaminated cooked foods as well as insufficient cooking. Contamination of prepared meats occurs as a result of contact with unwashed surfaces or utensils after use with raw material.

Salmonellosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella, which lives in the intestines of animals, which include birds. Salmonella is typically transmitted to humans through the consumption of foods heavily polluted with animal feces. In the United States, approximately 40,000 incidents of salmonellosis have been reported each year.

Salmonella bacteria enter the body through the stomach as well as colonize the large and small intestines after being consumed. Bacteria infiltrate and multiply in the intestinal mucosa. Bacteria can enter the gastrointestinal tract's lymphoid tissues and spread to the blood system.

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There are two types of mixture, one is homogeneous mixture and other is heterogeneous mixture. Therefore, the term best describes 10-karat gold is homogeneous mixture. Therefore, in below given ways mixture can be separated out.

When two or more compounds are combined but each ingredient retains its chemical identity, the result is referred to as a mixture. In other words, there is no chemical interaction between the parts of a combination. According to how consistent they are and how well the components' particle sizes match up, mixtures are categorized.

Iron filings can be separated by keeping the magnet near the fillings. The wood shavings could be separated by dissolving the polystyrene with a solvent. Add water to the mixture of sand and sugar. Sugar will dissolve in water and sand will settle down. Sugar can be separated by evaporation.

Therefore, in above ways mixture can be separated out.

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