Answer: A
Explanation:
Decrease, Btw if I'm wrong I'm sry lol
But I think it's A
What pregnancy category is not safe to administer to a pregnant woman under any condition?
Category X is not safe to administer to a pregnant woman under any condition.
What category of drug should not ever be taken by a pregnant woman?The FDA divides different pregnancy-related medications into five categories: A, B, C, D, and X. Category X is categorically forbidden during pregnancy, while Category A is regarded as the safest category. Although there are no appropriate and well-controlled human research and animal reproduction studies have demonstrated a negative effect on the fetus, there may be benefits to using the medicine during pregnancy that outweigh any dangers. Pregnant women may use medications from this class if the advantages to the mother outweigh the risks to the fetus (i.e. a life threatening situation or a serious disease for which safer medication cannot be used or are not efficacious). This class of drugs includes, among others, phenytoin and valproic acid.To learn more about Category X refer to:
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13 the dna of a human cell can be cut and rearranged by using select one: a. electrophoresis b. hormones c. a scalpel d. enzymes
The DNA of a human cell can be cut and rearranged by using d. enzymes.
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer made up of two polynucleotide chains that form a double helix when they are twisted around one another. The polymer contains genetic instructions for all known organisms and numerous viruses to grow, develop, function, and reproduce. Nucleic acids include ribonucleic acid and DNA. Enzymes can be used to cut and reorganize a human cell's DNA. Nucleases are enzymes that are used to break down DNA into smaller pieces. They accomplish this by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bonds. The recognition site, where these enzymes come into contact with a DNA sequence that has a shape that matches a part of the enzyme, wraps around the DNA and breaks both strands of the molecule.
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How do I stop my snails from reproducing?
The only fool-proof way to keep snails from reproducing is to keep them separate from each other.
How to stop snails from breeding?One of the easiest way to lessen the number of snails is to feed less fish food. Despite rapid reproduction cycle, snails can reproduce new babies only if they have enough sustenance. Therefore, give only that much food that can be completely consumed by your fish within a few minutes.
One of the way is to distinguish the sexes of your snails and set up a male-only or female-only tank. But, not all species are the same as some are hermaphrodites, which means they can breed independently without the need of the opposite sex to fertilize their eggs.
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the caloric values of fat, protein, and carbohydrate are 9.0 kcal/g, 4.0 kcal/g, and 4.0 kcal/g respectively. how much energy would a serving of 22 g of food provides if it contains 2.0 g of fat and 12 g protein?
The serving of 22 g of food provides 2.0 g of fat and 12 g of protein. This would provide 18 kcal of energy from fat (2.0 g x 9.0 kcal/g) and 48 kcal of energy from protein (12 g x 4.0 kcal/g). Therefore, the total energy provided by the serving of food is 66 kcal (18 kcal + 48 kcal).
The caloric values of fat, protein, and carbohydrates are 9.0 kcal/g, 4.0 kcal/g, and 4.0 kcal/g respectively. This means that each gram of food provides different amounts of energy depending on its nutritional content. For example, a serving of 22 g of food containing 2.0 g of fat and 12 g of protein would provide a total of 154 kcal of energy. The 2.0 g of fat in the food would provide 18 kcal of energy (2.0 g x 9.0 kcal/g = 18 kcal).
The 12 g of protein in the food would provide 48 kcal of energy (12 g x 4.0 kcal/g = 48 kcal). And the remaining 8 g of carbohydrates in the food would provide an additional 32 kcal of energy (8 g x 4.0 kcal/g = 32 kcal). Thus, the total energy provided by this serving of food is 18 + 48 + 32 = 98 kcal. In conclusion, a serving of 22 g of food containing 2.0 g of fat and 12 g of protein would provide a total of 154 kcal of energy. This is made up of 18 kcal from the fat, 48 kcal from the protein, and 32 kcal.
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How do you sleep with a tattoo?
Many tattoo artists advise falling asleep with the covering that was applied.
To prevent the tattoo from adhering to your sheets on the first night, your artist may advise you to re-wrap it with plastic wrap (such as Saran Wrap). This is usually reserved for bigger or solid-color tattoos. If your artist did not advise re-wrapping, simply leave the tattoo exposed to the air overnight. Don't put off getting a tattoo.
This may not only affect the tattoo to adhere to the sheets while you sleep, but it may also deprive the area of oxygen, causing healing times to be delayed. Your wound requires fresh breathable air and reconstruct properly.
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BioFlix Activity: Tour of an Animal Cell Endomembrane System Part A - The endomembrane system Drag the labels onto the flowchart to trace the movement of proteins through the endomembrane system and out of the cell. Reset Help Vesicle from Golgi Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Rough ER Vesicle from ER Start ? - ? |- ? Finish Manufacturing Transport Processing Transport Secretion
The flowchart to trace the movement of proteins through the endomembrane system and out of the cell is
Start - Rough ER (manufacturing) – Vesicle from ER (transport) – Golgi apparatus (processing) – Vesicle from Golgi (transport) – Plasma mem brane (secretion) - finish
The endomembrаne system includes the nucleаr envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, the ER, аnd Golgi аppаrаtus, аs well аs the plаsmа membrаne. These cellulаr components work together to modify, pаckаge, tаg, аnd trаnsport proteins аnd lipids thаt form the membrаnes.
The RER modifies proteins аnd synthesizes phospholipids used in cell membrаnes. The SER synthesizes cаrbohydrаtes, lipids, аnd steroid hormones; engаges in the detoxificаtion of medicаtions аnd poisons; аnd stores cаlcium ions. Sorting, tаgging, pаckаging, аnd distribution of lipids аnd proteins tаke plаce in the Golgi аppаrаtus. Lysosomes аre creаted by the budding of the membrаnes of the RER аnd Golgi. Lysosomes digest mаcromolecules, recycle worn-out orgаnelles, аnd destroy pаthogens.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full questions can see in the Attachment.
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in which way are plants and animals different in how they obtain energy? * must provide value animals use atp; plants do not plants capture energy from sunlight; animals utilize chemical energy plants store energy in sugar molecules; animals do not animals can synthesize sugars from simpler molecules; plants cannot
These are the ways the animals and plants prepare their food to obtain energy.
What is organic molecules ?
A complex molecule called an organic is formed mostly of carbon atoms joined to other elements and/or other carbon atoms. Organic molecules make up every living thing on Earth. A collection of bound atoms is referred to as a molecule.
what is atp?
Adenine, a ribose sugar, and three serially linked phosphate groups make up the nucleoside triphosphate (nucleoside) structure of ATP.
Plants are primarily photoautotrophs — they use sunlight to fix carbon into more complex organic molecules. The sun is their primary source of energy.
Animals are chemoheterotrophs — they derive energy by breaking down organic molecules that they ingest. Their energy comes from chemical breakdown of plant and animal matter that they eat.
Therefore, these are the ways the animals and plants prepare their food to obtain energy.
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what attire is required at all times for the BSCI 223
For the BSCI 223, closed-toed shoes and lab coats are needed at all times.
Although it is not necessary for living in an oxygenated environment, the enzyme catalase aids in the handling of hazardous oxygen species by organisms.For the BSCI 223, closed-toed shoes and lab coats are needed at all times. The time taken to kill 90% of the population at a particular temperature multiplied by a 10 fold drop is the DRT curve, so keep that in mind. The inability to utilize a spectrophotometer due to its inability to differentiate between living and dead cells (dead cells would block the sun from the bulb because heat does not promote cell lysis). Simply combine bacteria and H2O2 to do the test. The bacteria were catalase positive if bubbles form as a result of oxygen gas generation. The bacteria were catalase negative if no bubbles form.
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what transition was marked by a change from early multicellular organisms lacking mouths and feelers, to more complex organisms that had small fins, mouths, simple feelers, eyes for sensing, and primitive teeth?
The jawless fish has been derived from the advanced change from early multicellular organisms lacking mouths and feelers.
A mild touchy pineal eye, an eye-like shape that could discover mild. A cartilaginous skeleton, a skeleton made from a bendy rubber-like supportive fabric known as cartilage.Although a minor detail of cutting-edge marine fauna, jawless fish have been outstanding many of the early fish withinside the early Paleozoic.
Two sorts of Early Cambrian animal which seemingly had fins, vertebrate musculature, and gills are recognized from the early Cambrian Maotianshan shales of China: Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia.
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a green colored amniotic fluid is received in the laboratory for testing. the color of this specimen most likely indicates the presence of
The green colored amniotic fluid received in the laboratory for testing is an indication of a medical condition known as meconium peritonitis. Meconium peritonitis is a rare, but serious, condition in which the baby’s first stool, or meconium, passes into the amniotic fluid and causes an infection in the baby’s abdomen.
It is possible that the green color in the specimen is due to the presence of bacteria, fungi, or other infectious agents in the fluid. Meconium peritonitis is a medical emergency, as it can cause serious harm to the baby if left untreated.
The infection can cause the baby’s abdomen to become enlarged and can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition that can occur when the bloodstream is overwhelmed by bacteria or other toxins. The infection can also cause the baby to have breathing difficulties and, in some cases, can cause the baby’s organs to stop functioning.
In order to diagnose meconium peritonitis, laboratory tests must be conducted to determine the presence of bacteria or other infectious agents in the fluid. This includes testing for the presence of white blood cells, which may indicate an infection.
Other tests, such as analysis of the fluid’s pH and the presence of glucose, can also help to determine if an infection is present. If an infection is present, the baby must be treated with antibiotics as soon as possible to prevent more serious complications.
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Suppose a true-breeding brown-striped lizard is crossed with a true-breeding white-striped lizard. In the next generation, all of the lizards are brown-striped. What does this outcome tell you about the allele for brown stripes?
All the progeny will be heterozygous for the trait when true-breeding, or homozygous, individuals that differ for it are crossed. The F1 children will all have the same phenotype as the parent homozygous for the dominant trait if the traits are inherited as dominant and recessive.
What is phenotype ?A set of an organism's observable qualities or characteristics is known as its phenotype. The phrase refers to an organism's morphology, or its physical form and structure, as well as its physiological and biochemical characteristics, behavior, and the outcomes of that behavior.
Typically, used to describe the offspring of two true-breeding (homozygous) individuals who differ in the desired qualities. Parental traits return in the F2 generation as an intermediate phenotype.
Thus, The F1 children will all have the same phenotype as the parent homozygous for the dominant trait if the traits are inherited as dominant and recessive.
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All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT
EXCEPT for leukotrienes and histamine, all of the following increase blood vessel permeability.
Histamine and leukotrienes are chemical compounds that cause inflammation by stimulating it. Eicosanoids, like leukotrienes, are important in the pathogenesis of inflammation. They are produced in leucocytes using 5-lipoxygenase to convert arachidonic acid into them. Histamine is released by the body in response to an allergen, such as pollen or animal dander, which causes inflammation at the point of contact. This process is a crucial component of the immune response of the body.
It is a collection of negative responses delivered by the typical safe framework, such as hypersensitivities and autoimmunity. They are commonly referred to as an over-response of the resistant framework, and these responses can be harmful, awkward, or even lethal. Excessive touchiness responses necessitate a pre-sharpened host condition.
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Identify the parts labelled in the Figure below.
Waxy cuticle, spongy, mesophyll, stroma, and lower epidermis are the labelled parts in the picture.
This plant has a large number of chloroplasts in each of its green cells. The stroma, a semifluid material that fills each chloroplast and is a source of many of the proteins and photosynthesis-related enzymes, is essential to the process of photosynthesis. The photosynthetic dark reaction actually takes place in the stroma.
Normal stomatal behaviour is for them to open during daylight hours and close at night. By opening and closing the pores in the leaves, it serves the primary purpose of facilitating the exchange of gases. The leaves' water retention is reduced thanks to it.
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Birds regulate their body temperature _____________. This is called _________________.
What is the best definition of vehicle?
A vehicle is a machine that has an engine and is used to transport people from one location to another, such as a car, bus, or truck.
A vehicle is indeed a machine used to transport people or goods. Wagons, bicycles, motor vehicles (motorbikes, cars, tractor trailers, buses, disabled mobility scooters), railed vehicles (trains, tram lines), watercraft ( ships, submarines), patrol boats (screw-propelled vehicles, speedboat), aircraft (aero planes, helicopters, aerostats), and spacecraft are examples of vehicle.
Land vehicles are broadly classified based on how they steer and start driving forces against by the ground: wheeled, tracked, railed, as well as skied. ISO 3833-1977 is indeed the standard for road kinds of vehicles, terms, and definitions, which is also used in international legislation.
Over one billion bicycles are in use worldwide. There was an estimated 590 million cars but also 205 million motorcycles throughout service worldwide in 2002.
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the purpose of pcr is to ______.
DNA amplification. A certain DNA or RNA segment can be replicated in PCR process millions to billions of times.
A specific DNA segment can be quickly multiplied (amplified) into millions or billions of copies using the polymerase chain reaction, often known as PCR, so that it can be further examined in the lab. The following PCR applications are surveyed here: 1) The quick alternative to cloning is the amplification of gene fragments. (2) DNA fragment modification. 3) If desired, the correct genotyping is followed by the sensitive detection of harmful bacteria. Target nucleic acid is amplified quickly and exponentially by a chemical process called polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
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identify the structures involved with cutaneous sensation.
Cutaneous sensation include mechanoreceptors (pressure or distortion), nociceptors (pain), and thermoreceptors (temperature).
Topographically dispersed receptors of various types that are innervated by several classes of afferent nerve fibres mediate cutaneous sensation. The epidermis and dermis contain these receptors in a grid arrangement.
A patient with cutaneous sensation disorder (CSD) typically exhibits unpleasant skin sensations, such as itching, burning, or stinging, as well as discomfort and/or negative sensory symptoms (ie, numbness, hypoaesthesia).
Pacinian corpuscles are mechanoreceptors that are sensitive to pressure and vibration and are a vital component of proprioception. They are unique nerve endings.
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1.List the groups of reptiles that are mentioned in the text. Which group is the smallest?
Lizards and snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and the tuatara are reptiles. The tuatara is the smallest group.
All sauropsids, with the exception of birds, fall into the paraphyletic grouping known as Reptilia, which is the most widely used definition of reptiles. The four groups of living reptiles are squamates, crocodilians, turtles, and rhynchocephalians.
Air-breathing vertebrates known as reptiles have unique skin consisting of scales, bony plates, or a combination of both. Crocodiles, snakes, lizards, turtles, and tortoises are some of them.
Characteristics:
Vertebrates include reptiles. They are adamant.Scales fully encircle their entire bodies.They possess frigid blood.Reptiles lay eggs with shells or give birth to live babies.Every species internally fertilises its eggs.Every reptile species has at least one lung.Learn more about tuatara from:
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Are meiosis chromosomes haploid or diploid?
By means of meiosis, haploid gametes are created.
Just what is meiosis?A diploid (a cell with two sets of chromosomes) in a human is divided through a process called meiosis into a haploid (a cell with one pair of chromosomes) (one with a single set of chromosomes). Human sperm and eggs are formed as haploid cells during meiosis. The two haploid sets of chromosomes that are produced during fertilisation between a sperm and an egg are combined to form a complete diploid set, which is a new genome.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase are only a few of the stages a cell experiences twice when it goes through both meiotic divisions. Upon reaching the end of meiosis I, the parent cell divides into two daughter cells.
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Is atherosclerosis a syndrome?
No, atherosclerosis is not a syndrome but it is a disease.
Plaque accumulation on the internal artery walls results in the disease atherosclerosis. Blood channels called arteries transport oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. A sticky substance called plaque is composed of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other elements.
High blood pressure: Over time, high blood pressure can harm the lining of the arteries, causing plaque to accumulate. Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can harm the arteries' inner layers and lead to the formation of plaque. High blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels raise your chances of developing the metabolic syndrome.
With the right care, living a healthy life with atherosclerosis is feasible, so start improving your heart health today. There is hope for those fighting atherosclerosis.
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sarah is building a model of a strand of dna. she should show that the nucleotides are linked by covalent bonds between
Sarah is building a model of a strand of DNA. She should show that the nucleotides are linked by covalent bonds between phosphate and sugar.
DNA typically exists two strands closely bound to one another rather than as a single strand. These two lengthy strands form a double helix when they wind around one another. The nucleotide includes a nucleobase as well as a portion of the molecule's backbone, which holds the chain together. A nucleotide is a base coupled to a sugar and one or more phosphate groups, whereas a nucleoside is a base linked to a sugar and just one or two phosphate groups. Polynucleotides are biopolymers made of several linked nucleotides, such as DNA.
DNA carries the information that make every individual unique.
Thank you for letting me anwser your question and have a delightful Christmas ^^
A model of a DNA strand is being constructed by Sarah. She has to demonstrate how the covalent connections between phosphate and sugar hold the nucleotides together. The correct option is D.
What is a nucleotide?The non-protein nitrogen portion of milk contains low-molecular-weight molecules called nucleotides that have a nitrogenous base, a sugar moiety, and one to three phosphate groups.
While every RNA nucleotide contains the sugar ribose, a DNA nucleotide contains the sugar deoxyribose.
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine are examples of nitrogenous bases found in DNA. RNA does not contain thymine; instead, it contains the nitrogenous base uracil.
Sarah is building a model of the DNA strand. She has to show how the nucleotides are held together by the covalent bonds formed between phosphate and sugar.
Thus, the correct option is D.
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Your question seems incomplete, the missing options are:
Two nitrogenous bases
Nitrogenous bases and phosphate
Nitrogenous bases and sugar
Phosphate and sugar
How does the nervous system muscular system and skeletal system work together in order to allow humans to move?
Your skeletal (voluntary) muscles are signalled to contract by your nervous system, which is composed of your brain and nerves. In response to the message, your muscles tighten up (contract).
With the help of tendinous tissue, muscles are connected to bones and when they contract, they can cause movement around a joint. Spinal motor neurons, the last common pathway to the muscles, are controlled by the central nervous system to cause these movements. The tendon is pulled upon when the muscle contracts or gathers. Muscles are joined to bones by tendon.
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According to the rome iv criteria, which would confirm positive findings associated with irritable bowel syndrome?
Answer:
Onset associated with change in frequency of stool
Onset associated with change in appearance of stool
Explanation:
According to the Rome IV criteria, the statements that would confirm positive findings associated with irritable bowel syndrome are as follows:
Onset is associated with a change in the frequency of stool.Onset is associated with a change in the appearance of stool.What do you mean by Bowel syndrome?Bowel syndrome may be defined as a type of disorder of the intestines that is commonly marked by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in a person's bowel habits. This may include diarrhea or constipation, or both, with one occurring after the other. Also called IBS, irritable colon, mucus colitis, and spastic colon.
It is a common disorder that affects the stomach and intestines, also called the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms include cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, gas, diarrhea or constipation, or both. IBS is a chronic condition that you'll need to manage long-term.
It is including certain foods, medicines, the presence of gas or stool, and emotional stress. You'll need to learn what your triggers are. You may need to make some lifestyle changes and take medication.
Therefore, the statements that would confirm positive findings associated with irritable bowel syndrome are well described above.
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Your question seems incomplete. The most probable complete question is as follows:
According to the Rome iv criteria, which would confirm positive findings associated with irritable bowel syndrome?
Recurrent abdominal pain for 1 day a month for the past 6 months.Onset is associated with a change in the frequency of stool.Onset is associated with a change in the appearance of stool.No change in stool pattern with onset of clinical symptoms.Why
volcanoes
form at
divergent
boundaries?
Answer:
Volcanoes tend to form at divergent boundaries because this is where two tectonic plates are moving apart from each other.
When this happens, magma from the Earth's mantle rises up to fill the gap that is created between the two plates. As the magma continues to rise, it eventually reaches the Earth's surface and forms a volcano.
Intense heat and pressure that is created by the movement of the tectonic plates can also cause the magma to erupt and create a volcanic eruption.
Explanation:
Explain proteinsynthesis in detail.
Protein synthesis is the process by which cells create proteins. It occurs in two stages: transcription and translation. In transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is transcribed into a complementary RNA molecule. In translation, the RNA molecule is read and used to synthesize a specific protein molecule.
During transcription, the DNA double helix unwinds and the enzyme RNA polymerase reads the gene's DNA sequence and creates a single-stranded RNA molecule with a complementary sequence. This RNA molecule is called messenger RNA, or mRNA, because it carries the information needed to synthesize the protein from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
Translation occurs at the ribosomes, which are complex structures made up of RNA and protein. The ribosomes read the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA molecule and use it to synthesize the protein. Each sequence of three nucleotides, called a codon, corresponds to a specific amino acid, the building blocks of proteins. The ribosomes read the mRNA sequence and add the corresponding amino acids in the correct order to synthesize the protein.
Protein synthesis is essential for the growth and repair of cells, as well as for the production of enzymes and hormones that are necessary for the proper functioning of the body. It is a complex process that requires the coordination of many different molecules and cellular structures.
Write three questions you have about the role of DNA and Chromosomes.
Focus on the following areas as
you generate questions:
• The cause and effect relationship between the genetic code and gene
expression
• Mechanisms of gene regulation
• The role of DNA segments that do not code for proteins
Make sure your questions are scientific questions, meaning they could be tested by scientists.
DNA and the chromosomes are the information containers for the human body. In order to make the person who we are.
What is the example of a gene expression?It is Lac operon in which the lac stands for lactose.
The role of chromosome-Chromosomes allow the DNA molecules to be copied easily and accurately during the cell division. Chromosomes are present in the nuclei of the cells and they make sure that DNA can be copied out accurately.
Gene regulation- This is the process which is used to make sure that the process, timing and location with which the genes are expressed out are at the accurate level.
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what are sticky ends? multiple choice single-stranded dna sequences that are generated by staggered cuts single-stranded dna sequences that are generated by blunt cuts double-stranded dna sequences that are generated by blunt cuts double-stranded dna sequences that are generated by staggered cuts different from cohesive ends
DNA fragments with "sticky ends" have one strand that is longer than the other due to the action of a restriction enzyme.
Do sticky ends have single-stranded endings like DNA fragments do?The single-stranded ends of a segment of DNA that are produced by some restriction enzymes are the correct answer (A). Sticky ends are brief overhangs of DNA produced by particular restriction enzymes (such as EcoRI), which are responsible for producing this kind of end.
What function do sticky ends serve?Sticky ends serve as a conduit for the cutting and pasting of DNA. DNA single strands with sticky ends extend past one another. They make it simple to ligate DNA into position that has a complementary sequence.
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point in the cell cycle where the cell verifies that it is ready to go to the next phase____
The sister chromatids are pulled back and forth by the kinetochore microtubules during metaphase until they align along the equatorial plane, which is the center of the cell. The metaphase checkpoint, a crucial checkpoint in the middle of mitosis, is when the cell makes sure it is prepared to divide.
Checkpoint G1
The G1 checkpoint ascertains if all circumstances are ideal for cell division to continue. At the G1 checkpoint, also known as the restriction point (in yeast), the cell commits irrevocably to the process of cell.
Checkpoint G2
If specific requirements are not met, the G2 checkpoint prevents entry into the mitotic phase. Protein stores and cell size are evaluated, same like at the G1 checkpoint.
M Checkpoint
Near the conclusion of the metaphase phase of mitosis, the M checkpoint takes place. Because it checks to see if all of the sister chromatids are appropriately connected to the spindle microtubules, the M checkpoint is also known as the spindle checkpoint.
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How proteins are made using the information from DNA replication?
These proteins are produced by cells by transcription of certain genes from their DNA into molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA), translation of these transcripts into chains of amino acids, and folding of these chains into fully functioning proteins.
How do proteins get created during DNA replication?The pre-mRNA transcript is created during transcription using DNA as a template by the enzyme RNA polymerase. The original gene's pre-mRNA gets transformed into a mature mRNA molecule that can be translated to create the protein molecule.
How are proteins created using DNA information?In order to create messenger ribonucleic acid, or mRNA, enzymes must first read the information contained in the DNA molecule. Translation takes place in the mRNA molecule, which contains information.
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What products leave the Calvin cycle?
The product that leaves the calvin cycle is ADP, NADP, and glucose.
The Calvin cycle is also known as the C3 cycle. A series of chemical processes results in the fixation of carbon from the carbon cycle into sugars. It happens in the chloroplast of the plant cell.
One carbon molecule is fixed during the Calvin cycle. One molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is created in three cycles of the Calvin cycle. Two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules combine to form one glucose molecule. Three ATP and two NADPH molecules are needed in order to convert 3-phosphoglyceric acid into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and regenerate RuBP. The breakdown of one glucose molecule uses up 12 NADPH and 18 ATP.
Hence, calvin cycle regenerates substrate after sugar formation.
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