The E ° value for the reaction is 0.799 v and Δ G° value for the reaction is - 307.45 kJ / Mol.
Cr₂O₇²⁻ + 14 H⁺ + 6 Ag ⇒ 6 Ag ⁺ + 2Cr ²⁺ + 7 H₂O
At cathode : Cr₂O₇²⁺ + 14 H ⁺ + 6 e⁻ ⇒ 2 Cr³⁺ + 7 H₂O
E = 1.330 V
At Anode : Ag ⇒ Ag ⁺ + e ⁻
E = 0.799 V
E cell = E cathode - E anode
= 1.330 - 0.799
= 0. 531 V
ΔG ° = - n FE°
= -6 × 96500 × 0.531
= - 307 .45 kJ / mol
What is ∆ G?∆ G in thermodynamics signifies the adjustment of Gibbs Free energy of a synthetic response. The amount of total energy utilized for work in a thermodynamic system is known as Gibbs free energy.
What gives Delta G its name "free energy"?Because it can be obtained at any time, Gibbs free energy is referred to as free energy. The reaction can obtain this energy without having to work for it if it is required. The sum of enthalpy and the product of the system's temperature and entropy is the change in Gibb's free energy.
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the radioactive isotope 214po has a half-life of 1.64×10-4 seconds. if a sample contains 37.6 mg of 214po, what mass of the isotope will remain after 3.90×10-4 seconds?
After [tex]3.90 \times 10^{(-4)[/tex] seconds, approximately 7.12 mg of the 214Po isotope will remain.
To determine the remaining mass of the isotope after a given time, we can use the formula for exponential decay:
N(t) = N₀ * (1/2)^(t / T₁/₂),
where:
N(t) is the remaining quantity of the isotope at time t,
N₀ is the initial quantity of the isotope,
t is the elapsed time, and
T₁/₂ is the half-life of the isotope.
In this case, we are given that the half-life of 214Po is [tex]1.64 \times 10^{(-4)[/tex]seconds, and the initial quantity is 37.6 mg. We want to find the remaining mass after [tex]3.90 \times 10^{(-4)[/tex] seconds.
Using the formula, we substitute the given values:
[tex]N(t) = 37.6 \, \text{mg} \times \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{\frac{3.90 \times 10^{-4}}{1.64 \times 10^{-4}}}[/tex]
Simplifying the exponent:
[tex]N(t) = 37.6 \, \text{mg} \times \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2.378}[/tex],
Calculating the exponent:
N(t) ≈ 37.6 mg * 0.1896,
N(t) ≈ 7.12 mg.
Therefore, after [tex]3.90 \times 10^{(-4)[/tex] seconds, approximately 7.12 mg of the 214Po isotope will remain.
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Compute the end-to-end separation (direct distance between molecule ends), in Angstroms, of a coiled PVC molecule with a number-average molecular weight of 130737 g/mol, given that the tetrahedral bond angle is 109.5° and the carbon- carbon bond length is 1.54 Angstroms. Answer Format: X.X Unit: Angstroms
The end-to-end separation of the coiled PVC molecule is approximately 91.4 Angstroms.
To compute the end-to-end separation of a coiled PVC molecule, we need to consider its molecular weight, tetrahedral bond angle, and carbon-carbon bond length.
The given values are:
- Number-average molecular weight: 130,737 g/mol
- Tetrahedral bond angle: 109.5°
- Carbon-carbon bond length: 1.54 Å
First, we need to determine the number of carbon-carbon bonds in the PVC molecule. The molecular weight of a single PVC monomer (C₂H₃Cl) is approximately 62.5 g/mol.
Therefore, the number of monomer units in the coiled
PVC molecule can be calculated as follows:
Number of monomer units = 130,737 g/mol ÷ 62.5 g/mol ≈ 2091 units
Since there is one carbon-carbon bond in each PVC monomer unit, we have approximately 2091 carbon-carbon bonds. Now, we can apply the concept of random walk to find the end-to-end separation.
For a random walk in three dimensions, the end-to-end separation can be determined using the following equation:
R = (b² * N)⁰·⁵
Where R is the end-to-end separation, b is the carbon-carbon bond length (1.54 Å), and N is the number of monomer units (2091). R = (1.54² * 2091)⁰·⁵≈ 91.4 Å
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Which liquid is used to form an acrylic nail?
Acrylic nails are made by combining a liquid (monomer) and a powder (polymer) to create a dough-like substance that can be shaped and molded onto the natural nail.
When the monomer and polymer are mixed together, a chemical reaction occurs, creating a hard and durable material that can be filed and buffed to create a smooth surface. Monomer is typically clear in color and has a strong odor, so it is important to work in a well-ventilated area when applying acrylic nails.
Monomer is a liquid substance that, when mixed with acrylic powder (polymer), creates a chemical reaction. This reaction produces a malleable acrylic bead that can be shaped and molded onto the natural nail to form an acrylic nail. Once the mixture is applied and exposed to air, it hardens and becomes a strong, durable artificial nail extension.
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The standard Gibbs free energy of formation of AgCl(s) is −110 kJ . What is ∆G◦ for the mol reaction given below? 4AgCl(s) → 4Ag(s) + 2Cl2(g)1. 220 kJ2. 110 kJ3. −220 kJ4. 440 kJ5. −110 kJ6. −440 kJ7. More information is needed to answer this question.
The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (∆Gf◦) for AgCl(s) is −110 kJ/mol. Therefore, the correct answer is option 6, −440 kJ.
This means that the energy released when one mole of AgCl(s) is formed from its constituent elements at standard conditions is −110 kJ. The reaction is given, 4AgCl(s) → 4Ag(s) + 2Cl2(g), which involves the formation of four moles of Ag and two moles of Cl2 from four moles of AgCl. To calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change (∆G◦) for this reaction, we need to use the formula:
∆G◦ = Σn∆Gf◦(products) - Σm∆Gf◦(reactants)
Here, n and m are the stoichiometric coefficients of the products and reactants, respectively. Using the values for ∆Gf◦ for Ag(s) (0 kJ/mol) and Cl2(g) (0 kJ/mol), we can calculate ∆G◦ for the reaction to be:
∆G◦ = 4(0 kJ/mol) + 2(0 kJ/mol) - 4(-110 kJ/mol) = -440 kJ/mol
Therefore, the correct answer is option 6, −440 kJ. This negative value indicates that the reaction is spontaneous at standard conditions and the products are more stable than the reactants.
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Will the volume of a gas increase, decrease, or remain unchanged for the following set of changes? The pressure is decreased from 6.33 atm to 1.05 atm, while the temperature...
is increased from 123 degrees C to 234 degrees C a) The volume increased
b) The volume will decrease
c) The volume will not change
When the pressure is decreased from 6.33 atm to 1.05 atm, and the temperature is increased from 123 degrees Celsius to 234 degrees Celsius: The volume increased. The correct option is A.
Considering the combined gas law, which relates pressure, volume, and temperature (P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2), we can analyze the effect of these changes on the gas volume. As the pressure decreases and the temperature increases, the volume of the gas is expected to increase.
This is because when pressure is reduced, the gas molecules have more space to move around, while an increase in temperature adds kinetic energy to the gas molecules, causing them to move faster and occupy a larger volume. The correct option is A.
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Complete question:
Will the volume of a gas increase, decrease, or remain unchanged for the following set of changes? The pressure is decreased from 6.33 atm to 1.05 atm, while the temperature is increased from 123 degrees C to 234 degrees
a) The volume increased
b) The volume will decrease
c) The volume will not change
In this experiment, it is our aim to determine, via spectrophotometry, the Fe3 ion content of the iron(III)-oxalate complex we synthesized in Experiment 5A. To do so, we’ll first convert our iron(III)-oxalate complex, [Fex(C2O4)y] n- , to the intensely red iron(II) bipyridyl complex, [Fe(bipy)3] 2 .a. Why will we NOT perform spectrophotometric studies on the [Fex(C2O4)y] n- complex itself?b. What are the roles of the following two reagents in our synthetic scheme?• Calcium chloride, CaCl2:• Ascorbic acid, C6H8O6:c. Neither ascorbic acid nor the bipyridyl solution are added in stoiochiometric quantities, so their excess will remain in solution. Why will this not impact the spectrophotometric measurements we make?
In this experiment, we aim to determine the Fe3+ ion content of the iron(III)-oxalate complex we synthesized in Experiment 5A using spectrophotometry.
We will convert the complex to the red iron(II) bipyridyl complex, [Fe(bipy)3]2+, for measurement. We will not perform spectrophotometric studies on the [Fex(C2O4)y]n- complex itself because it lacks strong absorbance in the visible range. You aim to determine the Fe3+ ion content in the iron(III)-oxalate complex using spectrophotometry.
a. Spectrophotometric studies aren't performed on the [Fe_x(C2O4)_y]n- complex itself because it doesn't absorb light strongly in the visible region, making it difficult to analyze accurately.
b. The roles of the reagents in the synthetic scheme are:
• Calcium chloride, CaCl2: It precipitates the iron(III)-oxalate complex for easier isolation.
• Ascorbic acid, C6H8O6: It reduces iron(III) to iron(II), allowing the formation of the red iron(II) bipyridyl complex.
c. Excess ascorbic acid and bipyridyl solution won't impact spectrophotometric measurements because they don't absorb light in the same wavelength region as the red iron(II) bipyridyl complex, preventing interference in the analysis.
Calcium chloride, CaCl2, is used to remove any remaining oxalate ions from the complex, while ascorbic acid, C6H8O6, is used to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+. Excess ascorbic acid and bipyridyl solution will not impact the spectrophotometric measurements because they do not interfere with the absorbance of the target complex.
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The standart heat of combustion of propene, CzHolg)' is -2058 kjlmol CzHo(g) Use this value and other data from this example to determine AH for the hydrogenation of propene to propane:
The hydrogenation of propene to propane involves the addition of two hydrogen atoms to the propene molecule. The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is: C3H6 + 2H2 -> C3H8
The standard heat of combustion of propane, C3H8, is -2220 kJ/mol. Using the stoichiometry of the balanced equation, we can determine the heat of reaction for the hydrogenation of propene to propane. Since two moles of hydrogen are required to react with one mole of propene, we need to multiply the standard heat of combustion of propane by a factor of 1/2:
AH = (-2220 kJ/mol) x (1/2) = -1110 kJ/mol
Therefore, the heat of reaction for the hydrogenation of propene to propane is -1110 kJ/mol.
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after the hydroboration-oxidation reaction, what is the peak which will disappear (significantly) from the ir spectrum of the starting styrene? click on that peak.
The peak that will significantly disappear from the IR spectrum of the starting styrene after the hydroboration-oxidation reaction is peak at 1611 [tex]cm^-1[/tex],which corresponds to the[tex]C=C[/tex] double bond stretching vibration.
What is hydroboration-oxidation ?Hydroboration-oxidation is a two-step process used to convert alkenes to alcohols. In the first step, hydroboration, borane (BH3) is added to the alkene in an anti-Markovnikov fashion, replacing a C-H bond with a C-B bond. In the second step, oxidation, an oxidizing agent such as aqueous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is added to the alkene-borane adduct, converting the C-B bond to a C-OH bond. This process is useful for the synthesis of alcohols from alkenes because it is regioselective and does not require protecting groups. Additionally, the reaction can be applied to a variety of alkenes, including those that are not easily hydrogenated.
This peak will disappear because the[tex]C=C[/tex] double bond has been oxidized to a [tex]C=O[/tex] double bond in the hydroboration-oxidation reaction.
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halite (sodium chloride) is the most abundant salt found in seawater.
t
f
False. Halite, or sodium chloride (NaCl), is indeed a common salt found in seawater, but it is not the most abundant salt.
The most abundant salt in seawater is actually magnesium chloride (MgCl2), followed by sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), and calcium sulfate (CaSO4). While sodium chloride is a significant component of seawater, it is not the most abundant salt.
I apologize for the incorrect statement. Let me clarify the abundance of salts in seawater.
Seawater is composed of various dissolved salts and minerals. While sodium chloride (NaCl), commonly known as table salt or halite, is a significant component of seawater, it is not the most abundant salt present. The most abundant salt in seawater is magnesium chloride (MgCl2).
Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is found in higher concentrations in seawater compared to sodium chloride. Other salts that are present in significant amounts include sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), and calcium sulfate (CaSO4). These salts contribute to the salinity and mineral content of seawater.
It is important to note that the specific concentrations of salts in seawater can vary depending on factors such as location, climate, and evaporation rates. Nonetheless, magnesium chloride is generally considered the most abundant salt in seawater, while sodium chloride remains an important but less abundant component.
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When aqueous solutions of KI(aq) and AgNO3(aq) are mixed, the products are KNO3(aq) and AgI(s). What are the spectator ions in this reaction? Select the correct answer below:a. K+(aq) and NO−3(aq)b. Ag+(aq) and K+(aq)c. NO−3(aq) and I−(aq)d. Ag+(aq) and I−(aq)
Ag+(aq) and I−(aq) are the spectator ions in this reaction. Aqueous solutions are solutions in which the solvent is water.
When KI(aq) and AgNO3(aq) are mixed, a double displacement reaction takes place, resulting in the formation of KNO3(aq) and AgI(s). In this reaction, the K+ and NO−3 ions combine to form KNO3, while the Ag+ ion combines with the I− ion to form AgI(s), which is insoluble and therefore precipitates. The spectator ions are those ions that do not participate in the reaction but remain in the solution unchanged.
In this case, the Ag+(aq) and I−(aq) ions are the spectator ions because they are present on both the reactant and product sides of the equation and do not undergo any chemical change.
Therefore, option d is the correct answer.
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from the compounds listed below, identify (s)-4-methyloctane.
The structure of (s)-4-methyloctane is given below in the image attached below.
In this structure, the carbon chain contains 8 carbon atoms, and a methyl group (CH3) is attached to the fourth carbon atom from the left. The molecule is named "4-methyloctane" to indicate the position of the methyl group, and the prefix "(S)" indicates the stereochemistry of the molecule.
Molecular Formula: C₉H₂0
The molecular formula provides information about the number and types of atoms present in the compound.
Molecular Weight: 128.26 g/mol
The molecular weight represents the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in the molecule.
Physical State: Liquid
(S)-4-methyloctane is a liquid at room temperature and standard atmospheric pressure.
Boiling Point: Approximately 161-165°C
The boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid form of the compound converts into a gaseous state at standard atmospheric pressure.
Melting Point: Approximately -30 to -20°C
The melting point is the temperature at which the solid form of the compound converts into a liquid state at standard atmospheric pressure.
Density: Approximately 0.73 g/mL
Density refers to the mass per unit volume of a substance. (S)-4-methyloctane has a density of around 0.73 grams per milliliter.
Solubility: Insoluble in water, soluble in nonpolar solvents
(S)-4-methyloctane is not soluble in water due to its nonpolar nature. However, it is soluble in nonpolar solvents such as hexane, diethyl ether, and chloroform.
Chirality: (S)-configuration
(S)-4-methyloctane is chiral and exhibits optical activity. It is classified as an enantiomer, with the (S)-configuration indicating its stereochemical arrangement.
Flammability: Combustible
Like many organic compounds, (S)-4-methyloctane is flammable and can burn in the presence of an ignition source.
Chemical Reactivity: Typical alkane behavior
(S)-4-methyloctane exhibits typical alkane behavior, participating in reactions such as combustion, substitution, and addition reactions commonly observed in alkanes.
The given question is incomplete so I have answered according to the general knowledge.
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Use the given average bond dissociation energies, D, to estimate the change in heat for the reaction of methane, CH4(g) with fluorine according to the equation:
CH4(g) + 2 F2(g) -----> CF4(g) + 2 H2(g)
Bond D,kj/mol
C-F 450
C-H 410
F-F 158
H-H 436
a. +318kj
b. +716kj
c. -716kj
d. -318kj
The change in heat for the reaction can be estimated by calculating the total bond dissociation energy of the bonds broken minus the total bond dissociation energy of the bonds formed.
Bonds Broken:
4 C-H bonds: 4 × 410 kJ/mol = 1640 kJ/mol
4 F-F bonds: 4 × 158 kJ/mol = 632 kJ/mol
Bonds Formed:
4 C-F bonds: 4 × 450 kJ/mol = 1800 kJ/mol
4 H-H bonds: 4 × 436 kJ/mol = 1744 kJ/mol
Total energy change:
Energy change = (Energy of bonds broken) - (Energy of bonds formed)
Energy change = (1640 kJ/mol + 632 kJ/mol) - (1800 kJ/mol + 1744 kJ/mol)
Energy change = 2272 kJ/mol - 3544 kJ/mol
Energy change = -1272 kJ/mol
The estimated change in heat for the reaction is -1272 kJ/mol. Therefore, the correct answer is (c) -716 kJ. This means the reaction is exothermic, releasing 716 kJ of energy per mole of methane reacting.
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Which one of the following molecules has the smallest bond angle?
a. NH3
b. PH3
c. H2SE
d. H2S
Hello!
Answer:
The answer is d. H₂S.
Explanation:
The bond angle decreases as the electronegativity of the central atom decreases.
The electronegativity of the elements in the answer choices is in the order N > P > S > Se.
Therefore, H2S has the smallest bond angle.
Conclusion:
The smallest bond angle is H₂S.
Which air pollutant is a metal, released primarily from the combustion of coal?A) LeadB) MercuryC) ArsenicD) SulfurE) Iron
The air pollutant that is a metal and is released primarily from the combustion of coal is A) Lead. A) Lead. Lead is a heavy metal that is commonly found in coal and is released into the air when coal is burned.
It can cause a variety of health problems, particularly in children, including developmental delays, learning difficulties, and behavioral problems. Which air pollutant is a metal, released primarily from the combustion of coal?The air pollutant that is a metal and is released primarily from the combustion of coal is A) Lead.
B) Mercury is a metal pollutant that is released primarily from the combustion of coal. When coal is burned, it releases mercury into the air, where it can enter the environment and have harmful effects on human health and ecosystems.The air pollutant that is a metal and is released primarily from the combustion of coal is A) Lead. It can cause a variety of health problems, particularly in children, including developmental delays, learning difficulties, and behavioral problems. Which air pollutant is a metal, released primarily from the combustion of coal
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The air pollutant is a metal, released primarily from the combustion of coal is option B) Mercury.
Mercury is a metal that is released primarily from the combustion of coal. When coal is burned, mercury that is naturally present in the coal is released into the air as a pollutant. This is a significant environmental concern because mercury is a toxic substance that can have harmful effects on human health and the environment.
Lead (option A) is also a metal pollutant that can be released from various sources, including industrial processes and leaded gasoline. However, it is not primarily associated with the combustion of coal.
Arsenic (option C) is a chemical element that can be released into the environment through various sources, including industrial processes and mining activities. While coal combustion can contribute to the release of arsenic, it is not primarily associated with coal combustion.
Sulfur (option D) is a non-metallic element that is released as a pollutant from the combustion of fossil fuels, including coal. However, it is not a metal as mentioned in the question.
Iron (option E) is a metal, but it is not primarily released from the combustion of coal. Iron is a naturally occurring element and is not typically considered a significant air pollutant associated with coal combustion.Therefore, the correct answer is B) Mercury.
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Oil refineries frequently have both H2S and so2
to dispose of. The following reaction suggests a means of getting rid of both at once:
2H2S+SO2 arrow 3S + 2H2O
For reactants in the stoichiometric proportion, estimate the percent conversion of each reactant if the reaction comes to equilibrium at 723.15K(450oC)
and 8 bar.
To estimate the percent conversion of each reactant, we need to first calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for the given reaction. The equilibrium constant can be expressed as follows:
K = ([S]^3 x [H2O]^2) / ([H2S]^2 x [SO2]) where [ ] denotes the concentration of the respective species at equilibrium. At equilibrium, the reaction quotient (Q) will be equal to K.Therefore, we can use Q to determine the concentrations of the reactants and products at equilibrium. For the given reaction, Q can be expressed as:
Q = ([S]^3 x [H2O]^2) / ([H2S]^2 x [SO2]) = K Since the reaction involves only gases, we can use the ideal gas law to relate the concentrations to the partial pressures.Assuming that the initial pressure of each gas is 8 bar (the given condition), we can write:
Q = (P_S)^3 x (P_H2O)^2 / (P_H2S)^2 x (P_SO2) where P denotes the partial pressure of the respective gas. At equilibrium, Q = K.Therefore, we can use the given equation to solve for the equilibrium partial pressures of each gas:
(P_S)^3 x (P_H2O)^2 / (P_H2S)^2 x (P_SO2) = K Substituting the given values and solving for P_S, P_H2O, P_H2S, and P_SO2, we get:P_S = 4.83 bar P_H2O = 4.36 bar P_H2S = 3.17 bar P_SO2 = 1.63 bar To estimate the percent conversion of each reactant, we can use the following formula: % Conversion = (Initial concentration - Equilibrium concentration) / Initial concentration x 100% Assuming that the initial concentration of each gas is equal to its partial pressure (8 bar), we can calculate the percent conversion for each reactant as follows:
% Conversion of H2S = (8 - 3.17) / 8 x 100% = 60.38% % Conversion of SO2 = (8 - 1.63) / 8 x 100% = 79.63% Therefore, at equilibrium, about 60.38% of the initial H2S and 79.63% of the initial SO2 would be converted to sulfur and water.About Equilibrium constant
The equilibrium constant is a measure of the tendency of a chemical reaction to reach equilibrium. The equilibrium constant can be determined from the concentrations or partial pressures of the reactants and products when equilibrium is reached. The equilibrium constant is temperature dependent and is not affected by the initial concentrations or the amounts of reactants and products.
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be sure to answer all parts. draw the partial (valence-level) orbital diagram and write the symbol, group number, and period number of the element: [ar] 4s23d104p3
The given electron configuration represents the element with the symbol "As" (Arsenic), which belongs to the 15th group and 4th period of the periodic table.
The orbital diagram for this element can be drawn by representing each orbital as a box and filling it with the electron(s). The partial (valence-level) orbital diagram for As would be:
4s ↑↓
3d ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
4p ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
Here, the filled boxes represent the paired electrons and the half-filled boxes represent the unpaired electrons. As is a metalloid with five valence electrons in its outermost shell (4s23d104p3). It readily forms compounds with other elements and is widely used in electronic devices, glass-making, and as a pesticide. In this diagram, the arrows represent electrons, and the direction of the arrow indicates their spin. Phosphorus has two electrons in the 4s orbital, ten in the 3d orbitals, and three in the 4p orbitals.
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A single-effect evaporator Is used to concentrate a feed solution of organic
colloids from 6 to 50 wt %. The solution has a negligible boiling-point elevation.
The heat capacity of the feed is 4.06 kJ kg'' K™ and the feed enters at 15.6°C.
Saturated steam at 101.32 kPa absolute is available for heating, and the
absolute pressure in the vapour space of the evaporator is 15.3 kPa. A total of
4536 kg hr of water is to be evaporated. The overall heat transfer coefficient is.
1988W M2 KL 5= 100C fiom steam tables
In a single-effect evaporator, the goal is to concentrate a feed solution of organic colloids from 6 to 50 wt%. The solution does not experience a significant boiling-point elevation.
The heat capacity of the feed solution is 4.06 kJ/kg·K, and it enters the evaporator at 15.6°C. The system utilizes saturated steam at an absolute pressure of 101.32 kPa for heating purposes.
The absolute pressure in the evaporator's vapor space is 15.3 kPa. The desired evaporation rate is 4536 kg/hr of water. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 0.1988 W/m²·K, obtained from steam tables at a temperature difference of 100°C.
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The following mechanism has been proposed for the conversion of ozone to oxygen in the gas phase.
.....step 1.....fast:......O3 <===> O2 + O
.....step 2.....slow:....O3 + O -----> 2 O2
(1) What is the equation for the overall reaction? Use the smallest integer coefficients possible. If a box is not needed, leave it blank.
_______ + ______ -----> ________ + _______
(2) Which species acts as a catalyst? Enter formula. If none, leave box blank: ______
(3) Which species acts as a reaction intermediate? Enter formula. If none, leave box blank: _____
(4) Complete the rate law for the overall reaction that is consistent with this mechanism.
Use the form k[A]m[B]n, where '1' is understood (so don't write it if it's a '1') for m, n etc.
Rate = _______
The proposed mechanism suggests that ozone reacts with atomic oxygen (O) to form molecular oxygen in a two-step process. The rate-determining step is the second step, where ozone reacts with atomic oxygen to produce two molecules of oxygen.
(1) The equation for the overall reaction can be obtained by canceling out the common species between the two steps and summing the remaining species:
[tex]3O_2 + O \rightarrow 2O_3[/tex]
(2) In this mechanism, no species acts as a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the process. In the given mechanism, none of the species is playing the role of a catalyst.
(3) The species that acts as a reaction intermediate is O. Reaction intermediates are species that are formed in one step and consumed in a subsequent step of a reaction mechanism. In this case, O is formed in the fast step (Step 1) and then consumed in the slow step (Step 2).
(4) To determine the rate law for the overall reaction consistent with this mechanism, we need to consider the slow step (Step 2) because the rate-determining step governs the overall rate of the reaction. The slow step involves the reaction between [tex]O_3[/tex] and O. Let's assume the rate law for this step is:
Rate = [tex]k[O_3]^m[O]^n[/tex]
Since the stoichiometry of the reaction is 1:1 between [tex]O_3[/tex] and O, we can simplify the rate law to:
Rate = [tex]k[O_3][O]^n[/tex]
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Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of the following compound (assume that the products are carbon dioxide and water):
octane (C8H18)
Balanced equation: 2C8H18 + 25O2 → 16CO2 + 18H2O ,16 molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) and 18 molecules of water (H2O) are produced.
The balanced equation represents the complete combustion of octane (C8H18). In this reaction, two molecules of octane combine with 25 molecules of oxygen gas (O2). As a result ,16 molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) and 18 molecules of water (H2O) are produced.
The balanced equation ensures that the number of atoms on both sides of the equation is equal. It shows that for every two molecules of octane, 25 molecules of oxygen gas are required to fully react. This reaction produces 16 molecules of carbon dioxide and 18 molecules of water, which are the main products of complete combustion.
By balancing the equation, we can determine the stoichiometry of the reaction and understand the relative quantities of reactants and products involved.
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the daily number of accidental disconnects with a server follows a Poisson distribution. on five days 2 5 3 3 7 accidental disconnects are observed.
a)obtain the maximum likelihood estimate of y(y upside down. i couldn
The maximum likelihood estimate of λ is 4.
To obtain the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) of the parameter λ (lambda) in a Poisson distribution, we can use the observed data and the likelihood function.
In this case, the observed number of accidental disconnects on five days are 2, 5, 3, 3, and 7.
The likelihood function for the Poisson distribution is given by:
L(λ) = (e^(-λ) * λ^x) / x!
where λ is the parameter to be estimated and x is the observed number of events.
To find the MLE, we maximize the likelihood function by taking the derivative of the logarithm of the likelihood function with respect to λ and setting it equal to zero.
Taking the derivative and setting it to zero:
d(ln(L(λ)) / dλ = 0
Simplifying and solving for λ:
d(ln(e^(-λ) * λ^x) / dλ = 0
(-1 + x/λ) = 0
x = λ
Therefore, the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) of λ is equal to the observed average number of events, which is the sum of the observed values divided by the number of observations:
MLE(λ) = (2 + 5 + 3 + 3 + 7) / 5
MLE(λ) = 20 / 5
MLE(λ) = 4
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The reaction of 50 mL of Cl2 gas with 50 ml of CH4 gas via the equation Cl2(g) + CH4 (g) → HCl(g) + CH3C0g) of mL of products if pressure and temperature are kept constant. A) 50 B) 200 C) 150 D) 250 E) 100
Total 100 mL of products will be formed if pressure and temperature are kept constant.
What is pressure?
Pressure is a measure of the force exerted per unit area on a surface. It is defined as the ratio of force to the area over which the force is applied.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
Cl_2(g) + CH_4(g) → HCl(g) + CH(_3)CO(g)
According to the balanced equation, the stoichiometric ratio between Cl_2 and HCl is 1:1.
Similarly, for CH_4 and CH_(3)CO, the stoichiometric ratio is also 1:1.
Given that the initial volumes of Cl_2 and CH_4 are both 50 mL, we can see that the volume of the products will be equal to the sum of the volumes of HCl and CH_(3)CO.
Volume of HCl = 50 mL
Volume of CH_(3)CO = 50 mL
Total volume of products = Volume of HCl + Volume of CH_(3)CO
= 50 mL + 50 mL
= 100 mL
Therefore, the total volume of products formed in the reaction if pressure and temperature are kept constant is 100 mL (option E).
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a) which of the following reagents would oxidize cr to cr3 , but not pb to pb2 ?
One reagent that would oxidize Cr to Cr3+ but not Pb to Pb2+ is Concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) . The correct option is B.
Concentrated nitric acid is a strong oxidizing agent that can selectively oxidize Cr to Cr3+ without oxidizing Pb to Pb2+.
In the presence of concentrated nitric acid, Cr is oxidized to Cr3+ ions. Nitric acid provides the necessary oxidizing species, such as NO3-, which accepts electrons from Cr, resulting in the oxidation of Cr to Cr3+.
On the other hand, Pb is relatively resistant to oxidation by concentrated nitric acid. This is because Pb is not easily oxidized by nitric acid in its +2 oxidation state.
Therefore, when a mixture of Cr and Pb is treated with concentrated nitric acid, Cr undergoes oxidation to Cr3+ while Pb remains unaffected in its +2 oxidation state.
It is important to handle concentrated nitric acid with caution as it is a highly corrosive and hazardous substance. Additionally, experimental conditions and concentrations may vary, so it is advisable to consult appropriate references or literature for specific procedures and safety guidelines.
Hence, the correct option is B) Concentrated nitric acid (HNO3).
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A) Acidified potassium permanganate (KMnO4)
B) Concentrated nitric acid (HNO3)
C) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
D) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
E) Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
what is [h3o+] when [oh-] = 3.3 x 10-9 m?
The [H3O+] concentration when [OH-] = 3.3 x 10^-9 M is 3.03 x 10^-6 M. Therefore, to find the [H3O+] concentration when given the [OH-] concentration,
In water, the product of [H3O+] and [OH-] is always constant at 1.0 x 10^-14 M^2. We can use this relationship: [H3O+] x [OH-] = 1.0 x 10^-14 M^2
Plugging in the given [OH-] concentration: [H3O+] x 3.3 x 10^-9 M = 1.0 x 10^-14 M^2
Solving for [H3O+]:
[H3O+] = (1.0 x 10^-14 M^2) / (3.3 x 10^-9 M)
[H3O+] = 3.03 x 10^-6 M.
To find the [H3O+], simply divide the Kw value by the given [OH-] concentration.
Now, calculate the [H3O+] using the given [OH-] value:
[H3O+] = 1 x 10^-14 / (3.3 x 10^-9)
[H3O+] ≈ 3.03 x 10^-6 M.
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What best describes what should guide a staff's collaboration with mission partners?
Effective staff collaboration with mission partners should be guided by mutual trust, respect, and a shared commitment to achieving common goals. Both staff and partners must have a clear understanding of each other's strengths, limitations, and expectations to ensure effective collaboration.
This requires open communication and regular feedback to ensure that both parties are working towards the same objectives and addressing any issues or concerns in a timely manner. Additionally, staff and partners must be willing to learn from each other and share knowledge, expertise, and resources to achieve the best possible outcomes.
This collaborative approach can lead to a stronger, more effective partnership that can benefit both the organization and the communities they serve. Ultimately, the key to successful staff collaboration with mission partners is a shared vision, a commitment to open communication, and a willingness to work together towards a common goal.
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how would you convert d-glucose into the following compound? more than one step is required. draw all structures as three-dimensional representations using a chair pyranose ring.
D-glucose must undergo a multi-step procedure in order to become ethanol. First, D-glucose is hydrolyzed by enzymes to produce two molecules of D-glucose-6-phosphate.
The next step is an isomerization reaction to change D-glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate. The next step involves using ATP as a phosphate donor to phosphorylate fructose-6-phosphate into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. After that, the fructose-1,6-bisphosphate proceeds through glycolysis and becomes two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Finally, during fermentation, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is reduced by NADH to yield ethanol. All told these processes turn D-glucose into ethanol, enabling the use of glucose as an energy source and the creation of ethanol as a byproduct.
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--The complete Question is, How would you convert D-glucose into ethanol? Provide all steps process for the conversion. --
The following reaction is conducted in a 1.00-L vessel at 300 K. What is the pressure exerted by H2 after 2.5 g of Zn have been consumed? to so Zn(s) + 2 HC1(aq) → ZnCl,(aq) + H;(g)
To determine the pressure exerted by H2 after 2.5 g of Zn has been consumed, we need to calculate the number of moles of H2 produced and then use the ideal gas law to find the pressure.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Given that 2.5 g of Zn has been consumed, we can use its molar mass (65.38 g/mol) to calculate the number of moles of Zn consumed:
moles of Zn = mass of Zn / molar mass of Zn
moles of Zn = 2.5 g / 65.38 g/mol
Since the reaction stoichiometry is 1:1 between Zn and H2, the number of moles of H2 produced is also equal to the number of moles of Zn consumed.
Next, we can use the ideal gas law to calculate the pressure exerted by H2:
PV = nRT
R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin. The volume (V) is given as 1.00 L.
Since the question states that the reaction is conducted at 300 K, we can substitute these values into the ideal gas law equation to solve for pressure (P).
P = (NRT) / V
Substitute the calculated number of moles of H2, the given temperature, and the volume into the equation to calculate the pressure exerted by H2.
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rank the following from weakest to strongest imfs i. ch2=o ii. ch4 iii. h2o2 iv. kcl(aq) that’s an aqueous solution with kcl as a soluble solute in it. A. I II B. II I C. IV III I
The answer to this question is C. IV, III, and I, with KCl(aq) having the strongest (intermolecular forces) IMFs, followed by H₂O₂ and then CH₂=O, with CH₄ having the weakest IMFs.
The strength of IMFs is dependent on the nature and size of the molecules or ions involved. In this case, we can rank the listed compounds from weakest to strongest IMFs.
Starting with the weakest, CH₄ (ii) has only London dispersion forces due to its nonpolar nature and small size. Next is CH₂=O (i) which has dipole-dipole forces and London dispersion forces due to its polar nature. H₂O₂ (iii) has hydrogen bonding in addition to dipole-dipole and London dispersion forces due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds. Finally, KCl(aq) (iv) has ionic bonds, which are the strongest type of IMFs due to the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Therefore, the answer is C. IV, III, and I, with KCl(aq) having the strongest IMFs, followed by H₂O₂ and then CH₂=O, with CH₄ having the weakest IMFs.
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Calculate the energy change for the reaction Fe203 (s)+CO(g) - > 2Fe0(s)+CO2(g) from the following: Fe203 (s)+3CO(g) - > 2Fe(s)+3C02(g) _23.4 kJ FeO(s)+CO(g) - + Fe(s) +CO2 (g) AH = -10.9 kJ
The energy change for the reaction Fe₂O₃ (s) + CO (g) → 2FeO (s) + CO₂ (g) is 1.6 kJ.
To find the energy change for the reaction Fe₂O₃ (s) + CO (g) → 2FeO (s) + CO₂ (g), according to the given information:
Fe₂O₃ (s) + 3CO (g) → 2Fe (s) + 3CO₂ (g) (ΔH = -23.4 kJ)
FeO (s) + CO (g) → Fe (s) + CO₂ (g) (ΔH = -10.9 kJ)
We need to influence these two reactions to get the desired reaction:
Step 1: Multiply reaction second by 2 to get 2FeO (s) + 2CO (g) → 2Fe (s) + 2CO₂ (g) (ΔH = -21.8 kJ)
Step 2: Reverse reaction first to obtain -2Fe (s) - 3CO₂ (g) → Fe₂O₃ (s) + 3CO (g) (ΔH = 23.4 kJ)
Step 3: Add the changed reactions together:
2FeO (s) + 2CO (g) → 2Fe (s) + 2CO₂ (g) (ΔH = -21.8 kJ)
-2Fe (s) - 3CO₂ (g) → Fe₂O₃ (s) + 3CO (g) (ΔH = 23.4 kJ)
FeO (s) - CO₂ (g) → Fe₂O₃ (s) + CO (g) (ΔH = 1.6 kJ)
The energy change for the desired reaction Fe₂O₃ (s) + CO (g) → 2Fe₀ (s) + CO₂ (g) is 1.6 kJ.
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In a chemical reaction the equilibrium constant expression depends only on what?
View Available Hint(s)for Part A
a. Rate of the forward reaction
b. The stoichiometry of the reaction.
c. The mechanism of the reaction
d. The initial concentrations of reactant and products.
The equilibrium constant expression in a chemical reaction depends only on the b. stoichiometry of the reaction. This means that the coefficients of the balanced chemical equation determine the form of the equilibrium constant expression.
The equilibrium constant expression is derived from the stoichiometry of the reaction. It represents the ratio of the concentrations (or partial pressures) of the products to the concentrations (or partial pressures) of the reactants at equilibrium. The specific form of the equilibrium constant expression depends on the coefficients of the balanced chemical equation, indicating the stoichiometry of the reaction.
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Starting with diethyl malonate and using any other reagents of your choice, propose an efficient synthesis for each of the following compounds: Explain why the alpha-protons of ethyl acetate are less acidic than the alpha protons of acetone by ~5 pKa units. Structures would be very useful to include in your answer.
For the synthesis of compounds using diethyl malonate, we can follow the following reactions:
1. Ethyl 3-oxobutanoate:
To synthesize ethyl 3-oxobutanoate, we can start with the reaction of diethyl malonate with ethyl chloroformate in the presence of sodium hydride. This will result in the formation of ethyl 3-oxobutanoate.
2. Ethyl 2-methyl-3-oxobutanoate:
For the synthesis of ethyl 2-methyl-3-oxobutanoate, we can start with the reaction of diethyl malonate with 2-bromopropane in the presence of sodium ethoxide. This will result in the formation of ethyl 2-methyl-3-bromobutanoate, which can then be reacted with sodium ethoxide and acetic anhydride to form ethyl 2-methyl-3-oxobutanoate.
The reason why the alpha-protons of ethyl acetate are less acidic than the alpha protons of acetone by ~5 pKa units is due to the electron-donating effect of the ethoxy group. This group is able to donate electron density towards the carbonyl group, making it less electrophilic and therefore less likely to be deprotonated. In contrast, acetone does not have this electron-donating group, and so its alpha-protons are more acidic. This can be illustrated by comparing the resonance structures of ethyl acetate and acetone, where the former has a more stable structure due to the electron-donating effect of the ethoxy group.
In conclusion, the efficient synthesis of compounds using diethyl malonate involves a series of reactions with different reagents, leading to the formation of various products. The difference in acidity of the alpha-protons of ethyl acetate and acetone is due to the presence of the electron-donating ethoxy group, which stabilizes the former molecule and makes its alpha-protons less acidic.
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