Advanced Placement (AP) College

Consider the following hypothetical pooled cross-sectional data of daily COVID-19 cases per 1,000 people during the early two months of the pandemic, from March to April 2020 in Ohio and 5 other neighboring states. The variable April takes value 1 if the recorded cases are from April 2020, and takes value 0 if the recorded cases are from March 2020. The variable lockdown takes value 1 if the state put in place a Stay-at-home order beginning from March 2020, and takes value 0 otherwise. Using the difference-in-differences estimator, assess the impact of the lockdown policy on daily COVID-19 cases. Table 1. Daily COVID-19 Cases by State April Cases Lockdown State Indiana 0 2 0 Indiana 1 8 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 Kentucky Kentucky Michigan Michigan Ohio 0 3 0 1 8 0 0 2 1 Ohio 1 4 1 0 4 1 1 7 1 Pennsylvania Pennsylvania West Virginia West Virginia 0 1 1 1 2 1

Answers

Answer 1

The difference-in-differences estimator is a statistical method used to assess the impact of a treatment on an outcome by comparing the change in the outcome between a treatment group and a control group before and after the treatment is introduced.

How to explain the information

In this case, the treatment is the lockdown policy and the outcome is the number of daily COVID-19 cases.

This difference is 1.5 cases per 1,000 people. We then need to calculate the difference in the average number of daily COVID-19 cases between the treatment group and the control group in March 2020. This difference is 0.5 cases per 1,000 people. Finally, we need to subtract the second difference from the first difference. This gives us a difference-in-differences estimator of 1 case per 1,000 people.

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Answer 2
The difference-in-differences estimator is a statistical method that can be used to estimate the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome. In this case, the treatment is the lockdown policy and the outcome is the number of daily COVID-19 cases.

To calculate the difference-in-differences estimator, we first need to calculate the difference in the number of daily COVID-19 cases between April and March for each state. We then need to calculate the difference in the number of daily COVID-19 cases between states that implemented a lockdown policy and states that did not. Finally, we need to subtract the second difference from the first difference.

The following table shows the results of these calculations:

State April Cases - March Cases Lockdown Cases - Non-Lockdown Cases Difference-in-Differences Estimate
Indiana 2 0 2
Kentucky 1 0 1
Michigan 2 0 2
Ohio 1 1 0
Pennsylvania 4 1 3
West Virginia 2 1 1
The difference-in-differences estimate is positive for all states except Ohio. This suggests that the lockdown policy had a positive effect on the number of daily COVID-19 cases in all states except Ohio.

However, it is important to note that this is just one study and that more research is needed to confirm these findings. Additionally, it is important to consider other factors that may have contributed to the change in the number of daily COVID-19 cases, such as the number of tests conducted and the behavior of individuals.

Related Questions

The tourism industry’s main job is to cater to customers who

travel for pleasure or business.
seek the fanciest place to stay overnight.
want an exquisite dining experience.
desire to take part in a recreational activity.

Answers

Answer:

travel for pleasure or business.

Explanation:

The tourism industry's main job is to cater to customers who travel for pleasure or business. Option A.

The tourism industry's primary job is to cater to customers who travel for pleasure or business. The industry encompasses a wide range of services and experiences to meet the diverse needs and preferences of travelers.

Traveling for pleasure is a significant aspect of tourism. People embark on trips to explore new destinations, relax, and engage in recreational activities.

Tourism service providers, such as hotels, resorts, tour operators, and travel agencies, play a crucial role in ensuring that these travelers have a fulfilling and enjoyable experience. They offer accommodations, transportation, sightseeing tours, and various recreational activities to meet the demands of leisure travelers.

On the other hand, business travel is also an integral part of the tourism industry. Many individuals travel for work-related purposes, such as attending conferences, meetings, or corporate events.

In this context, the tourism industry caters to their specific needs, including providing convenient accommodations, conference facilities, transportation, and related services. Business travelers often have different requirements, such as efficient connectivity, accessibility to business centers, and proximity to key locations.

While some travelers may seek exquisite dining experiences or fancy accommodations, these are specific preferences within the broader scope of the tourism industry.

The main focus of the industry is to cater to customers who travel for pleasure or business, providing them with a range of services and experiences tailored to their individual preferences and requirements.

In summary, the tourism industry's main job is to cater to customers who travel for pleasure or business, providing them with a variety of services, accommodations, transportation, and recreational activities to ensure an enjoyable and fulfilling travel experience. So Option A is correct.

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