Glycolysis occurs in all living cells. The location and products of glycolysis in the cell are: (B) cytoplasm: 2ATP, pyruvate, NADH.
Glycolysis is also called the EMP pathway. It is common to all the organisms either aerobic or anaerobic. This occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. The process does not require oxygen and is a composed 10 steps of chemical reactions that ultimately form 2 molecules of pyruvate.
NADH is a coenzyme that participates in the various process of metabolism. It stands for Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) + Hydrogen (H). Its key role is to synthesize energy for the body.
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Compare and contrast the independent and dependent variables in an experiment. Give an example of each.
*psychology*
An experiment analyzing the effect of temperature on a given behavior can be used to represent the independent variable and dependent variable, respectively.
What is the dependent variable?The dependent variable is any variable in an experiment that changes according to the value of the independent variable, The association between these variables may be represented by a cause vs effect relationship.
Therefore, we can conclude that temperarure may represent the independent variable in order to analyze its effects on the behavior, which in this case may represent the dependent variable that is modified by the treatment.
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If all of our senses ultimately send the same kind of electrical signals to the brain, how do we end up with our distinct sensory and perceptual experiences?.
Since the senses are received by different parts of the brain according to the situation of the body, that is why we have distinct sensory and perceptual experiences.
Senses are the ability of the body to feel the changes or happenings around their body. This action is mediated by the different organs and regulated by the brain.
Brain is the center for the regulation of all the activities of the body. It resides inside the skull where it is protected from injuries. The brain is divided into left and right hemispheres and has three parts: the forebrain, the midbrain and the hindbrain. Different parts of the brain regulate different actions of the body.
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Introduced sewage in water systems _______.
a.
decreases levels of phosphorus and nitrogen
b.
increases oxygen levels
c.
increases concentrations of solids
d.
leads to decreases in the temperature
Introduced sewage in water systems increases concentrations of solids because they contain solid substances that may not be removed during treatment (Option c).
What is a sewage system?Sewage systems can be defined as systems used to surface runoff by employing sewers. These systems are associated with the treatment of storm water, melt water and also rain water.
Therefore, we can conclude that sewage systems are associated with solid substances that are introduced into the water system, which alter the system and increase the level and or concentration of solid compounds in such systems.
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how is information transferred when cells duplicate themselves
Information is transferred when cells duplicate themselves by the process of DNA replication.
Information is transferred when cells duplicate themselves by the process of DNA replication. DNA is the genetic material that all cells have. Before the divisions of cells, it is very necessary to retain all the information, so a cell duplicates its information by the process of DNA replication.
It also involves many enzymes and RNA. DNA replication is necessary for growth, repair of damaged cells, and reproduction in organisms. In eukaryotes, it occurs in the S phase (Synthetic Phase) of interphase in the cell cycle.
DNA is a double helix structure. Before DNA can be replicated, the double helix structure must be converted into single strands. DNA has four bases called cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A) and thymine (T). Adenine only binds with thymine and cytosine only binds with guanine. So, their bond must be broken for replication.
There are many enzymes that helps in DNA replication by catalyzing the reactions at every stage of replication.
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In the alignment example, there are two places where the sequences differ. If there are a total of 100 bases in the sequence, what would be the percent identity between these two sequences?.
The percent identity between these two sequences is 98 %
Percent similarity" is the sum of two protein sequences' identical and comparable matches. However, studying the sequence identity shared by two protein sequences rather than the similarity is often more informative. There are several definitions of how connected (similar) two amino acid residues are to one another. Because there is no uniform definition of percent sequence identity, the pid function can be computed using any of the following functions:
PID1:
100 * (identical positions) / (aligned positions + internal gap positions)
PID2:
100 * (identical positions) / (aligned positions)
PID3:
100 * (identical positions) / (length shorter sequence)
PID4:
100 * (identical positions) / (average length of the two sequences)
Therefore pid2: 100 * (98/100)
=100 * 0.98
=98%
Therefore, the sequences can be said to be 98% identical.
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You feel thirsty, so you drink a large glass of water. After drinking the water, the feeling of thirst goes away. What system is most responsible for sensing that there are low water levels in the body and letting you know that you need to drink water to maintain your homeostasis?.
Lamina terminalis in the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating homeostasis in the body
Lamina terminalis is located in the anterior of the third ventricle within the hypothalamus
Study has shown that lamina terminalis has direct contact with the bloodstream and can easily detect how hydrated a person is.
Because as the body runs low on water, the volume of blood decreases which simultaneously lead to an increase in salt and other minerals in the blood.
High amount of salt in the blood is a good indication that a person is dehydrated
This information is passed to other brain parts to initiate drinking activity.
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Cellular respiration can occur both aerobically (using oxygen), or anaerobically (without oxygen). During aerobic cellular respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen, forming ATP that can be used by the cell. Carbon dioxide and water are created as by products.
Cellular Respiration?A sequence of chemical processes known as cellular respiration convert glucose into ATP, which can then be used as energy for a variety of bodily functions. Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation are the three basic processes that take place during cellular respiration. Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation are the phases of cellular respiration.The employment of photoautotrophic activities to obtain the glucose required for cellular respiration is an illustration of cellular respiration in plants. This means that plants can produce glucose and oxygen using the light energy they receive from the sun.To learn more about Cellular Respiration? refer to:
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the high-volume evacuator (hve) has three main purposes: (1) retract tongue and cheek; (2) keep mouth free of saliva, blood, debris, and water; and (3):
Reduce the high-speed handpiece's bacterial aerosol spray.
What is purpose of high-volume evacuator tip?HVE tips provide additional defense against aerosol spread for dental staff and patients. By directly converting high aerosol generating processes into low/mild generating processes, this additional layer of defense lowers the risk of contamination. During a dental procedure, the hve suction is used to remove saliva, blood, water, and debris. Similar to how a home vacuum cleaner operates, this oral evacuator also uses the vacuum principle.
What is the role of a dental suction unit?The air and saliva that dental suction devices draw into them quickly is quite large. They are frequently used to keep patients' mouths and teeth dry while the dentist performs dental cleanings, oral surgeries, and cosmetic procedures.
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classify each description as to the anatomical structure of the os coxa (hip bone) that it best fits by clicking and dragging each label to the correct location.
The description as to the anatomical structure of the os coxa will be illustrated as:
Pubic arch : Between pubic bones of pelvisIschium : The "sits" bone of the pelvisAcetabulum : Articulates with head of femurGreater sciatic notch : Sciatic nerve passes throughAnterior superior spine : Visible anterior potrusions of iliumPubis : Most anterior portion of hip boneWhat is anatomical structure?Any biological object that takes up space and stands out from its surrounds is considered to have an anatomical structure. Anatomical structures might be microscopic or macroscopic, as an acrosome or a carpel. Supine, prone, right lateral recumbent, and left lateral recumbent are the four main anatomical positions.
Two innominate bones, often known as hip bones, come together to form the pelvis. The Sacroiliac joint is the joint that makes up the pelvis.
The big bone known as the ilium makes up the iliac crest. The bone that once rested on the seat is called the ischium. The pubic bone is the first bone behind the perineum.
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an increase in bioavailable forms of phosphorus in a river leads to a large increase in the population growth rate of algae and cyanobacteria. this suggests that phosphorus is typically in this freshwater habitat.
An increase in bioavailable forms of phosphorus in a river leads to a large increase in the population growth rate of algae and cyanobacteria suggesting that phosphorus is typically D. a limiting nutrient in this freshwater habitat.
As the name suggests, a limiting nutrient can be described as a kind of nutrient whose presence is either short or limited in a particular ecosystem. If there is not a limited supply of these kinds of materials, then some organisms in an ecosystem might grow exponentially.
In the case above, an increase in the bioavailable forms of phosphorus increases the population growth rate of algae and cyanobacteria hence this shows that this bioavailable form of phosphorus in the limiting nutrient. Phosphorus is one of the most common types of limiting nutrient that increases the growth of algae in aquatic ecosystems.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
An increase in bioavailable forms of phosphorus in a river leads to a large increase in the population growth rate of algae and cyanobacteria. This suggests that phosphorus is typically _______________ in this freshwater habitat.
A. always abundant
B. not at all present
C. unnecessary for phytoplankton growth
D. a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth
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Cell membranes are selectively permeable, meaning only certain things can get through. What do you think caused the weight change in the gummy bear and eggs?
i don't know what to exactly put but i found something that might help?
Match the process with the correct formula
A) photosynthesis B) cellular respiration
1) 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
2) C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
The match of the process with the correct formula is:
A. photosynthesis- [tex]\rm 6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_1_2O_6 + 6O_2[/tex]
b. cellular respiration- [tex]\rm C_6H_1_2O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O[/tex]
What is cellular respiration?Cellular respiration is done in the presence of oxygen. The process includes the breakdown of food material into smaller forms and releases energy.
The glucose mixes with oxygen and breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. Water is absorbed by the body, whereas carbon dioxide is released into the environment.
Therefore, the correct match is;
A. photosynthesis- equation 1).
b. cellular respiration- equation 2).
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A scientist places an adult stem cell and a specialized cell from the same individual in a Petri dish containing nutrient agar. Over time, the scientist notes that the adult stem cell gives rise to new specialized cells with the same structure as the original specialized cell. What is the best explanation for how the stem cell developed into specialized cells?
The statement specialized cell releases a chemical signal that alters gene expression in the stem cell, so the stem cell also specializes is the best explanation for how the stem cell developed into specialized cells (Option b).
What is a specialized cell?A specialized cell is a cell in a multicellular organism that suffer cell differentiation due to the expression of certain genes that shape these structural and enzymatic activities.
Therefore, we can conclude that specialized cells are generated through cell differentiation, which is a process associated with differential gene expression patterns.
Complete question:
A scientist places an adult stem cell and a specialized cell from the same individual in a Petri dish containing nutrient agar. Over time, the scientist notes that the adult stem cell gives rise to new specialized cells with the same structure as the original specialized cell. What is the best explanation for how the stem cell developed into specialized cells?
a. The nutrient agar in which the cells were grown is only suitable for the specialized cell, so the stem cell changes to survive in that environment.
b. The specialized cell releases a chemical signal that alters gene expression in the stem cell, so the stem cell also specializes.
c. Physical contact between the stem cell and the specialized cell causes the DNA of the stem cell to mutate to match the DNA of the specialized cell.
d. It is predetermined that the stem cell will become this particular specialized cell because stem cells can only develop into one type of cell.
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h. Write a totally different possible hypothesis for why these vines are growing up the
trees in the rain forest.
A totally different possible hypothesis for why these vines are growing up the trees in the rain forest is to grow vertically and improve light absorption, climbing plants need external support.
For millions of years, insects have coexisted with canopy trees, and many of them have formed special bonds that go beyond simple pollination. The rainforest is home to several myrmecophytes, also known as ant plants. For instance, Aztec ants, for instance, live in South America's cecropia tree. The tree's bamboo-like divisions offer spaces for an ant invasion.
In one of the hollow chambers, a queen builds a nest, and when workers move in, the tree as a whole develops into a colony. Although they do not attack the three-toed sloths, which only consume cecropia leaves, the workers protect the plant from all intruders, including insects and epiphytes. Vine performance and fitness are higher in vines that locate suitable support than in prostrate vines.
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The pancreas produces one hormone that lowers blood sugar (insulin) and another that increases blood sugar level (glucagon). How does the interaction of these two hormones help humans?
A.
The hormones digest needed substances for other body organs.
B.
The hormones dispose of wastes formed in other body organs.
C.
The hormones increase the rate of cellular communication.
D.
The hormones maintain a balanced internal environment.
Answer:C
Explanation: I did the quiz
Answer:
option - C The hormones increase the rate of cellular communication.
though the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include . the dermis providing the major mechanical barrier to chemicals, water, and other external substances resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system cooling the body by increasing the action of sebaceous glands during high-temperature conditions epidermal blood vessels serving as a blood reservoir
Answer:
Your integumentary system is your body’s outer layer. It consists of your skin, hair, nails and glands. These organs and structures are your first line of defense against bacteria and help protect you from injury and sunlight. Your integumentary system works with other systems in your body to keep it in balance.
Compare the food chain and the food web below. Explain how biodiversity makes one of these more stable than the other. Be sure to use examples from the diagrams. Hint: How does biodiversity in an ecosystem increase organisms' chances of survival?
The food web shows all the feeding relationships while the food chain shows shorter feeding relationships. The wider the food web, the more the survival chances of an organism.
What is the food chain?The food web shows all the feeding relationships that exists in the ecosystem. Recall that the ecosystem is a self sustaining unit in which there is an exchange of materials and energy. Thus, in the ecosystem, all the organisms have what it takes to survive in the system.
The food chain is a shorter feeding relationship between organisms. It ideally involves only three or four living organisms. The food web shows the variety of choices that an organism have when it comes to feeding. As such, the food web is affected by biodiversity. If there are more organisms in the ecosystem, then the food web is wider.
Thus, if there is a great biodiversity in an ecosystem and organisms have a lot of chances in the food web, then they tend to have greater chances of survival.
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When a cold air mass intrudes on a warm air mass what will most likely happen?
1. The cold air will stop until the warm air moves out of the way
2. The warm air rises slowly
forming long sheets of low clouds and drizzling rain
3. The cold air will push down the warm air and create clear weather
4. The warm air will rapidly rise forming tall clouds
The correct option is option is 4. The warm air will rapidly rise forming tall clouds.
Some clouds are created as air near the Earth's surface warms up and rises. The air immediately above the earth is warmed by sunlight. Since warmed air is less dense and lighter than the air around it, it begins to rise. Its pressure and temperature decrease as it rises, which causes water vapor to condense.
Two distinct air masses do not combine when they come into touch.
Along a path known as a front, they push up against one another. The heated air rises because it is lighter when it encounters the cold air mass. When it cools down at a high altitude, the water vapor inside condenses.
what are weather fronts in cloud formation?
Cloud formation is influenced by weather fronts. When two significant air masses collide near the Earth's surface, fronts form. These include the altocumulus, altostratus, cirrocumulus, cirrostratus, cirrus, cumulonimbus (and related mammatus clouds), nimbostratus, stratus, and stratocumulus cloud types.
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you conduct a voltage clamp experiment in which you hold the presynaptic terminal of a glutamatergic neuron (a neuron that releases glutamate) at 0 mv. when you treat the terminal with ttx, an inward current is recorded. which ion and ion channels are responsible for the current you observe?
You conduct a voltage clamp experiment in which you hold the presynaptic terminal of a glutamatergic neuron (a neuron that releases glutamate) at 0 mv. when you treat the terminal with ttx, an inward current is recorded. Calcium; voltage-gated calcium channels are responsible for the current you observe.
Electrophysiologists utilize the voltage clamp as an experimental technique to measure the ion currents flowing across the membranes of excitable cells.
With a voltage clamp, the researcher can regulate the transmembrane voltage and then measure the current flow through an activated ion channel. A selective ligand or a change in transmembrane voltage can activate an ion channel, acting as a switching mechanism.
In order to study ionic conduction in nerves, Kenneth Cole and George Marmont created an electronic circuit known as a voltage clamp2 in the late 1940s at the University of Chicago.
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The acidic food entering the duodenum from the stomach undergoes digestion catalyzed by enzymes that function only in alkaline medium. How is it possible?
Answer:
The food that is coming from the stomach is very acidic because of the presence of HCl. So, it requires something that must be alkaline form and that is bile and bile salts
Explanation:
Bile usually contains no digestive enzyme. It is composed of cholesterol, lecithin, inorganic salts, organic salts, and bile pigments which make it slightly alkaline having a pH of 7 to 8
Bile is synthesis in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and secreted in the duodenum
Its main function is, to digest fats
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It is possible by the action of enzymes that reacts with the acidic food which is coming from the stomach into the U-shaped duodenum. This is because the enzymes works in this region require an alkaline medium to function properly.
What is the function of Duodenum?Being the first part of the small intestine, the primary role of the duodenum is to complete the first stage of digestion. This involves the breakdown of acidic food which is coming from the region of the stomach.
The food entering the duodenum from the stomach is mediated by the pyrrolic sphincter. In this region, the enzymes secreted from the pancreas and bile from the gall bladder are actively involved in the complete breakdown of acidic food. These enzymes are functional in the alkaline medium in order to facilitate the process of digestion.
Therefore, the process of complete processing of food in the stomach and duodenum is well described above.
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based on her symptoms, maria’s primary care doctor sent her to a neurologist. maria knew that neurologists specialized in the nervous system. before her appointment, maria did some research on the nervous system and was interested to find out that each neuron has a specific function.
Description into the bin that fits most appropriate for the department of the peripheral nervous system to which it belongs-
Visceral sensory: visceral sensory neurons keep the track of internal environment and organ systems.
- Detects stretch of the stomach wall,
- Hunger,
- taste,
- Monitors chemical changes in the blood.
Visceral motor: The visceral (or autonomic) motor system controls involuntary functions.
- motor innervation of the myocardium,
- Contraction of smooth muscle in the small intestine,
- autonomic nervous system.
Somatic sensory: Sensory neurons known as somatic afferent neurons transmit impulses initiated by receptors located in the skin, skeletal muscles, tendons, and joints.
- Proprioception from upper extremity muscles,
- Temperature change on the skin surface,
- Soft texture.
Somatic motor: The brainstem is home to somatic motor neurons, which are further classified into three groups: gamma, beta, and alpha.
- motor innervation of skeletal muscle.
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Which of the following is neither a eukaryotic nor a prokaryotic cell?
a) Fungi
b) Plant
c) Archaea
d) Virus
some hormones, for example testosterone, can enter all cells. how do these non-water soluble hormones get into cells and why do only specific cells respond?
Hormones that are not water soluble are non-polar and fat-soluble. This indicates that these hormones can enter the cell through the plasma membrane. For instance, the testosterone receptor will only be present in the cytoplasm of cells that use testosterone.
Because only specific cells have the cytoplasmic receptors that attach to the particular hormone, only specific cells can react. Once the hormone and its receptor are joined, they move into the nucleus and start the cell's metabolism. A hormone leaves a gland and circulates throughout the body in the bloodstream.
The main endogenous testosterone and anabolic steroid in guys is testosterone. In humans, testosterone is essential for the growth of the testes and prostate, as well as for the promotion of secondary sexual traits including increased bone and muscle mass and the development of body hair.
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Where is the visceral pericardium found?
It lines the pericardial cavity.
It lines the heart.
It lines the lungs.
It lines the abdominopelvic cavity.
Answer:
It lines the heart.
Explanation:
took the text
the enzyme changes shape to fit the substrate.the enzyme changes shape to fit the substrate. the substrate changes shape to fit the enzyme.the substrate changes shape to fit the enzyme. the enzyme helps to break bonds in the substrate.the enzyme helps to break bonds in the substrate. the enzyme helps to create bonds between two substrates.the enzyme helps to create bonds between two substrates. the enzyme is a selective catalyst.
The true statement about enzymes include the following options below:
The enzyme changes shape to fit the substrate.The enzyme helps to break bonds in the substrate. The enzyme helps to create bonds between the two substrates.The enzyme is a selective catalyst.What is an Enzyme?This is referred to as a biological catalyst which speeds up the rate of reaction and they are substrate specific which makes it a selective catalyst.
They also change shape to fit the substrate as described in the lock and key model and are also able to create and break bonds present in the substrate.
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The full question is:
Check all of the following statements which are true.
to study the details of protein molecules on the surface of a cell a biologist wouldmost likely use a
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be used to study the details of protein molecules present on the surface of a cell. These give a three-dimensional structure of the molecules. Thus, the correct option is A.
What is Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)?Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope, designed to directly study the surfaces of solid objects, that utilizes a beam of focused electrons of relatively low energy is scanned in a regular manner over the specimen to be observed.
Scanning electron microscopes use an electron beam to study samples with a resolution. The electrons are emitted from a filament and collect into a beam in the electron source. The beam is focused on the sample by a set of lenses in the column.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question will be:
To study the details of protein molecules on the surface of a cell a biologist would most likely use a:
a. scanning electron microscope
b. transmission electron microscope
c. compound light microscope
d. dissecting microscope
Identify each description as typical of eukaryotic repressors or bacterial repressors. Leave unplaced the description that is not characteristic of either group.
When Eukaryotic Repressors bind to DNA-binding sites on RNA polymerase, they directly block the enzyme.
Bacterial repressors bind an operator downstream of the promoter site, inhibiting the activity of RNA polymerase.
In eukaryotes, how do activators and repressors work?Like prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have transcriptional inhibitors. Transcription is stopped when transcriptional repressors bind to enhancer or promoter regions. In order to prevent the binding of activating transcription factors, repressors respond to external stimuli in a manner similar to transcriptional activators.
What components are required for transcription in eukaryotes?Transcriptional factors must first attach to the promoter region in eukaryotes in order to help recruit the appropriate polymerase. RNA Polymerase II is the polymerase responsible for transcription of mRNA.
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Select two statements that describe the role of cytoplasm in maintaining homeostasis for the cell. a. cytoplasm aids in the movement of organelles. b. cytoplasm supports organelles in a gel-like fluid. c. cytoplasm aids in the repair of damaged cell parts. d. cytoplasm contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis. e. cytoplasm produces nutrients used by other organelles. f. cytoplasm controls what crosses into and out of the cell.
Option a and b; cytoplasm aids in the movement of organelles and supports organelles in a gel-like fluid; both describe the role of cytoplasm in maintaining homeostasis for the cell.
The contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope are referred to as the cytoplasm (a structure to be discussed shortly). It is composed of organelles floating in cytosol, a gel-like fluid, the cytoskeleton, and numerous substances. The cytoplasm is home to a variety of cellular organelles.
Homeostasis is the collection of internal circumstances that allow an organism to function optimally. Every organism is always fighting to preserve homeostasis, and every cell in the organism is involved in the conflict. Every organelle in every cell, including the cell membrane, works to preserve homeostasis.
As a result, the cytoplasm's role in maintaining a cell's homeostasis is to provide a supportive environment for the organelles. Furthermore, it promotes the mobility of these organelles, which regulates the shape and size of a cell.
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What makes up chromatin?
RNA wrapped around proteins called histones
DNA wrapped around proteins called histones
a mixture of DNA, RNA, and other nucleic acids
long chains just made up of DNA
B. DNA wrapped around proteins called histones makes up chromatin.
DNA- DNA is the molecule present in nearly all cells that contains the genetic information specific to each individual. It is in charge of producing the proteins necessary for cellular growth and development. DNA strands in chromosomes are tightly wound. DNA segments that code for certain proteins are known as genes.
Histones- Histones are fundamental proteins that may link with negatively charged DNA thanks to their positive charges. Some histones serve as spools for the DNA's filamentous thread to wind around. When chromatin is stretched, it resembles a string of beads under the microscope which is known as Nucleosomes.
Chromatin- The term "chromatin" describes the DNA and protein combination that makes up the chromosomes present in the cell of humans as well as other higher creatures.
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How does the cell make proteins inside the ribosome?s the cell make proteins inside the ribosome?
In the cytoplasm, mRNA is attached by a ribosome. In accordance with the codon sequence, ribosomes provide sites for tRNA to attach as they move along strands of mRNA.
How does the cell make proteins inside the ribosome?In the cytoplasm, mRNA is attached by a ribosome. The mRNA serves as the blueprint for the protein that will be produced on the ribosome. Particular amino acids are joined to particular molecules in the cytoplasm. tRNA then binds to mRNA.
In accordance with the codon sequence, ribosomes provide sites for tRNA to attach as they move along strands of mRNA. The ribosome moves on upstream after the amino acids form peptide bonds with the polypeptide strand's terminus.
The catalytic steps of protein synthesis, which entail joining amino acids to create proteins, are governed by the rRNA molecules in the ribosome. To reflect this role, rRNA is sometimes referred to as a ribozyme or catalytic RNA.
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Answer:
Explanation:In order for a cell to manufacture these proteins, specific genes within its DNA must first be transcribed into molecules of mRNA; then, these transcripts must be translated into chains of amino acids, which later fold into fully functional proteins.